S.

No Title Authors Year

An Apparatus for Forming Uniform Beds of Sand for R. P. WALKER and THOMAS
1 1967
Model Foundation Tests WHITAKER

Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Deep Chang-Yu OU, Dar-Chang Chiou,

2 1996
Excavations and Tzong-Shiann Wu

PILE RESPONSE DUE TO EXCAVATION-INDUCED

3 H. G. Poulos and L. T. Chen 1997
LATERAL SOIL MOVEMENT

BOILING FAILURE AND RESUMPTION OF DEEP

4 H.-L. Chow1 and C.-Y. Ou 1999
EXCAVATION

Effect of large excavation on deformation of adjacent MRT J.S. Sharmaa, A.M. Hefnyb, J.
5 2001
tunnels Zhaob and C.W. Chanc

6 Tunnel complex unloaded by a deep excavation Marta Dolezˇalova 2001

Chi-Te Chang, Chieh-Wen Suna,

Response of a Taipei Rapid Transit System (TRTS) tunnel
7 S.W. Duannb and Richard N. 2001
to adjacent excavation
Hwangb

Soil deformation measurement using particle image D. J. WHITE , W. A. TAKE and

8 2003
velocimetry (PIV) and photogrammetry M. D. BOLTON

Design and construction of a deep excavation in soft soils Z.F. Hu, Z.Q. Yue, J. Zhou, and
9 2003
adjacent to the Shanghai Metro tunnels L.G. Tham

S. P. Gopal Madabhushi1 and V. S.

10 Rotation of Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls 2005
Chandrasekaran

Application of a photogrammetric technique to a model

11 Y.J. Lee and R.H. Bassett 2005
tunnel

J.Q. Ma, B.S. Berggren & P.E.

Back analysis on a deep excavation in Stockholm with
12 Bengtsson, and H. Stille & S. 2006
finite element method
Hintze
 Pore water pressure and horizontal stress changes measured
D. J. RICHARDS, W. POWRIE, H.
13 during construction of a contiguous bored pile multi- 2007
ROSCOE and J. CLARK
propped retaining wall in Lower Cretaceous clays

Modelling of waterfront cantilever sheet pile walls

14 A. G. Berry & S. P. G. Madabhushi 2007
subjected to earthquake loading

M.A. Meguid, O. Saada, M.A.

15 Physical modeling of tunnels in soft ground: A review 2008
Nunes and J. Mattar

Shigekazu Seki, Shinobu Kaise,

Model experiments for examining heaving phenomenon in
16 Yasutaka Morisaki, Shinichi 2008
tunnels
Azetaka and Yujing Jiang

Numerical analyses of influence of overlying pit excavation

17 ZHENG Gang and WEI Shao-wei 2008
on existing tunnels
B. V. S. Viswanadham, S. P. G.
18 Modelling the failure of a cantilever sheet pile wall Madabhushi, K. V. Babu, and V. S. 2009
Chandrasekaran
Displacement of tunnels from a basement excavation in M. Devriendt, L. Doughty, P.
19 2010
London Morrison and A. Pillai

Xu Huang, Helmut F. Schweiger

20 Influence of Deep Excavations on Nearby Existing Tunnels 2011
and Hongwei Huang

Base stability of multi-propped excavations in soft clay

21 Y. Hong and Charles W.W. Ng 2012
subjected to hydraulic uplift
 Centrifuge modelling of deep excavation over existing Xu Huang, Hongwei Huang
22 2012
tunnels and Dongmei Zhang

Three dimensional numerical analysis of deep excavations Pio-Go Hsieh • Chang-Yu Ou • Yi-
23 2012
with cross walls Lang Lin

Prediction of tunnel displacement induced by adjacent Jun-Feng Zhang, Jin-Jian Chen,

24 2013
excavation in soft soil Jian-Hua Wang and Yan-Fei Zhu

Three-dimensional centrifuge modelling of basement Charles W.W. Ng, Jiangwei Shi,

25 2013
excavation effects on an existing tunnel in dry sand and Yi Hong

Andrew J. Whittle, Gonzalo

Prediction and Performance of Deep Excavations for
26 Corral, Lucy C. Jen and Robert P. 2014
Courthouse Station, Boston
Rawnsley

Simplified Reliability-Based Design of Wall Displacements Shih-Hsuan Wu, Jianye Ching, and
27 2014
for Excavations in Soft Clay Considering Cross Walls Chang-Yu Ou

Emilios M. Comodromos, Mello C.

Numerical Assessment of Subsidence and Adjacent
28 Papadopoulou and Georgios K. 2014
Building Movements Induced by TBM-EPB Tunneling
Konstantinidis

Influence of Concrete Time-Dependent Effects on the Luis G. Arboleda-Monsalve and

29 2014
Performance of Top-Down Construction Richard J. Finno
 Zoned Excavation of an Oversized Pit Close to an Existing Yong Tan, Xiang Li, Zhijun Kang,
30 2014
Metro Line in Stiff Clay- Case Study Junxi Liu and Yanbing Zhu

Three-dimensional numerical parametric study of the Jiangwei Shi, W.W. Ng and

31 2015
influence of basement excavation on existing tunnel Yonghui Chen

Ability of three different soil constitutive models to predict C.W.W. Ng, H.S. Sun, G.H. Lei,
32 2015
a tunnel’s response to basement excavation J.W. Shi, and David Mašín

From Direct Simple Shear Test to Soil Model Development

and Supported Excavation Simulation: Integrated Sung-woo Moon1 and Youssef M.
33 2015
Computational-Experimental Soil Behavior A. Hashash
Characterization Framework

A probabilistic analysis of subsoil parameters uncertainty

S. Miro, M. König, Hartmann and
34 impacts on tunnel-induced ground movements with a back- 2015
T. Schanz
analysis study

Influence of sand density and retaining wall stiffness on C.W.W. Ng, Jiangwei Shi, David
35 three-dimensional responses of tunnel to basement Mašín, Huasheng Sun, and G.H. 2015
excavation Lei
 Structural Responses of Existing Metro Stations to Adjacent Shao-Ming Liao, Shi-Feng Wei,
36 2015
Deep Excavations in Suzhou, China and Shui-Long Shen

Seismic Earth Pressures on Retaining Structures and Roozbeh Geraili Mikola, Gabriel
37 2016
Basement Walls in Cohesionless Soils Candia and Nicholas Sitar

Experiences and lessons from the use of TBM in the

38 R.K. Goel 2016
Himalaya – A review

Renpeng Chen, Fanyan Meng,

Investigation of response of metro tunnels due to adjacent
39 Zhongchao Li, Yuehong Ye and 2016
large excavation and protective measures in soft soils
Junneng Ye

Effects of Pit Excavation on an Existing Subway Station Haofeng Xing, Feng Xiong and
40 2016
and Preventive Measures Jiemei Wu

Performance of a Deep Excavation and Its Effect on G. B. Liu, P. Huang, J. W. Shi and
41 2016
Adjacent Tunnels in Shanghai Soft Clay C. W. W. Ng

Effects of above-crossing tunnelling on the existing shield Rongzhu Liang, Tangdai Xia, Yi
42 2016
tunnels Hong & Feng Yu

A simplified method to estimate three-dimensional tunnel Jiangwei Shi, Charles W.W. Ng and
43 2017
responses to basement excavation Yonghui Chen
 Simplified analytical method for evaluating the effects of
Rongzhu Liang, Tangdai Xia,
44 adjacent excavation on shield tunnel considering the 2017
Maosong Huang and Cungang Lin
shearing effect

Effects of Multipropped Excavation on an Adjacent Charles W. W. Ng, Jiaqi Wei, Harry

45 2017
Floating Pile Poulos and Hanlong Liu

Lateral Response of Contiguous Pile Wall Subjected to Jitesh T. Chavda1, Chandresh H.

46 2017
Staged Excavation Physical and Numerical Investigations Solanki1 and Atul K. Desai1

Undrained limiting pressure behind soil gaps in contiguous Suraparb Keawsawasvong and
47 2017
pile walls Boonchai Ukritchon

Anthony T.C. Goh, Fan Zhang,

Assessment of strut forces for braced excavation in clays
48 Wengang Zhang and Otard Y.S. 2017
from numerical analysis and field measurements
Chew

Responses of a Newly Built Metro Line Connected to Deep Ming-Guang Li, Jian-Hua Wang,
49 2017
Excavations in Soft Clay Jin-Jian Chen and Zhong-Jie Zhang

Risk Analysis of the Opening of Shield-Tunnel Jian-yong Han, Wen Zhao, Peng-
50 Circumferential Joints Induced by Adjacent Deep jiao Jia, Yong-ping Guan, Yang 2017
Excavation Chen and Bao-feng Jiang

Numerical parametric study of countermeasures to alleviate Shi Jiangweia, Zhang Xiana, Chen
51 2018
basement excavation effects on an existing tunnel Yonghuia and Chen Lic
 Comparative study of construction methods for deep Ming-Guang Li, Jin-Jian Chen,
52 2018
excavations above shield tunnels Jian-Hua Wang and Yan-Fei Zhu

Gang Zhenga, Xinyu Yanga,

A simplified prediction method for evaluating tunnel
53 Haizuo Zhoua,Yiming Dua, Jiayu 2018
displacement induced by laterally adjacent excavations
Suna and Xiaoxuan Yua

Nondestructive Integrity Evaluation of Soil Nails Using Jung-Doung Yu, Nag-Young Kim
54 2018
Longitudinal Waves and Jong-Sub Lee

Three-Dimensional Slope Stability Analysis of Convex Fei Zhang, Dov Leshchinsky,

55 2018
Turning Corners Yufeng Gao and Shangchuan Yang

Mohammad Bahrami, Mohammad

3D numerical investigation of the effect of wall penetration
56 Iman Khodakarami and 2018
depth on excavations behavior in sand
Abdolhosein Haddad

Mechanized tunneling induced building settlements and Chenyang Zhao, Arash Alimardani
57 design of optimal monitoring strategies based on sensitivity Lavasan⁎, Raoul Hölter and Tom 2018
field Schanz
 Rongzhu Liang, Wenbing Wua,
Simplified method for evaluating shield tunnel deformation
58 Feng Yuc, Guosheng Jianga and 2018
due to adjacent excavation
Junwei Liub

Mehdi Alhaddad, Mark Dewhirst,

A new photogrammetric system for high-precision
59 Kenichi Soga and Michael 2018
monitoring of tunnel deformations
Devriendt

Distributed fibre optic sensing of a deep excavation Z. LI, K. SOGA and C.

60 2018
adjacent to pre-existing tunnels KECHAVARZI

Analytical investigation of tunnel deformation caused by Huasheng Suna, Yadong Chena,

61 2019
circular foundation pit excavation Jihua Zhanga and Tiesheng Kuang

A discussion of a simplified prediction method for Mahdi Shadab Far, Hongwei

62 evaluating tunnel displacement induced by laterally Huang, Yadong Xue and Mingliang 2019
adjacent excavations Zhou

Dewatering–Induced Building Settlement around a Deep Yong-Xia Wu, Hai-Min Lyu, Jie
63 2019
Excavation in Soft Deposit in Tianjin, China Han and Shui-Long Shen

Investigation of geometric effects on three-dimensional

Jiangwei Shia, Zhongzhi Fuc and
64 tunnel deformation mechanisms due to basement 2019
Wanli Guoc
excavation
 Displacement and force analyses of braced structure of deep Panpan Guo, Xiaonan Gong and
65 2019
excavation considering unsymmetrical surcharge effect Yixian Wangc

Mohammad Bahrami, Mohammad

Seismic behavior and design of strutted diaphragm walls in
66 Iman Khodakarami⁎ and 2019
sand
Abdolhosein Haddad

Wengang Zhang, Zhongjie Houb,

Estimation of strut forces for braced excavation in granular
67 Anthony T.C. Gohc and Runhong 2019
soils from numerical analysis and case histories
Zhangb

Numerical study on responses of an existing metro line to Ming-Guang Li⁎, Xiao Xiao, Jian-
68 2019
staged deep excavations Hua Wang and Jin-Jian Chen

Scaled model tests on segmental linings of shield tunnel Ge Cui Jian Cui Yong Fang
69 2019
under earth and water pressures Zhongtian Chen Huiwu Wang
Country

England

Taiwan

Australia

Taiwan

Switzerland

Czech
Republic

Taiwan

UK

China

UK

South Korea

China
UK

UK

Canada

Japan

China

India

UK

China

China
China

Taiwan

China

Honk Kong

USA

Taiwan

Greece

USA
China

Honk Kong

Honk Kong

USA

Germany

Honk Kong
China

USA

India

China

China

China

China

China
China

Honk Kong

India

Thailand

China

China

China

China
China

China

Korea

China

Iran

Germany
China

UK

UK

China

China

China

China
China

Iran

China

China

China
Outcome

# In three-dimensional analysis, the density of the mesh within the excavation had major effect on the
accuracy of analysis. On the other hand, the mesh density outside the excavation apparently had less
significant effects on the accuracy of analysis. A higher mesh density inside the excavation zone
coupled with an appropriate number of mesh elements outside the excavation zone resulted in quick
convergence in wall deformation analysis.
# Deformation behavior of a "short" primary wall can be heavily affected by the comers.

# Presents a method for analyzing the response of piles due to excavation-induced lateral soil
movement, focusing on braced excavations in clay layers.
# Key factors influencing the response of a single pile are found to include excavation depth,
excavation support conditions, soil properties, and pile properties.
# The presented chart solutions are derived for typical clay soils, but can also be extended to cover
other type of soils in an approximate way. However, they are not applicable to the case of
unsupported excavations.

# The piezometric head of the hole in the course of drilling outweights those of the permeable layers
penetrated should be carefully evaluated.
# Dewatering scheme should be considered when applicable as it may serve as a more cost-effective
measure compared with a grouting method.

# A stiff lining is likely to undergo less distortion but is likely to be subjected to greater bending
moments.
# If the functionality of the tunnel is not affected by small distortions, it may be beneficial to select a
flexible lining system.
# The character ofthe open excavation problem which can be well simulated by a simple elastic-
perfectly-plastic mode

# The movement which can be tolerated by a tunnel will depend on the shape of tunnel alignment.
# Inclinometer readings are not representative of movements of a tunnel and adjustments shall be
made to account for the squashing of tunnel lining.

# A simplified theoretical method was proposed for estimating the increase in undrained shear
strength in saturated soft clay with cross-anisotropic permeability due to pumping consolidation.
# For deep excavations in saturated soft soils and closely adjacent to the twin Metro tunnels, it is very
important to adopt deformation control based design and construction measures.

# New method based on the minimization of the moment ratio is presented to determine the pivot
point about which a relatively rigid sheet pile wall rotates. This approach is applicable to both
cohesive backfills and cohesionless backfills.
# The measurement of the locations of many nodal points within the aluminium rod material by the
close range photogrammetry provides reliable and accurate displacement data.
# The beneficial influence of the bedrock becomes significant when the distance from excavation
level to bedrock is less than to ground surface.
# The settlements in the model SL01 are much smaller than the monitored values. The result of model
SL02, in which soil volume strain being selectively applied, implies other factors, such as soil losing,
may cause significant settlement increase.
# In front of the wall, the reduction in lateral stress due to the removal of
overburden was a more dominant effect than the increase in lateral stress due to wall movement.
# Atherfield Clay would not behave as a substantially undrained material for periods longer than a
few days to a week.
# Contiguous pile wall acting as a drain, rather than an impermeable boundary.

# Seismic liquefaction causes significant displacement of much larger zones of soil than for a
corresponding dry case.
# The failure mechanism for the liquefied case extends much deeper than for the dry case and may
reach to below the toe of the wall, especially on the seaward side of the wall.

# The relationships between loading stress and displacement of base course exhibit the bilinear
character.
# Based on the modified experimental data, the index that stresses in the invert reach 1.5–1.7 times of
the overburden pressure is proposed to predicate the generation of heaving phenomenon.

The contact pressure on tunnel linings of tunnel located inside of diaphragm wall reduces more
significantly compared with that outside the wall.
Location of the maximum bending moment obtained both from finite element analysis and closed-
form solutions was found to be in agreement with the physically observed centrifuge model test
results.
From the review of the monitoring data, greater confidence was attributed to the manual monitoring
results.

# Significant heave of tunnel occurs when the excavation stretches sideward from the end of the
excavation ∼2×excavation width. For both the road tunnel and a Metro tunnel, the inflection points
are ∼1.5×excavation width away from the excavation axis.
# Soil improvement can be adopted to reduce the influence on the tunnel, whereas a variation of
stiffness of the improved soil (within range of values in this study) does not affect the tunnel response
significantly.

# Numerical back-analysis reveals that the basal resistance (i.e., 1.2Po) consists of the overburden
pressure of clay inside the excavation and the downward shear stress developed along the soil–wall
interface (i.e., 0.2Po).
# To acquire sufficient pull-out resistance, anti-uplift piles should be extended to clay layers
underneath the sandy aquifer. Numerical parametric studies reveal that the optimum embedment
depth of piles in the lower clay layer (L) is about half of its embedment depth in the top clay layer.
# The presence of anti-uplift piles increases the passive resistance in front of the wall by about 70%
while they reduce the cu mobilized in the clay by about 53% on the excavated side. The maximum
ground surface settlement (v-max) and lateral wall displacement due to excavation can be reduced by
68% and 75%, respectively.
# The influenced range of the tunnel extends to about 2.5 times the excavation width away from the
boundary of the excavation.
# The tunnel heave decreases exponentially with the tunnel excavation offset. However, the observed
influence of excavation on the underlying tunnel is still significant, even when the tunnel axis is two
diameters away from the excavation bottom.
# When the distances between the tunnel axis and the bottom of the excavation are the same, a tunnel
with a larger diameter could deform less but be subjected to larger additional moments.

The maximum lateral deflection at the location of the cross wall and the midpoint between two cross
walls were predicted to have a reduction of 67–83 % and 12–67 %, respectively, compared to no cross
walls. The percentage of reduction depends on the depth and interval of cross walls.

The displacement of the underlying tunnel increases with the increasing of the area ratio (R) and
become convergent after R reaches 10. The tunnel displacement decreases rapidly with increasing of
relative distance (D) or (H–h), and there is almost no impact when the distance from tunnel to the
edge of excavation is more than 5d. Divided excavation will reduce the displacement of underlying
tunnel because of the space effects and time effects.

# Spandrel-shaped surface settlement with a maximum value of 0.11% He was induced behind the
diaphragm wall. For the tunnel located directly beneath the basement, the induced maximum tunnel
heave was about 0.07% He. On the contrary, the tunnel located at the side of the basement settled by
as much as 0.014% He. The basement excavation caused vertical tunnel displacement within 1.2L
(basement length) and 0.6L from basement centre along the longitudinal tunnel direction in tests C
and S, respectively.
# The tunnel radius increased vertically by 0.27% R (tunnel radius) and decreased horizontally by
0.32% R in test C.
# The inflection point, where the shear force is at a maximum, was found to be at 0.8L away from the
basement centreline in both tests.
# For the tunnel located at the side of the basement, the induced maximum strains in the longitudinal
and transverse tunnel directions were all less than 35% of the corresponding measured values for the
tunnel located directly beneath the basement.

The results of this study provide strong evidence to support the integrated use of numerical analyses
and monitoring data with controlled construction procedures for reducing the risks associated with
marginal geotechnical stability conditions.
# The issue of selecting the target reliability index βT was addressed.
# Based on a database of cases with satisfactory performances, an equation was developed to
determine the feasible range of βT based on the excavation depth He and the limiting wall
displacement δL.

# It was found that the tunnel-face pressure has the most influence on the surface settlements caused
by the excavation process. The steering and tail gap pressures were found to notably affect the ground
movement, as well.
# It was observed that surface settlements occur at a distance of 1.5 times the trough width i from the
excavation face and that they are fully developed when the face is at a distance of 2:5i ahead of the
monitored section.

# Concrete material time-dependent effects represent approximately 30% of the maximum measured
lateral displacements of the perimeter walls.
# Concrete shrinkage is the main component of the concrete material time dependence that affects
lateral wall movements.
# The existence of the underpass and the metro station structures in the proximity produced
somewhat noticeable barrier effects on the adjacent retaining walls of the excavation, which
developed apparently smaller deflections than the other retaining walls farther away.
# The tunnel located within the primary ground settlement influence zone experienced considerably
larger deformations and displacements than the other one beyond.

# The basement–tunnel interaction at basement centre can be simplified as a plane strain condition
when excavation length along the longitudinal tunnel direction is longer than nine times the final
excavation depth (9 He).
# If possible, the longer side of basement should be perpendicular to the longitudinal tunnel direction
to alleviate excavation induced adverse effects on existing tunnel.
# Stiffening a tunnel can be an effective way to alleviate basement excavation induced adverse effects
on the tunnel.

# Unless the fact that soil stiffness varies with small strains is taken into account, any computations of
basement–soil–tunnel interaction and the interpretation of centrifuge test or field measurements can
be misleading.
# The more advanced constitutive models that can capture smallstrain stiffness, such as the HP model,
involve more soil parameters and an understanding of numerical modelling and nonlinear
soil behaviour.

# The extracted stress states from DSS14 (OCR = 1), DSS40 (OCR =1.97), and DSS37 (OCR = 3.25)
reveal nonuniform stress distribution in the tested specimen and rotation of the principal stress axes
during shearing.
# For DSS14 (OCR = 1.0), the extracted stress states are consistent with those from the MIT-E3
model, which is an advanced conventional bounding surface plasticity model.
# It is possible to extract far more information on soil behavior from a well-established laboratory test
mitigating the need for costly and complex laboratory tests that are only available at select
institutions.

Such an approach can employ observational data to complement the geotechnical investigations and
lead to updated parameters to be used in the design.

# For the tunnel located directly beneath the basement, excavationinduced heave and strain along its
longitudinal direction were not sensitive to a change in sand density from 68% to 51%, even
though the mobilised shear stiffness of soil was significantly reduced by more than 30% at the crown
and invert.
# Under the same soil density and wall stiffness, basement excavation induced maximum movement
and tensile strains in the tunnel located at a side of basement were about 30% of the
corresponding values measured in the tunnel located directly beneath the basement centre.
# The maximum tensile strain induced in the tunnel along its longitudinal direction was insensitive to
wall stiffness, while a stiffer retaining wall significantly reduced the maximum tensile strain induced
in the transverse direction.
# The rigid rotations of the base slab and the column turn from the clockwise direction to the
anticlockwise direction with an increase of D.
# The maximum bending moments of the metro station occurred at the following two locations, both
on the side away from the excavation: (1) the section of the wall at a slightly higher level
above the base slab, and (2) the junction of the roof slab and the wall.
# The barrier effects of the metro station were more notable for a larger He, whereas they decreased
gradually with an increase in D.

At PGA values less than 0.3, the dynamic earth pressure increment does not exceed the static design
capacity for a design with a static FS of 1.5 for both nondisplacing basement walls and nondisplacing
U-shaped cantilever structures.

# Compared with the horizontal displacement, the calculated vertical displacement is more sensitive
to the adopted both soil stiffness and strength parameters.
# Compared with other construction stages, the major horizontal displacement increments are caused
during the 1st and 2nd excavation steps while for vertical displacement increments during it is the 2nd
and 3rd excavation steps.
# Compared with other protective measures, the relatively ideal effects are achieved when
longitudinal divided excavation is conducted.

# Optimized scheme of a box-type reinforced body with a thickness of 2 × 3 × 3 m (top × bottom ×

side) can meet the deformation allowance for both pit construction and an existing subway station;
# Composite anchor piles composed of bored grouting pile and column pile have the advantages of
recycling and controlling the lateral deformation of the operating subway station

By adopting cross walls, jet grouting near the excavation surface, and large-dimensioned concrete
struts at this site, the deformations of the diaphragm walls and the ground caused by the basement
excavation were much smaller than those observed at other sites without installing cross walls in
Shanghai.

# That in the crossing section from _x0002_3D to 3D, defined as influencing region.
# Increasing clearance distance may be not the most effective way to reduce the disturbance of
overcrossing construction in practical engineering.
For basement with different excavation depths, the distance between the tunnel crown and the
formation level of the basement can be used to group the computed tunnel responses due to the
basement excavation.
# When the exiting tunnel is located within 1.3(B/2) beneath the excavation, induced tunnel heave
exceeds the limit.
# Increasing the ground Young’s modulus will significantly reduce adverse effects in the shield tunnel
when subjected to excavation.
# The tunnel heave is hardly sensitive to the increasing shear stiffness of tunnel.

# Shaft resistance in the upper part of the pile decreases due to excavation-induced downward soil
movement and a decrease of normal stress acting on the pile. To maintain vertical equilibrium, the
pile has to settle to mobilize higher shaft resistance in the lower part of the pile, together with pile toe
resistance.
# Despite different pile head conditions in the three tests, the settlement of the piles was quite similar.
# Induced bending moment purely due to excavation can exceed the pile bending capacity.

The friction angle of sand is the dominating factor which controls the deformation of the wall, for the
sand used in the study

Soil gap ratios and adhesion factors had significant effects on increasing dimensionless solutions of
the limiting pressure behind soil gaps and the lateral force acting on a pile per unit length.

# The general trend was for the forces in struts to decrease with increasing soil strength and to
increase with increasing wall system stiffness.
# For various L/B ratios in stiff clay, the differences are less significant.

# Because the metro station was connected to the supporting system of the pits by the common walls,
during excavation the soil inside the foundation pits rebounded due to stress relief and pulled the
common walls up with skin friction. Consequently, the rail tracks inside the metro station moved
upward with the metro station. However, the shield tunnels outside the foundation pits were dragged
downward and settled along with the surrounding soil due to the stress and earth pressure relief.
# Significant relative deflections of rail tracks in the longitudinal direction were observed at the end
of excavation and the maximum relative deflection was located at the connections between
the metro station and shield tunnels. This was likely attributed to the following factors: (1) the
opposite moving direction of the metro station and the shield tunnels; (2) the sudden change of the
stiffness at the connection between the metro station and the shield tunnels; and (3) a flexible
connection technique.

# For an existing tunnel beneath a deep excavation, the influence region of the excavation
construction was approximately 5.0 times the excavation width.
# The calculated probability that the maximum opening would approach 50% of its threshold was
0.92% at the end of the excavation.
# The subgrade modulus and the longitudinal stiffness of the tunnel were the two main factors
influencing the additional forces in the tunnel structures.

# An increase in the wall penetration depth can reduce the maximum tunnel heave and tensile strains.
#As an increase in the flexural stiffness of retaining wall, tunnel heave at the crown is reduced while
tunnel heave at the springline is almost independent of the retaining wall stiffness.
# Comparative analyses indicate that tunnel deformation due to above unloading is closely related to
the excavation methods.
# The deformation of the underlying tunnels can be well controlled if the small pits are divided into
several groups with these groups excavated alternately.

# δTmax value decreased with increasing Lt/He but at a continuously decreasing rate; a local maximum
in the δTmax value as a function of Ht/He was observed at a fairly shallow buried depth of the tunnel;
and the δRmax value exerted a considerable influence on δ Tmax, particularly when Lt/He was small.

# Travel time of the longitudinal waves linearly increased with an increase in the length of the steel
bars and grouted steel bars, even though the coupler
was used.
# The velocity of the longitudinal waves along the grouted steel bars is not
significantly affected by the soil.

# The stability of 3D corners increases as the convex corner angle decreases. Stability of the turning
corner increases rapidly as the slope angle decreases and the soil friction increases.
# The calculated results demonstrate that even a slight decrease of the turning angle from 180°,
representing practical geometrical imperfection, will yield failures having well-defined length.

# In low wall penetration depth, there was an occurrence of the kicking phenomenon, but an increase
in the wall penetration depth did not have a significant effect on the behavior of the diaphragm wall in
sandy soil.
# A wall penetration depth of 20% of the excavation depth in 10 m-deep excavation and a wall
penetration depth of 40% of the excavation depth in 15 and 20 m-deep excavations were found as safe
values for designing the
diaphragm wall in sandy soil.
# 2D analysis is not a suitable approach to analyze the behavior of retaining walls in excavations up
to depths of 10m or shallower or in dense sand, and a 3D analysis is recommended for such
excavations.

# When the building is centrally located on the axis of the tunnel, the building with high bending
stiffness - no tilt is observed, building with low bending stiffness- with clear regions of sagging and
hogging.
# The tunneling induced surface volume loss is almost independent of the load and stiffness of the
building.
# Increasing the overburden depth of tunnel beyond 3–4D, the tunneling induced settlement in
building reduces dramatically, and the intensity of building pressure plays a significant role within
this depth while the influence of underground activities on the superstructure is limited due to the
depth of tunnel.
# The global sensitivity analysis indicated that the soil friction angle is a dominant parameter that
governs the soil behavior and subsequent building settlements.
# Optimal sensor locations to measure the vertical and horizontal displacements are (1) D/2 horizontal
distance to the tunnel in the opposite side of the building, (2) below or above the tunnel, and (3) 1D
below the building and 2D horizontal distance to the inner side of the tunnel towards the intermediate
zone between the tunnel and building.
# Increasing ground elastic modulus will significantly reduce adverse effects on the shield tunnel.
# Tunnel deformation and bending moment are both sensitive to excavation depth. Close tunnel-
excavation base clearance will induce large tunnel heave, opening of joints and bending moment.
# Increasing excavation length and width will both increase tunnel heave. Long excavation affects not
only the magnitude of tunnel heave, but also the influencing zone of tunnel. Thus, the adverse effects
induced by a long excavation are more serious than a wide excavation.

# Demonstrated the application of photogrammetric deformation monitoring for infrastructure

practices.
# The system has been able to monitor various forms of deformations with a high level of precision
(up to 0·008 mm), which has enabled monitoring of local curvatures in real time for the first time.

# The presence of pre-existing tunnels reduced the lateral ground resistance at Paddington site, and as
such induced slightly greater incremental D-wall deflection than that of the same excavation scenario
without tunnel at the concourse excavation stage.
# At the base excavation stage, there was less development of lateral ground displacement in
Paddington site scenario than the excavation scenario without tunnel, since less volume of soil was
excavated due to the pre-existing tunnels at Paddington station site.

# The proposed three-dimensional analytical model can be used to predict the maximum tunnel heave
resulting from the stress relief caused by the excavation of a circular foundation pit.

# The obtained probability curve demonstrated that the exceedance probability drops sharply as the
tunnel displacement increases so that the probabilities of displacement exceeding 41mm are less than
5% (<5%).
# Reliability sensitivity analysis showed that excavation depth (He) and tunnel burial depth (Ht )
mostly affect small tunnel displacement ranging 0.5–10 mm. However, the highest effects of the
maximum horizontal displacement of retaining structure (δRmax) and the distance from retaining
wall (Lt) are imposed on average and large (0.5 to 21 mm) tunnel displacements.

# The measured maximum building settlement ranged from 0.25% to 0.62% of the excavation depth.
The influence distance of ground settlement reached 11 times the excavation depth, which is much
larger than that caused by excavation.

# The tensile strains in the longitudinal direction decrease as an increase in the excavation length.
# If a basement with same excavation area on plan is constructed above a tunnel, the most preferable
excavation geometry is short-rectangular shape, followed by cylindrical, square, and long-rectangular
shapes.
# The three-dimensional effects of basement excavation on tunnel response
can be ignored when the excavation diameter is larger than 8.0 He.
# If three-dimensional effects of basement-tunnel interaction in a small excavation (DB/He=2.0) is
not taken into consideration, the heave and transverse tensile strain of tunnel are overestimated by up
to 160% and 50%, respectively.
# The maximum horizontal wall displacements developed were slightly less than the minimum final
excavation depth due to the adjacent asymmetric surcharge effect.
# At this stage the maximum bending moments developed at about one third of the pile length from
the pile top. The axial pile forces nearly vanished at the two pile ends while the maximum axial pile
forces developed more deeply with proceeding the stage of excavation.

# It was concluded that the reciprocal support method is not a desirable method to control
displacement of the walls under seismic loads, especially in the sites with dense sand.
# The study showed that earthquakes that had higher significant duration, and exerted their energy
into site during more times would show higher destructive effects. Therefore the significant duration
of earthquake is a very important factor in designing underground
walls.

# It is concluded that for a particular soil type, the strut forces calculated by 3D simulations are
generally greater than those from 2D.

# Using the soil parameters determined by the CU triaxial tests succeeds in predicting the excavation-
induced displacement of adjacent structures.
# The maximum displacement of the tunnels is located at the joint between the station and the
tunnels, which indicates that the movement of the station has caused a significant effect on the
tunnels.

# No matter what the at-rest lateral pressure coefficient is, the increasing water pressure leads to the
increasing axial force shows substantial increase.
# The segmental lining with staggered mode has bigger bending moment and smaller deformation
than that with non-staggered mode.
Status Scope

P
P

P
P

This method is valid for soft clays with time-dependent properties

and when the tunnel is located below the excavation bottom. The
P
appropriate constitutive model and parameters of soil should be
employed when it is applied in different areas.

P
P

P
 The structural responses of the existing metro stations to adjacent
deep excavations were affected comprehensively by many factors,
such as distance between the metro station and the excavation,
excavation depth, excavation scale in plane, retaining structures of
the excavation, subsurface conditions, and the cross-sectional shape
of the metro station. For simplification, some factors, i.e., subsurface
conditions, the metro station cross section, excavation scale, and
excavation retaining structures, introduced in this study were
assumed as constant according to their typical conditions in Suzhou.
P Second, the sections of the metro station and the new pit, which
were considered in the numerical simulations of this paper, were
assumed to be located in the middle of the longitudinal sides so the
responses of metro stations because of new excavations nearby could
be treated as a plain strain (two-dimensional) problem for analysis.
The responses of metro stations in the transverse sections close to
the two ends along the longitudinal sides and those in the case where
the relative locations in plane of metro stations and new excavations
were changed should be updated using threedimensional numerical
simulations.

The proposed method cannot consider the time-dependent

P
developments of the tunnel heave in the soft clay.

P
 Advanced tunnel-soil interaction model and influences of supported
P structures and excavation sequencing should be included in the
analysis.

For simplicity, horizontal props are not simulated in the numerical

P
analysis.
P

Similar semi-empirical models can be derived for other soil

P
conditions.

P
 The proposed method is especially suitable for the circumstance
where a existing tunnel locates directly beneath excavation pit. It
should be noted that the proposed simplified analytical method does
P
not consider the nonlinearity of tunnel-ground interaction. The
effects of supported system and layered property of ground are not
included in the study.

It should be noted that the solution is derived based on a

homogeneous and elastic semiinfinite space assumption. The
analytical solutions do not consider the influence of the stress path
and the strain dependence and non-linearity of the soil’s stiffness.
P
Factors such as the seepage and time of excavating the foundation
pit are not considered. Besides, the effect of tunnel presence on the
results is not taken into account. Further study can be conducted to
consider the above-mentioned factors.

P
P

For further studies based on excessive case histories, different Ka

P values are suggested to propose for different wall rigidities and
excavation depths in granular soils.

P
0
S.No Title

Behaviour of prestressed geotextile-reinforced sand bed supporting a loaded circular

1
footing
Authors Year Country

Julie Lovisa, Sanjay Kumar Shukla

2009 Australia
and Nagaratnam Sivakugan
Outcome Status

# The addition of prestress to the geotextile reinforcement significantly

improved the settlement response and loadbearing capacity of the soil.
# The beneficial effects of geotextile reinforcement without prestress were
insignificant beyond a footing embedment depth of 50 mm for low strains. P
# Results obtained from finite element analysis using the program, PLAXIS,
were generally in good agreement with those obtained from physical model
tests.