Table of Contents

Objective: ............................................................................................................................................... 2
Apparatus: ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 2
Procedure: ............................................................................................................................................. 3
Calculations: ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Remarks:............................................................................................................................................ 6
 LAB 7:

Objective:
Determining the mean air velocity and quantity in a mine airway using pitot-
static tube.
Apparatus:
Mine Ventilation Educator, Barometer, Thermometer.

Introduction
Ventilation is an important aspect of underground mine operations, providing fresh air
to miners while diluting or removing hazardous from mine workings. While learning
ventilation system basics, regulations and design principles, mining engineering
students obtain hands-on experience through the use of the Mines Mine Ventilation
Laboratory and the Edgar Experimental Mine. The Mines Mining Ventilation
Laboratory features two experimental arrangements:
1. An arrangement of ductwork with two centrifugal fans where students conduct the
following experiments:

 Measure air velocities using a Pitot tube and take velocity profiles across different
diameter sections of ductwork
 Measure static, dynamic and total air pressures at multiple points
 Determine pressure drops from friction and shock losses along the ductwork
 Measure the changes in air flow caused by changing fan speed and regulator settings
 Determine the effects of operating multiple fans on the same network, including
observation of air reversals
2. An arrangement of ductwork with a single, centrifugal fan where students conduct
the following experiments:
 Measure fan motor rpm, torque and wattage; determine electrical and mechanical
horsepower and motor efficiency
 Measure fan output quantities at different regulator settings; determine air horsepower
and fan efficiency
The Mining Ventilation Laboratory is equipped with instruments to determine
absolute (barometer) and relative (manometer) air pressure, wet and dry bulb
temperature, quantitative testing for a variety of mine gases and contaminants, and a
variety of anemometers. When conducting their labs, students will take temperature
and psychrometric readings to correct air pressure at elevation (Mines is about 6,000 ft
above sea level).
In addition to these in-house labs, students conduct several labs at the Mines Edgar
Experimental mine where they measure air velocity, quantity, pressure and airway
resistance. Students will complete a full mine ventilation survey and calculate
ventilation projections for planned mine expansions.
The Mines Mining Engineering computer laboratory permits students to use mine
ventilation network calculation software to analyze ventilation circuits and to model
changes in a mine ventilation system. A software package is also available to make
psychrometric calculations.

Procedure:
 A range of volume flow rates are set up using the resistance screens singly or in
combinations, first with one fan only running and for higher flows with fans
no. 1 and 2.
 At each setting the inlet pressure drop is measured to the atmosphere using an
inclined manometer.
 For this, connect the negative (-ve) side of the manometer tube to the inlet
pressure tapings and leave the positive (+ve) side open to the atmosphere.
 At the same time, the mean velocity pressure is determined by traversing the
Pitot-Static tube.
 This is also connected to the positive side, so that velocity pressure is indicated
directly.
 Measurements are made at positions according to the loglinear rule as follows.
0.032D, 0.135D, 0.321D, 0.679D, 0.865D, 0.968D Where D = Diameter of the
duct at the traverse cross-section

Pitot Static tube:

Pitot static tube consists of two concentric tubes, the central one with an open end
pointing upstream of the fluid flow and the other closed at the end but with small holes
drilled at right angles to the direction of flow. The central tube pressure is equal to the
static pressure plus the ‘velocity pressure’ whereas the outer tube pressure is the static
pressure only. Pitot Static tube:

The pitot-static tube consists of two concentric tubes, the central one with an open end
pointing upstream of the fluid flow and the other closed at the end but with small holes
drilled at right angles to the direction of flow. The central tube pressure is equal to the
static pressure plus the ‘velocity pressure’ whereas the outer tube pressure is the static
pressure only.

A pitot-static system is a system of pressure-sensitive instruments that is most often

used in aviation to determine an aircraft's airspeed, Mach number, altitude, and altitude
trend. A pitot-static system generally consists of a pitot tube, a static port, and the pitot-
static instruments.[1] Other instruments that might be connected are air data
computers, flight data recorders, altitude encoders, cabin pressurization controllers, and
various airspeed switches. Errors in pitot-static system readings can be extremely
dangerous as the information obtained from the pitot static system, such as altitude, is
potentially safety-critical. Several commercial airline disasters have been traced to a
failure of the pitot-static system.[2]

Pitot-static instrument
The pitot-static system obtains pressures for interpretation by the pitot-static
instruments. While the explanations below explain traditional, mechanical instruments,
many modern aircraft use an air data computer (ADC) to calculate airspeed, rate of
climb, altitude and Mach number. In some aircraft, two ADCs receive total and static
pressure from independent pitot tubes and static ports, and the aircraft's flight data
computer compares the information from both computers and checks one against the
other. There are also "standby instruments", which are back-up pneumatic instruments
employed in the case of problems with the primary instruments.
Calculations:
ρ = 4627. B / (273+ t)
B = Atmospheric pressure in mm. of Hg.
t = Atmospheric temperature in ⁰C
Q = Air volumetric flow rate (m³/s).
A = Cross-sectional area of flow
Q = A × V = 0.066√(2×Pv/ρ)
Area=0.066m^2
Diameter=0.29m
T=25.5 C
B=741mmHg
P=1.15kg/m^3
Sr Pv Mean Pv V=(2Pv/p)^.5 Q=VA
no
136 106 52 -52 - -136
106
1 42 51 52 52 45 41 47.17 9.05 0.5973
2 30 33 30 35 33 30 31.83 7.44 0.49
Remarks:
Ensure that the Pitot-Static tube is axially aligned with the flow at each position in the
duct.
Atmospheric temperature and pressure should also be recorded to determine air density
for the calculation of mean velocity.