• CpE 311N: Introduction to Programming

Data, Modules, Expressions and

Statements

UNIT 2
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Unit 2: Data, Modules, Expressions and
Statements
• Features of good programming design
• Basics of C language
• Data Types
• Literals, Variables, and constants
• Arithmetic operations (Precedence and
Associativity)
• Modularizing a Program
Features of Good Programming
Design
UNIT 2: DATA, MODULES, EXPRESSIONS AND STATEMENTS
Programming style
• Programming style is a term used to describe the
effort a programmer should take to make his or her
code easy to read and easy to understand.
• Good organization of the code and meaningful
variable names help readability, and liberal use of
comments can help the reader understand what the
program does and why.

• Style Principle
“Structure and document your program the way you
wish other programmers would.”
Good Programming Practices

Indentation

Meaningful Variable Names

Internal Documentation

External Documentation

Miscellaneous Comments
Basics of C Language
UNIT 2: DATA, MODULES, EXPRESSIONS AND STATEMENTS
History of C
UNIX developed c. 1969 -- DEC PDP-7 Assembly
Language

BCPL -- a user friendly OS providing powerful

development tools developed from BCPL. Assembler
tedious long and error prone. (Martin Richards)

A new language “B” a second attempt. c. 1970.

(Ken Thompson)

A totally new language “C” a successor to “B”.

c. 1971 (Dennis Ritchie)

By 1973 UNIX OS almost totally written in “C”.

Characteristics of C

• Small size
• Extensive use of function calls
• Loose typing -- unlike PASCAL
• Structured language
• Low level (BitWise) programming readily
available
• Pointer implementation - extensive use of
pointers for memory, array, structures and
functions.
Uses of C Language

• It has high-level constructs.

• It can handle low-level activities.
• It produces efficient programs.
• It can be compiled on a variety of computers.
 Digital Machine
Computer System
(binary)

• Source
• Text form using the C statements
• Compiler
• Convert the source code to machine language

Source Code Target Code

Compiler
.c .exe
C Program Structures

• Preprocessor Commands
• Type definitions
• Function prototypes -- declare function types
and variables passed to function.
• Variables
• Functions
C Program Structures
• Function
• Building blocks of C
• Collection instruction that perform one or more task
called statements.
• Arguments
• Information passed from calling function to the
called function
• Braces { }
• Block of codes, marks the beginning & end of the
block of statements
• Semi-colon ;
• Terminator for each statements
C Program Structures

• “Whitespace” Characters (enter, space, tab)

• When used for alignment / comprehensible
• C compiler don't pay much attention to these
characters
• Comments /* */ or //
• Ignored by the compiler
• Compiler Directive #
• Tells the compiler that some very important info
about the built-in function used can be found in the
file named.
C Program Structures

• Header Files
• Head of the program
• main()
• Main module of the program
• First function called when program execution begins
• C is a case sensitive language
Data Types
UNIT 2: DATA, MODULES, EXPRESSIONS AND STATEMENTS
Types

• Type defines a set of values and a set of

operations that can be applied on those values.
Types General Categories

C Types

Floating-
Void Integral Derived
point

Boolean Character Integer Real Imaginary Complex

 Data Types
Bytes
Variable Type Keyword Range
Required
Character char 1 -128 to 127
Integer int 2 -32768 to 32767
-2147483648 to
Long integer long int 4
2147483647
Float float 4 1.2E-38 to 3.4E38
Double
double 8 2.2E-308 to 1.8E308
precision
Literals, Variables, and constants
UNIT 2: DATA, MODULES, EXPRESSIONS AND STATEMENTS
Variable Declaration
• A variable is a named data storage location in your
computer’s memory. Variables in C can contain
letters, digits and the underscore character ( _ ). It
should be remembered that C language is case
sensitive; two similar words in different cases
generate two different variables.

• A variable declaration tells the compiler the name

and type of a variable and optionally initializes the
variable to a specific value. When a variable is
declared, the compiler sets aside a storage space
for the variable.
Variable Declaration

• Syntax

data_type variable_name;
Constants

• Constants are data values that cannot be

changed during the execution of a program.

• Constant Representation
• Boolean constants
• Character constants
• Integer constants
• Real constants
• Complex constants
• String constants
Coding Constants

• Literal Constants
• Unnamed constants used a specific data
• Example: a = b +5;

• Defined Constants
• Use preprocessor command define; placed at the
beginning of the program
• Example:
#define SALES_TAX_RATE .0825
Coding Constants

• Memory Constants
• Indicate that the data cannot be changed ; give a
type and size to a named object in memory

const type identifier = value;

• Example: const float cPi = 3.14159;

Output Formatting

• printf() – is a library function that displays

information on-screen. The statement can
display a simple text message or a message
and the value of one or more program variables

• system(“cls”) – clears the screen and place

the cursor at the upper left hand portion of the
screen
Format Specifier
%c character %f float
%s string %f double
%hd short integer %Lf long double
%d integer %e exponential
%ld long integer %x hexadecimal
%lld long long integer %o octal
Input Formatting
• scanf() – reads data from the keyboard according
to a specified format and assigns the input data to
one or more program variables. For numeric
variables, the address can be passed by the
address of operator, the ampersand (&) that is
placed at the beginning of the variable name.

• getch() / getche() – gets a character from the

keyboard. It waits until a key is pressed and then
returns the inputted character to the calling
function. Unlike the scanf() function, getch/e() does
not wait for the carriage return key to be pressed.
Escape Sequences
\r carriage return
\n newline
\t move to the next tab
\a beep the speaker
\b backspace
\’ prints single quote
\” prints double quote
\\ prints backslash character
\xdd prints character which is in
hexadecimal form
Example

• Write a program that uses defines constants for

the vowels in alphabet and memory constants
for the even decimal digits (0-9). It then prints
the following three lines using literal constants
for the odd digits.

• Program that ask an integer, float and character

and print them back in single printf statement.
Lab Exercises 1
INTRODUCTION TO C
Arithmetic operations (Precedence
and Associativity)
UNIT 2: DATA, MODULES, EXPRESSIONS AND STATEMENTS
Operators

• An operator is a symbol that instructs the code

to perform some operations or actions on one
or more operands.
• C operators are categorized to several types:
Operators

Assignment Mathematical Relational Logical

Unary Binary
Assignment Operator

• The assignment operator which is the equal

sign ( = ). If you write c = y in a C program, the
value of y is assigned to c.

• In assigning, the right side can be any

expression and the left side must be a variable
name.
Mathematical Operators

• C mathematical operators can be classified into

two: unary and binary

• Unary operators
• C has two unary operators: the increment and the
decrement
• Prefix or infix : ++x for increment and - - x for
decrement
• Postfix : x++ for increment and x - - for decrement
Mathematical Operators

• Binary operators
• Mathematical operators perform math operations
such as:
• addition ( + ), subtraction ( - ), multiplication ( * ),
division ( / ) and modulus ( % ).
Operator Precedence
• An expression contains more than one operator.
The order in which operations are performed
pose a significance. This order is called operator
precedence. Operations with higher precedence
are performed first when an expression is
evaluated.
Operators Relative Precedence
++ - - 1
* / % 2
+ - 3
• If an expression contains more than one operator
with the same precedence level, the operators are
performed in left to right order as they appear in
the expression.

• C also uses parentheses to modify the evaluation

order. A sub expression enclosed in parentheses
is evaluated first without regard to operator
precedence.
Relational Operators

Operator Symbol Example

Equal == X==‘A’
Not equal != A!=0
Less than < X<0
Greater than > y>10
Less than or equal to <= X<=20
Greater than or equal to >= Y>=100
Logical Operators

Operator Symbol Example

AND && var1 & & var2

OR || var1 | | var2
NOT ! !var1
Lab Exercises 2
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
Modularizing a Program
UNIT 2: DATA, MODULES, EXPRESSIONS AND STATEMENTS
Functions

• Building blocks of C

• Function in C is an independent module that will

be called to do a specific task.

• The execution of the programs always starts

and ends with main, but it can call other
functions to do special task.
Functions

• Structure Chart for a Program

Function Prototype declaration

• Function Prototype

type_specifier function_name(parameter_declaration_list);

• General form of a Function

type_specifier function_name(parameter_declaration_list)
{
body of the function
}
Function Prototype declaration

• type_specifier
• specifies the type of the value that function will
return using the return statement
• default return an integer result

• parameter_declaration_list
• comma separated list of variable types & name that
will receive the values of the arguments when
function is called
• example: func (int x, int y, float z)
 Function Arguments
NO RETURN VALUE, WITH PARAMETER

• Example 1

#include<stdio.h>
void sqr (int x)
void sqr (int x);
main() {
{ prinft(“%d squared is %d”,x, x*x);
int num = 100;
getch();
sqr (num);
}
}
Function Arguments
NO RETURN VALUE, WITH PARAMETER
• Example 2

#include<stdio.h>
void mul (int a, int b); void mul (int a, int b)
main() {
{ printf(“%d”, a*b);
mul (10, 11); getch();
} }
Function Returning Values
WITH RETURN VALUE, WITH PARAMETER
• Example 1
#include<stdio.h>
int mul (int a, int b);
main()
{
int answer;
answer = mul (10, 11);
printf(“The answer is % d”, answer);
getch();
}
int mul (int a, int b)
{
return a*b;
}
Example

• Programs reads a number and prints its square.

main

getNum sqrNum printSqr

Scope
• Scope determines the region of the program in
which a defined object is visible, that is, the part of
the program in which you can use the its name.

• A program in C has 2 possible regions of scope:

• Global Scope Area – the visibility of objects defined in
this area is visible from its definition until the end of the
program.
• Local Scope Area – variables defined within a block
have a local scope. Local variables are in scope from
their point of definition until the end of their function or
block.
Global Variables
• example:
#include <stdio.h> func2 ()
int count; {
main() int count;
{ for(count = 1; count<=10;
count = 100; count ++)
func1(); printf(“.”);
} }

func1()
{
func2();
printf(“count is %d”,
count);
}
Calling Functions

• Call by Value
• copies value of an argument into the formal
parameter of the subroutine

• Call by Reference
• the address of an argument is copied into the
parameter
Calling Functions

• Pointer Operator
• Ampersand (&)
• unary operator that returns the memory address of its
operand (“the address of ”)

• Asterisk (*)
• returns the value of variable located at the address that
follows (“value at address”)
Call by Value
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int t=10;
printf(“%d %d”, sqr(t), t);
getch();
}

int sqr (int x)

{
x = x*x;
return x;
}
Call by Reference
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int x, y;
x = 10; y = 20;
printf(“Initial value of x & y: %d %d \n”, x, y);
swap(&x, &y);
printf(“Swapped Value of x & y: %d %d”, x, y);
getch();
}

void swap(int *x, int *y)

{
int temp;
temp = * x;
*x = *y;
* y = temp;
}
Lab Exercises 3
FUNCTIONS