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Introduction
from going to school. It cannot be denied that every now and then, students may miss some
school activities and lessons. But it becomes a problem if the student will be away from
school for many days. Chronic absentee students are placed at a disadvantage both socially
and academically. They miss out on critical stages of social interaction and development
with their peers and at the same time impacts negatively on their academic progress. This
can result to low self-esteem, social isolation, and dissatisfaction that could well have
A student’s attendance may be the grounds of the results of his or her learning
performance. School administration and faculty may also affect the absenteeism rate of
their student, and so as the population of those who practice absenteeism affect the
administration and the school itself. Absenteeism in students affects their school
performances especially when they are in a group or teamwork for their assignments and
projects. Since grouping will help develops the students’ cooperative and ability to share
and gain knowledge from their group mates will also miss the opportunity of gaining
1983, absenteeism affects the students’ ability to get high scores in examinations which
can cause the decreasing of grades or the student may fail and will cause him/her to repeat
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According to the United States’ Department of Education, Chronic absenteeism is
a primary cause of low academic achievement and a powerful predictor of those students
who may eventually drop out of school. An estimated five to seven and a half million
students miss 18 or more days of school each year, or nearly an entire month or more of
school, which puts them at significant risk of falling behind academically and failing to
graduate from high school. Because they miss so much school, millions of young people
Absenteeism can lead to depression and result in poor quality of education because
of time lost while being away from school (Kelly Lovett, Brookings Institute, 2017). It
could also lead to moral degradation that leads to drug abuse, early pregnancies and unruly
could be curbed by creating of clubs and societies to keep students busy when they are out
of class. Schools should strive to have up to date learning facilities like libraries as well as
(Brian A. Jacob, 2017). A 2014 study of graduation patterns in Chicago Public Schools,
for example, found that the number of days students were absent in eighth grade was eight
times more predictive of freshman year course failure than eighth grade test scores. The
same study found that freshman year absences were nearly as predictive of graduation rates
as grade point average (GPA) and course failures, two more commonly used metrics for
identifying students at risk of not graduating. Similarly, a study of Baltimore City Public
Schools found that chronic absenteeism was the strongest sixth grade predictor of not
graduating high school. For younger students, research has shown that chronic
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absenteeism in kindergarten is associated with lower achievement in reading and math in
later grades, even when controlling for a child’s family income, race, disability status,
kindergarten program, and preschool experience. Chronic absenteeism has also been linked
to poor socioemotional outcomes, even after controlling for a rich set of student factors
aimed to explore the process by which the phenomenon of school absenteeism evolves or
of ten absentee students and the use of editing style analysis and a method described by the
Laxamana Miguel (2017) added, the desire of the teacher to produce learning and
understanding of the teacher and other school personnel. among his students can never be
realized due to poor attendance. In addition, Shaun Killian, an experienced teacher and
principal with passion for helping the frequent and consecutive absences of the students
can lead to drop-out. students to excel, the following are the strategies that have a proven
and positive.
The Department of Education through its D.O no. 74, s. 2010 challenged the public
the said order, the teachers should be passionate about teaching and learning conduct Home
Visit for those students who irregularly attend their class especially, Show students they
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are important to you absences not due to illness so to prevent the possible drop-out of the
students. However, pressing students to excel though Home Visit has been observed to be
depth analysis of why some students miss too much school. Adopt socio-emotional
learning programs Students are far likely to have poor attendance if they are anxious when
at school, 6. Implement behavior support programs are performing poorly, have social
issues and lack of drive to do well in the school. Utilize adventure program Another factor
In Las Pinas City and other southern cities of Metro Manila Many factors affect the
student performance in academic areas and one of these is absenteeism. It takes place when
students are already uneasy with the pressures coming in from their daily school activities
in Metro Manila, the lack of mobility and pollution can cause severe health sickness among
students, and notorious traffic jams along EDSA, Roxas Boulevard, Taft Avenue and
Alabang-Zapote Road, disrupts the flow of movement of people especially students that
may lead to chronic truancy or absences, another point factor for causing chronic
absenteeism among students. Health is also a major factor for chronic absenteeism among
senior high school students, due to the unattended or unexpected health sickness there are
students who occur chronic absences due to their health, but even though students, have
these kinds of absences they still intend to catch up what they have missed during their
4
Theoretical Framework
the students and employees have certain lacking needs that can be attributed to chronic
absenteeism, the lowest level is that a student has a lack of assurance that can dramatically
affect one’s personality, we consider our social needs. Most people are affected by the
relations with other people and what they think of them, thus having a social disconnection
Conceptual Framework
In Clayton Alderfer’s Theory states that students and employees have a certain lack of
need that can lead to absenteeism. For students, who commit absenteeism often have lack
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Profile Cause and Effects of Absenteeism
GENDER Numerous Pile of work
- Male Long school hours
- Female Subject Matter
SECTION Stress
- STEM 1 Traffic
- STEM 2 Mental health
Poor Academic
- ABM
Performance
Discourage to have a
healthy academic
relationship
Deterioration of proper
attention issues
Respondents were grouped accordingly to its profile to know what are the causes and the
Numerous Pile of work, Long school hours, Subject Matter, Stress, Traffic, Mental health,
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Statement of the Problem
The research is entitled as " Causes and Effects of Absenteeism among Senior High
School Students". The researcher chose this title because absences is common to Senior
High School Students since their attendance is check per subject not per day, and it focuses
on the issues or reasons on what occurs continuous absences among students and why is it
underperforming attendance
1.1 Gender
1.2 Section
2.) What are the causes and effects of absenteeism to Senior High School Students?
3.) Does the causes and effects of absenteeism differ when the respondents are grouped
Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in the causes and effect of Absenteeism when the
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Scope and Limitations
The scope of this study is about absenteeism being a factor to Senior Highschool
students. It tackles about the causes of absenteeism and how to lessen it. The study is only
limited to absenteeism, and it only encompasses Grade 12 Senior High School students in
School
- It will be significant to them because students will have a better future and
Students
- It will be significant to them because they will try to reduce the impact of their
absenteeism
Parents
- It will be significant to them because they will know and help their children to
Future Researchers
- It will be significant to them because they will help them improve or create other
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Definition of Terms
Alderfer’s Theory- a theoretical concept that states the urge for someone to feel secured
Extra-curricular Activity (EAA)- Activities that helps student boost their learning
through fun way. It also helps students feel relax from school activity done inside the
classroom.
university, calculated as the total number of grade points and awards given to a certain
student
Normal Curriculum- The basic curriculum that students follow inside the school, where
management of emotions and the ability to establish positive and rewarding relationships
with others
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CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
In this chapter, it will tackle the related and interconnected studies and literatures and
from various local and foreign sources, the contents of this chapter may help the research
in expanding and correlating various issues and problems that may gradually help
reinforcing the study. Nowadays absenteeism is common to the youth, specifically to senior
high school students. The study is conducted to know what are the reason of absenteeism.
This part tackles about the related aspects and statistics of absenteeism, and it is also stated
University and Attendance Works, using data from the U.S Department of Education,
shows that Oregon and Washington share the designation of states with among the highest
chronic absence rates in the country, due to the lack of interactive facilitates.
P. Kaiser’s work, supports our study because it shows the fundamental data that schools
and institutions that has a lack of educational facilities and instruments are one of the
James Courtney (2017) reports that “Chronic absenteeism isn’t about ‘skipping school’
or the occasional sick day,” said Colt Gill, deputy superintendent of public instruction for
the state of Oregon. “There are many root causes, like physical and behavioral health
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This study by James Courtney shows that food and housing insecurity, physical and
behavioral health issues and social inequalities contribute to the rising rate of chronic
because it supports the fact that economical and financial incapability serves as a major
Theodore Woodstone (2015) wrote that one common denominator linking these cities
is the “nearly 100 years of historical actions that aimed to segregate African American
populations in sections of the city with the poorest housing, greatest proximity to industrial
Woodstone (2015) explains that students living poor urban condition are the ones who
occur the greatest number of chronic absenteeism due to the poor accessibility of basic
needs.
It supports our present study because it exhibits a common factor that discrimination and
According to Thomas Jenison (2016) keeping track of data about the student’s record of
absences can systematically help what are the reasons or factors that may contribute to the
Jenison’s (2016) statistical gathering and our study is correlated to our wanted solution and
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Tolan P.H. (2014) says that Beyond academics, students who frequently miss school
are less likely to adopt the behaviors and social norms that employers, colleges and law
enforcement may expect, experts say. “Absence is often associated with low supervision
… and alienation or detachment from conventional institutions,” Tolan P.H states that
absenteeism is associated with low supervision and alienation of oneself from social
institutions. This article by Tolan P.H. (2014) states that adopting social behaviors and
This article by Tolan P.H. serves as a reinforcement to our study due to the fact that it
connects the relationship between the social and behavioral aspects of students to chronic
absenteeism
Camille Farrington’s (2016) statements related to our study by which it shows how
students should be encouraged to have a good connection with their peers and friends so
they could be encouraged to study and improve their social skills along with the people
This article by Farrington is associated with our research due to the fact that
interpersonal and social relationships can be a factor in reducing chronic absenteeism, and
can also improve the ability of the student to create connections between peers and
collaborations to
Henry Hundburg (2013) declared that “Chronic absence is an important public health
Health Plan and Hospitals of the Northwest. “Children who are chronically absent are more
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likely to drop out of school, and we know that the number of years a person attends school
is a leading predictor of long-term health. For children in our community, long-term health
This statement made by Henry Hundburg relates to our topic by explaining that chronic
absences is a public health issue in the community, this article is related to our study
because it shows that medium to long-term health issues is a major factor in the case of
student absenteeism
have been found to be more absent from school compared to their peers. According to
Kristina Berglund (2018) there is a significant relationship between academic decline and
abusive and maltreatment attitude towards children which can also decrease their stimulus
in schooling Kristina Berglund, Child Abuse & Neglect, Volume 75, January 2018, Pages
41-49
The relationship between Berglund’s article and our research is that maltreatment and
poor educational handling of instructors and teachers towards students can lead to chronic
Excess body weight has been reported to be associated with excessive school
absenteeism (ESA), but less is known about the association with perceived body weight.
The study objective was to weigh the relative influence of perceived and measured weight
status on school attendance. And the results show that Perceived overweight rather than
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adolescents. Dustin T. Duncan Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, Volume 11, Issue 4,
This related literature of Dustin T. Duncan explains that students with actual
overweightness has a higher chance of having a chronic absenteeism than people with
perceived overweightness, thus having a relationship and connection with our study, that
According to S.J Linton (2015) Sleep has important consequences for a person's
daytime functioning. S.J Linton explains that insomnia or lack of sleep can have a negative
on students because of the lack of attentiveness and disabilities. That can underperform a
student’s capability to receive and digest new skills and information The American
This research is related by which means that insomnia among students can heavily affect
their performance in school which can also lead to excessive school absenteeism due to the
related school absenteeism. Few data exist on how information on absenteeism might be
used to identify children for interventions to improve asthma control. American Journal of
This study by Suzanne F. Beaver relates to our study because it explains that asthma, a
medical complication, can affect the student’s performance on attendance, and relating to
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our study that sleep deprivation can lead to a poor performance in academics thus
with negative outcomes such as conduct disorders, substance abuse, and dropping out of
school. Mental health factors, such as depression and anxiety, have been found to be
associated with increased absenteeism from school. Sexual minority youth (youth who are
attracted to the same sex or endorse a gay, lesbian, or bisexual identity) are a group at risk
for increased absenteeism due to fear, avoidance, and higher rates of depression and anxiety
than their heterosexual peers. Journal of School Psychology, Volume 52, Issue 1, February
This is related to our topic because it tackles one of the most common factors of
absenteeism in school and that is social environment and displacement that can deteriorate
According to Katie Finning (2017) Depression in young people may lead to reduced
school attendance through social withdrawal, loss of motivation, sleep disturbance and low
and poor school attendance, and can cause the loss of mental retention and can disrupt
cognitive functioning . Findings suggest associations between depression and poor school
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This study is related to our research because it explains the relationship of mental
depression and excessive school absences among the youth, that can lead to the loss of
A study by Frank D. Fincham (2017) shows how the students regulate emotions and
educational psychology research. However, little is known about factors that explain their
relationship and inform intervention. Two studies therefore examined the role of school
In this article by Frank D. Fincham shows that regulation in student’s emotion can be
helped by moral and mental support, to stimulate self-confidence and personal optimism
absence from school occurring with a clinical-level mental disorder. It represents a higher-
order term for school refusal, school truancy, and the combination thereof and is associated
with an increased risk for school dropout, prolonged mental disorders, and unemployment.
This article describes the manualized modular treatment of problematic school absenteeism
Reissner’s article correlates to our study that personal upliftment to a certain problematic
student can help lessen the urge to skip classes and increase the rate of chronic absenteeism,
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M.C McCormack declares that School facility conditions, environment, and perceptions
of safety and learning have been investigated for their impact on child development.
performance and attendance after controlling for school and community factors.
roads, and an index industrial air pollution International Journal of Hygiene and
This study by M.C. McCormack states that environmental factors can defiantly affect the
attendance of students due to the discouraging external factors which can further benefit
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Synthesis
The overall related literature talks about the broad spectrum of factors and
conditions like physical, social, environmental, and even the mental wholeness of the
student is tackled in these related works of various authors and researchers, in which they
conclude that the school and the student’s parents should have a strong support so their
children wouldn’t have any major personal breakdown that may lead to chronic
absenteeism.
From statistical analysis and a major overhaul in handling the social connections of
students towards their peers and friends are being considered as a solution to reducing
some experts believe that rewarding merit can increase the interest among students to go
to school.
commonly done across different countries. Schools and parents must do something for their
where they slowly get to know the reality of life, and some treats it in a way that they do
Studies and literature show how to avoid absenteeism and what are the causes of it.
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Chapter III
Methodology
Research Design
The research uses descriptive, because the study verifies the causes and the effects
of absenteeism among senior high school students, and the researchers interviewed the
participants in person and the data that has been retrieved from this study are heavily relied
This study will use a probability sampling due to the sample size of Students in
Validation of Instrument
questionnaires will be validated and formalized to a sample population to test the difficulty
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Respondents of the Study
The participants of the study are from Grade 12 STEM and ABM only, from
Data Gathering
The data gathered was done by giving out the questionnaires as a survey
Statistical Tools
2) Mean and Std. Deviation are used to describe the causes and the effect of
3) T-Test for independent is used to determine the significant difference on the causes
and the effect of Absenteeism when the respondents were grouped accordingly to
Gender.
4) One-way Anova is used to determine the significant difference on the causes and
Section.
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Figure 2
Gender
The diagram above shows the profile of the respondents in terms of gender. The pie chart
21
.
Figure 3
The diagram shows the population of the respondents in terms of sections. The Pie chart
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CHAPTER IV
The table shows the frequency of respondents according to Gender. There are 12 males
nad 8 females, making in a total of 20 respondents.
Section
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid STEM 5 25.0 25.0 25.0
1
STEM 9 45.0 45.0 70.0
2
ABM 6 30.0 30.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
The table above shows the frequency of respondents in terms of sections. There are 5
respondents from Stem 1, 9 respondents from Stem 2, and 6 respondents from ABM,
making a total of 20 respondents.
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Table 3: One-way Anova Statistics
ANOVA
Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Absenteeism is Between .078 2 .039 .068 .935
common among Groups
Senior high school Within Groups 9.722 17 .572
students Total 9.800 19
Subject matter affects Between 1.111 2 .556 .690 .515
student absenteeism Groups
Within Groups 13.689 17 .805
Total 14.800 19
Numerous pile-up of Between .611 2 .306 .302 .743
home works and Groups
school activities Within Groups 17.189 17 1.011
increases the Total 17.800 19
possibility of a student
being absent
Long school hours Between 2.594 2 1.297 1.785 .198
discourage the Groups
students to attend Within Groups 12.356 17 .727
class Total 14.950 19
Stress is a factor of Between .017 2 .008 .017 .984
Absenteeism Groups
Within Groups 8.533 17 .502
Total 8.550 19
Traffic is a factor of Between 1.167 2 .583 2.729 .094
Absenteeism Groups
Within Groups 3.633 17 .214
Total 4.800 19
Having a mental Between 1.494 2 .747 1.239 .315
disorder/emotional Groups
breakdown gives the Within Groups 10.256 17 .603
higher possibility of a Total 11.750 19
student to be absent
Total 10.550 19
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The result above show the result of the Causes of Absenteeism that were grouped
according to Section. The sig value of each question is above 0.05 therefore there is no
Absenteeism lowers Between .161 2 .081 .143 .868
the academic Groups
performance of a Within Groups 9.589 17 .564
student Total 9.750 19
Absenteeism Between 1.128 2
.564 .714 .504
discourage studen to Groups
have a healthy social Within Groups 13.422 17 .790
relationship among Total 14.550 19
their peer
Absenteeism can lead Between .917 2 .458 .809 .462
to deteriation of Groups
proper attention issues Within Groups 9.633 17 .567
among student
differences when the respondents were grouped accordingly to Section.
The results above show the results of the Effect of Absenteeism that were grouped
according to Section.
Table 4: Independent T-Test Statistics
Group Statistics
Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Interpretation
Absenteeism is common Male 12 3.8333 .83485 Not Significant
among Senior highschool Female 8 4.0000 .53452
students
Subject matter affects Male 12 3.7500 .86603 Not Significant
student absenteeism Female 8 3.3750 .91613
Numerous pile-up of Male 12 4.0833 .99620 Not Significant
homeworks and school Female 8 3.6250 .91613
activities increases the
possibility of a student being
absent
Long school hours Male 12 4.0000 .85280 Not Significant
discourage the students to Female 8 3.8750 .99103
attend class
Stress is a factor of Male 12 4.5000 .67420 Not Significant
Absenteeism Female 8 4.1250 .64087
Male 12 4.5000 .52223
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Traffic is a factor of Female 8 4.2500 .46291 Not Significant
Absenteeism
Having a mental Male 12 4.5000 .67420 Not Significant.
disorder/emotional Female 8 3.8750 .83452
breakdown gives the higher
popssibility of a student to be
absent
The table above shows the frequency of answer of what the causes of absenteeism that
were grouped accordingly to gender.
The table above shows the frequency of answer of answer of what is the effect of
absenteeism that were grouped according to gender.
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CHAPTER V
Summary of Findings
In the data acquired from the survey done, it shows that absenteeism is common
among senior high school students and the subject matter in a certain class can affect
absenteeism among senior high school students.
And the data also shows that long school hours, traffic, and stress from school
works can discourage students from being present in school, that can affect the daily
attendance of students to their respective classes and required school days.
The data also shows that absenteeism can have a great impact on the performance
of the students, and which can lead to further deterioration and decline of a numerous
academic performance and attention span of students, and another finding that the data
provided is that absenteeism can reduce the social interaction of students to their fellow
peers, due to the lack of personal communication and reciprocity to the people they tend to
talk and have interpersonal relationships
Conclusion
Through the data gathered from the survey a statistical treatment was given. The
researcher concluded the following
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3. The effect of absenteeism is they have poor academic performance. In terms of
male and female, the male respondents agreed on the causes of absenteeism and
both agreed the effect, and in terms of section, they agreed on both the causes and
effect of absenteeism.
Recommendations
With the following research and conclusions from this study the researchers would
like to recommend the following for future studies
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APPENDICES
Appendix A:
Our group wishes you to give you 2-3 minutes of your time in
would be a great help for us. The survey talks about absenteeism in
Senior High school Students. Our objective is to find what is the main
Likert Scale:
5- Strongly Agree
4- Agree
3-Neutral
2-Disagree
1- Strongly Disagree
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QUESTIONARES
5 4 3 2 1
Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Agree Disagree
1. Absenteeism is
common among senior
highs school students
30
References
Kristina Berglund, Child Abuse & Neglect, Volume 75, January 2018, Pages 41-49
Dustin T. Duncan Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, Volume 11, Issue 4, July–August
Journal of School Psychology, Volume 52, Issue 1, February 2014, Pages 37-4
November 2017.
S.J Linton, Sleep Health, Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2015, Pages 205-210
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Volume 221, Issue 5, June
Learning and Individual Differences, Volume 60, December 2017, Pages 1-9
2017.
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