Chapter

Representation of the data # 12

The description of data in such a way that certain preliminary conclusion can
be drawn from it is called the representation of data.
 Classification
 Tabulation
 Graphical presentation

Representation of the data SHAHZAD HAMEED

 o Bar Chart o Histogram
Chapter # 22
o Pie Chart o Frequency cure

Representation of the data SHAHZAD HAMEED

 Chapter # 32
Classification
Classification is the process of dividing a set of observations or objects into
classes or groups in such a way that
 Observations in the same group are similar
 Observations in each group are dissimilar to observations in other group.
OR
By classification we mean to divide a given data in various classes such that
a particular object can be classified into one and only one class.
Although data can be classified by many characteristics, there are four
important bases for classification of data. These bases are
1. Spatial or Geographical Classification
In this type of classification, observed data are classified on the basis
of locational difference between the various values of data
For example
City wise price of wheat and district wise population of Pakistan.
2. Temporal of Chronological Classification
When data are observed over a time period, then we arrange the data
according to its time of occurrence and this type of classification is known
as Temporal of Chronological Classification
For example
Yearly exports of Pakistan and hourly temperature of a patient.
3. Qualitative Classification
In qualification, the observed data is classified on the basis of some
quality or attribute
For example
Gender, educational level, colour of eyes, etc.
4. Quantitative Classification
In this type of classification, we classify the observed discrete or
continuous data on the basis of magnitude.
For example
Height of students, percentage marks, etc
Tabulation
“Tabulation is a systematic presentation of data classified under
suitable head and subheads and placed in columns and rows.”
This sort of logical arrangement makes the data easy to understand,
facilitates the comparison and provides an effective way to convey information to a
reader.
Class frequency
The number of observations falling in a particular class is referred to as the
class frequency or simply frequency and is denoted by f.
Grouped data
Data presented in the form of a frequency distribution are called grouped
data.
Ungrouped data

Representation of the data SHAHZAD HAMEED

 Data which have not been arranged in a systematic order are called raw
Chapter # 42
data or ungrouped data.
Array
Data are said to be arranged in an array when arranged in ascending or
descending order of magnitude.
Class limits
The technical term which is used to express the non-overlapping classes is
called class limits.
OR
The values which bound a class are called the class limits. These limits are called
the lower limits (the smaller value) and the upper limit (the larger values).
Class boundaries
The technical term which is used to express the overlapping classes is called
class boundaries.
The class boundaries are obtained by adding the upper class limit of one
class to the lower class limit of the next higher class and then dividing by 2.
OR
The class boundaries are obtained by taking the difference of upper class
limit of one class and lower class limit of the next higher class and then dividing
by 2.
Then getting that value is subtracting in each lower limit and adding each upper
limit.
Size of class interval
The size of class interval (also called the class width or class length) is the
difference between the upper class boundary and lower class boundary (not the
difference between the class limits).If all the class intervals of a frequency
distribution are of equal size, the common width is denoted by h or i or c.
In case of class limit, the size of class interval is equal to the difference
between the two successive lower or upper class limits. It can also be determined
from the class marks.

Frequency distribution
A set of data in a table showing the distribution of the data into classes
or groups together with the number of observations in each class or group is
called a frequency distribution.
OR
A tabular arrangement of data divided into different classes along with their respective frequencies (number
of values falling in each class) is called frequency distribution.
Weight No. of students
(kilogram) (Frequency)
55- 57 4
58-60 6
61-63 14
64-66 12
Representation of the data SHAHZAD HAMEED
 Chapter # 52
67-69 4

f  40

Relative Frequency and Relative frequency distribution

If frequency of a class is divided by the sum of frequencies we get what is
called relative frequency.
If we calculate the relative frequencies of all the classes we get the relative
frequency distribution. The total of the relative frequencies is equal to 1.
Weight No. of students
Relative Frequencies
(kilogram) (Frequency)
55-57 4 4/40=0.10
58-60 6 6/40=0.15
61-63 14 14/40=0.35
64-66 12 12/40=0.30
67-69 4 4/40=0.10
Total f  40 1.00

Percentage frequency and Percentage frequency distribution

If a relative frequency is multiplied by 100, we get percentage relative
frequency.
If all the relative frequencies are converted into percentage relative
frequencies, we get percentage relative frequency distribution or simply percentage
frequency distribution.
Weight No. of students Percentage
(kilogram) (Frequency) Frequencies
55-57 4 4
 100  10%
40
58-60 6 6
 100  15%
40
61-63 14 14
 100  35%
40
64-66 12 12
 100  30%
40
67-69 4 4
 100  10%
40

Total f  40 1.00

Cumulative frequency and Cumulative frequency distribution

The total frequency of all the classes less than the upper class boundary of a
given class is called a cumulative frequency of the class.
A table showing the cumulative frequencies is called a cumulative frequency
distribution, cumulative frequency table or simply cumulative distribution.
Weight No. of students Cumulative Frequencies
(kilogram) (Frequency)
55-57 4 4
58-60 6 4+6=10
61-63 14 10+14=24

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 64-66 12
Chapter # 62
24+12=36
67-69 4 36+4=40   f
Total f  40

Decumulative frequency and Decumulative frequency distribution

Decumulative frequency distribution is defined as the frequency distribution
that shows the number of objects that are greater than or equal to a particular
value of data are called Decumulative frequency distribution.
Weight No. of students Cumulative Frequencies
(kilogram) (Frequency)
55-57 4 36+4=40   f
58-60 6 30+6=36
61-63 14 16+14=30
64-66 12 4+12=16
67-69 4 4
Total f  40

Class marks or mid point

Class marks or mid point is calculated by finding the mean of the two class
limits or the mean of two class boundaries. It makes no difference whether we
calculate it from the two class limits or the two class boundaries.
Class Mark=
Weight No. of students Class marks(X)
(kilogram) (Frequency)
55-57 4 55  57
 56
2
58-60 6
61-63 14 59
64-66 12 62
67-69 4
65
68
Total  f  40

Open end classes

Sometimes frequencies tables are formed in which a class has either no
lower class limit or no upper class limit. Such a class is called an open end class.
Weight No. of students
(kilogram) (Frequency)
Below & 57 4
58-60 6
61-63 14
64-66 12
67 & above 4
Total f  40

Construction of Statistical Table

A statistical table has at least four major parts and some other minor parts.
(1) The Title
(2) The Box Head (column captions)
(3) The Stub (row captions)
(4) The Body
(5) Prefatory Notes
(6) Foots Notes

Representation of the data SHAHZAD HAMEED

(7) Source Notes
Chapter # 72
The general sketch of table indicating its necessary parts is shown below:
----THE TITLE----
----Prefatory Notes----
----Box Head----
----Row Captions---- ----Column Captions----

----Stub Entries---- ----The Body----

Foot Notes…
Source Notes…
(1) The Title
A title is the main heading written in capital shown at the top of the table. It
must explain the contents of the table and throw light on the table as whole
different parts of the heading can be separated by commas there are no full stop
be used in the little.
(2) The Box Head (column captions)
The vertical heading and subheading of the column are called
columns captions. The spaces were these column headings are written is called
box head. Only the first letter of the box head is in capital letters and the
remaining words must be written in small letters.
(3) The Stub (row captions)
The horizontal headings and sub heading of the row are called
row captions and the space where these rows headings are written is called stub.
(4) The Body
It is the main part of the table which contains the numerical information
classified with respect to row and column captions.
(5) Prefatory Notes
A statement given below the title and enclosed in brackets usually
describes the units of measurement is called prefatory notes.
(6) Foot Notes
It appears immediately below the body of the table providing the further
additional explanation.
(7) Source Notes
The source notes is given at the end of the table indicating the source from
when information has been taken. It includes the information about compiling
agency, publication etc…

Representation of the data SHAHZAD HAMEED