______________________________________________________________________________

________________________________BSC INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

YEAR 3 SEM 1
BIT 2111: COMPUTER AIDED AND ART DESIGN
TAP
Describe the following
Wireframe model

A wireframe model represents the shape of a solid object with its characteristic lines and points.
A wireframe model is an edge or skeletal representation of a real-world object. Wireframe
models consist of points, lines, arcs, circle, and other curves that define the edges or center lines
of objects.

Surface models

Surface modeling is a mathematical method usually provided in computer-aided design

applications for displaying solid-appearing objects. Surface modeling makes it possible for users
to look at the specific object at specific angles with solid surfaces. Surface modeling is a popular
technique for architectural designs and renderings. Surface modeling has wide range of
applications such as in consumer products, marine vehicles, body panels of automobiles and
aircraft structures.

Solid models

Solid modeling (or modelling) is a consistent set of principles for mathematical and computer
modeling of three-dimensional solids. Solid modeling is distinguished from related areas of
geometric modeling and computer graphics by its emphasis on physical fidelity.

Describe the various commands used in drawing a circle

P (Two Points)

Creates a circle based on two endpoints of the diameter.

TTR (Tangent, Tangent, Radius)

Creates a circle with a specified radius and tangent to two objects.

Tan, Tan, Tan

Creates a circle tangent to three objects.

3P (Three Points)

Creates a circle based on three points on the circumference.

What does the term NURBS stand for and what is its purpose?

Non-uniform rational basis spline (NURBS) is a mathematical model commonly used in

computer graphics for generating and representing curves and surfaces. Its purpose is to offers
great flexibility and precision for handling both analytic (surfaces defined by common
mathematical formulae) and modeled shapes.

Explain the commands for doing the following

Restricts cursor movement to specified intervals

SNAP (Command). Restricts cursor movement to specified grid intervals, or tracks the cursor to
increments along polar alignment paths. Right-click to choose between grid snap and polar snap ,
or to access grid and snap settings . When grid snaps are turned on, the cursor snaps to
rectangular grid intervals.

Move the current display in the current viewport

MVIEW (Command). Makes a selected viewport active. An active viewport displays objects in
model space. The MAXACTVP system variable controls the maximum number of viewports that
can be active at one time. If your drawing contains more viewports than the number specified in
MAXACTVP, you must turn one off to make another one active.
Switches to paper space
Restrict cursor movement to vertical or horizontal
Control the display of marker BLIBS
Display grids
Refreshes the display in the current viewport

REDRAW (Command). Removes temporary graphics left by VSLIDE and some operations from
the current viewport. To remove stray pixels, use the REGEN command.

Sets and controls the drawing boundaries and display grid

GRID (Command). The grid is a rectangular pattern of lines or dots that covers the entire XY
plane of the user coordinate system (UCS). Using the grid is similar to placing a sheet of grid
paper under a drawing. The grid helps you align objects and visualize the distances between
them.

Discuss the importance of guidelines in computer aided design. Your discussion should consider
factors such as user population, cognitive load, errors, consistency and clarity.

Discuss the various options in the shademode command

2D Wireframe
Displays the objects using lines and curves to represent the shapes.
Hidden
Displays the objects using wireframe representation and hides lines representing back
faces.

Describe the different types of modelling concepts used in CAD systems

2D CAD

Two-dimensional, or 2D, CAD is used to create flat drawings of products and structures. Objects
created in 2D CAD are made up of lines, circles, ovals, slots and curves. 2D CAD programs
usually include a library of geometric images; the ability to create Bezier curves, splines and
polylines; the ability to define hatching patterns; and the ability to provide a bill of materials
generation. Among the most popular 2D CAD programs are AutoCAD, CADkey, CADDS 5,
CATIA v4 and Medusa.

2.5 D CAD

In between 2D and 3D CAD is 2.5-D CAD. The models created in this type of CAD are
prismatic, that is, they represent the depth of the objects. Like 2D CAD, these objects are made
up of geometric objects.

3D CAD

Three-dimensional (3D) CAD programs come in a wide variety of types, intended for different
applications and levels of detail. Overall, 3D CAD programs create a realistic model of what the
design object will look like, allowing designers to solve potential problems earlier and with
lower production costs. Some 3D CAD programs include Autodesk Inventor, CoCreate Solid
Designer, Pro/Engineer SolidEdge, SolidWorks, Unigraphics NX and VX CAD.

3D Wireframe and Surface Modeling

CAD programs that feature 3D wireframe and surface modeling create a skeleton-like inner
structure of the object being modeled. A surface is added on later. These types of CAD models
are difficult to translate into other software and are therefore rarely used anymore.

Solid Modeling

Solid modeling in general is useful because the program is often able to calculate the dimensions
of the object it is creating. Many sub-types of this exist. Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
CAD uses the same basic logic as 2D CAD, that is, it uses prepared solid geometric objects to
create an object. However, these types of CAD software often cannot be adjusted once they are
created. Boundary Representation (Brep) solid modeling takes CSG images and links them
together. Hybrid systems mix CSG and Brep to achieve desired designs.

Describe how blocks are used to enhance productivity of designers

Reduce file size

When you use block, AutoCAD will use the definition to all instances. I’m not pretty sure if
there is a documentation about this, but it seems like when you insert another block instance
AutoCAD will only need to remember less data. AutoCAD doesn’t have to keep all geometries
data.

Reduce repetitive tasks

The basic use of block is as reusable contents. You can define a block once, then use it
repeatedly without redraw it in new drawings or in the same drawing. You can choose to copy
the objects. But when the drawing gets complicated, this can be a difficult task. If you draw it
more than once, you may want to consider create a block from it.

Simplify library and process

Dynamic block was introduced in AutoCAD 2006. Then Autodesk added geometric constraint
and dimensional constraint that you can use in blocks too. You can make use of them and
simplify your drawing library and process.

Create reports automatically

We can also use attributes to keep information. Dynamic block parameters can also be used as
information. We can extract those information easily and create reports automatically. A popular
example is creating a door schedule. Other example is to create set out points report.

Describe how arcs are created in autocad and how they are used in designing

To create an arc, you can specify various combinations of center, endpoint, start point, radius,
angle, chord length, and direction values. You can create arcs in several ways. With the
exception of the first method, arcs are drawn counter clockwise from the start point to the
endpoint.
 Draw Arcs by Specifying Three Points
 Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, End
 Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, Angle
  Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, Length

Describe how you can create the following

PLINE
Click Home tab Draw panel Polyline.
 Find
 Specify the first point of the polyline.
 Specify the endpoint of the first segment.
 Continue specifying segment endpoints as needed.
 Press Enter to end, or enter c to close the polyline.

SPLINE

1. Start a new drawing.

2. Click the Spline Fit button on the Draw panel slideout of the Home tab, or type SPL and
press Enter.

AutoCAD starts the SPLine command and prompts you to specify the start point of the
spline. Specify the start point by clicking a point or typing coordinates.

3. Specify additional points by clicking or typing coordinates.

4. Press Enter after you choose the endpoint of the spline.

AutoCAD draws the spline.

DONUTS

Click Home tab Draw panel Donut.

 Find
 Specify the inside diameter (1).
 Specify the outside diameter (2).
 Specify the center of the donut (3).
 Specify the center point for another donut, or press Enter to complete the command.

Discuss the different methods used in drawing a circle

Drawing a Circle by Center and Radius or Diameter

This is the default method for drawing a circle.

Creating a Circle Tangent to Two Objects

The tangent is the point where an object touches another object without intersecting it.

Describe how the following are achieved in autocad

isometric drawing
AutoCAD has a command called ISOPLANE which allows you to easily draw at a 30 degree
angle as needed for an isometric drawing. You can switch between the three 'isoplanes' (top,
right, left) by using this command or by pressing the F5 key. Newer versions of AutoCAD have
an Isoplane icon on the status bar

hatching - filling areas

working in 3 dimensions
viewing 3-D objects
 Click View tab Views panel View Manager. Find. The View tab is not displayed by default, so
an alternative method is to enter VIEW at the Command prompt. You can also employ the
ViewCube in the top-right corner of the drawing area.
 Select a preset view (Top, Bottom or Left)
basic wireframe models

You can create wireframe models by positioning any 2D planar object anywhere in 3D space,
using the methods:

 Enter 3D coordinates that define the X, Y, and Z locations of the defining points of an
object.
  Set the default work plane, which is the XY plane of the UCS, on which to create planar
objects such as an arcs or circles.
 Move, copy, or rotate the object to its 3D location after you create it.

revolved objects
adding materials
primitive solids

Explain these methods

Interactive method

Absolute coordinates
Absolute coordinates refers to a Cartesian System that uses x-axis, y-axis, and sometimes a z-
axis to establish a point some distance from a common origin. You can use absolute or relative
Cartesian (rectangular) coordinates to locate points when creating objects. To use Cartesian
coordinates to specify a point, enter an X value and a Y value separated by a comma.

Relative rectangular coordinates

Use relative coordinates when you know the location of a point in relation to the previous point.
To specify relative coordinates, precede the coordinate values with an @ sign. For example,
entering @3,4 specifies a point 3 units along the X axis and 4 units along the Y axis from the last
point specified.

Relative polar coordinates

To specify relative coordinates, precede the coordinate values with an @ sign. For example, entering
@1<45 specifies a point at a distance of 1 unit from the last point specified at an angle of 45 degrees
from the X axis.

Direct Distance entry technique.

Describe the options of OSNAP feature