MANGIFERA INDICA (MANGO) PEEL AS WATER PURIFYING POWDER IN

DRINKING WATER IN TRECE MARTIRES, CAVITE

Practical Research 2

Submitted to the Senior High School

Department of Samuel Christian College

In partial fulfillment

Of the requirements for the subject

Applied Track Subject: Practical Research 2

Submitted by:

Mapa, Earlwren L.

Nagal, Georgelyn A.

Niebres, Threxryzette M.

12 Zion, Gilead, Hermon

INTRODUCTION

The world is not running out of water. The real challenge is to provide

enough clean water to a rapidly growing global population (and the attendant demands

that come with growth: more energy, more food, more industry, and more consumption).

Increasingly irregular weather patterns and natural disasters only exacerbate the situation.

The water required to serve this population today is 740bn cubic meters per year. By

2030, this number is expected to grow by approximately 200%, to nearly 1.5tn cubic

meters per year. Lack of treatment options lead to two problems: not treating wastewater

(i.e., sewage) before discharging it into waterways pollutes the source, often rendering

the water unusable for drinking. (Singh , et al., 2017).

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund

(UNICEF) report that 2.1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water at home

(WHO and UNICEF, 2017). According to the World Health Organization (2019) billions

of people around the world have no access to safely manage drinking water define as

water that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from contamination.

Drinking contaminated water can result in the spread of waterborne diseases such as

cholera, typhoid, diarrhea and gastroenteritis. In developing countries, inadequate water,

poor sanitation and hygiene results in over 840,000 diarrhea deaths each year (Pruss-

Ustun, et al., 2014).

Waterborne diseases are known as diseases that arise from pathogenic micro-

organisms directly transmitted when contaminated drinking water is consumed. It was

induced by multiple and diverse types of microorganisms, such as protozoa, viruses,

bacteria and intestinal parasites. As a result of these outbreaks of waterborne disease,

drinking water must undergo a purification process before it can be considered safe. As

disease-causing agents and toxic chemicals may be present in drinking water, there is a

need for systematic monitoring and surveillance of water quality in order to control risks

to public health. (Tunggolou & Payus, 2017).

Water is the most important compound for life on earth and it is a major global

challenge for the 21st century to have drinkable water. Pure and contaminated water is the

basic requirement for all living organisms. More the 71% of the earth surface is covered

with water, but only less than 1% water is drinkable as per international standards

because of different contaminations. The main sources of contamination include waste

water discharge from industries, agricultural activities, municipal waste water, and

environmental global changes. The presence of heavy metals, dyes and microorganisms

even in trace amounts, are very dangerous to human health, aquatic systems and

environment. (Singh, et al., 2018).

Due to rapid development of industrial activities, the levels of heavy metals in

water system have substantially increased. Cadmium, copper, chromium, lead and zinc

are extremely toxic metals of widespread use in many industries. The heavy metals

pollution represents an important problem, which human health concerns and serious

ecological consequences. (Paul, et al., 2017)

The removal of such toxic elements and compounds which are present in low

concentrations is difficult and challenging tasks. Various remediation technologies have

been developed for the removal of pollutants including toxic heavy metals, dyes,
pesticides, fertilizers, organic acids, and halogenated and phenolic compounds, among

others. Techniques such as precipitation, incineration, flocculation, coagulation, ion

exchange, reverse osmosis, membrane filtration, electrochemistry, photo

electrochemistry, advanced oxidation processes and biological methods have

demonstrated different degrees of remediation efficiency. (Zhu, et al., 2016).

OBJECTIVES

The general objectives of the study is to

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. Determine the certain amount of heavy metals, and bacteria in 1L of tap water.

2. Identify the benefits of Mango peel in water treatment in removing excess amount

of heavy metals.

3. Develop an alternative way of purifying water using mango peel

4. Assess the effectiveness of an alternative water purification using mango peel

Significance of the Study

This study is significant to:

For the Community. Analyse the problems to resolve water contamination. In this

manner, it can help to make meaningful reviews with the alternative water purification

and it will provide a natural and easy way of having purified water through the extraction

of such ingredients that can use as a new way of water purification that is safety to drink.
 For the students. Through this research they will get enough information to assess

their community in solving water problems and to have knowledge in disintegrating

heavy metals, lead and bacteria in water.

For the Future Researchers. This study will help them to analyse and have deeper

understanding in removing excess amount of heavy metals, lead and cadmium also to

remove bacteria in water using mango peel. It can be their basis on their thesis as Review

of Related Literature.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the benefits of Mango peels in purification of water

contamination. Specific questions that the researcher aims to answer are the following;

1. Does mango peel really treat waste water?

2. How mango peels differ from other plant peel powdered in water purification?

3. What water areas can mango peel decompose?

4. What specific amount of Mango peel that is required in tap water?

Scope and Delimitation

In general, the focus of this study is to reuse waste mango peel as an alternative

way of purifying tap water and to remove amount of heavy metals in tap water of Trece

Martires, Cavite. It also focuses in testing the mango peels in 1L sample of tap water in

Trece Martires, Cavite. For instance, this research will list the materials, measurements,

and procedures.
Time and Place

This study will be conducted from September 2019 to February 2019 in Trece

Martires, Cavite with water sample from the tap water in the given place.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 50-75 grams of  Collection of data

Mango peels  Water testing  Outcome of the

 1L sample of Tap  Laboratory testing experiment

water in Trece  Comparison  Hypothesis

Martires, Cavite  Evaluation

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

In figure 1, it shows the input, process and output about the certain topic of the

experiment. And will test if the experiment is beneficial.

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

For the extraction of water contaminants from drinking water, there are currently

no suitable small price techniques accessible. There are a variety of drinking water

purification methods that are very expensive and they can not efficiently satisfy a popular

person. Water is generally contaminated in water bodies owing to agricultural effluents

and municipal waste. Highly turbid and contaminated water is consumed in urban regions

individuals residing in extreme poverty. Coagulants such as alum are generally used to

purify turbid and contaminated water. (Srinivasa Rao & Maruti Prasad, 2013).

Removal of Heavy Metals

Heavy metals are chemical elements with specific gravity that is atleast 5 times

the specific gravity of water and is toxic or poisonous even at low concentration. Some

well known toxic chemical elements with their specific gravity are arsenic, (5.7); iron

(7.9); chromium (7.19); cadmium (8.65); lead (11.34); and mercury (13.54). Heavy metal

ions are discharge into water system from various industrial activities sucha as

electroplating industries, electronic equipment manufacturing and chemical processess

plants. (Paul, et al., 2017).

Effect of pH

The effect of pH on metal adsorptions is considered as very important parameter

in adsorption process. The pH optimization was done by varying the pH in the range of 2-

9 for both metal ions at 30mg of adsorbent dosage, 30min of spin time 50 mg L-1 of
initial metal ion concentration. It was found that adsorption increased by increasing pH,

and at pH 5, the adsorption was maximum at 92.3% of Pb2+ and 87% for Cd2+. (Isaac &

Sivakumar, 2013).

Removal of Lead and Cadmium

Mango peel waste (MPW) was evaluated as a new sorbent for the removal of Cd2+

and Pb2+ from aqueous solution. The maximum sorption capacity of Cd2+ and Pb2+ was

found to be 68.92 and 99.05 mg g -1. Chemical modification of mango peel waste for

blocking of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups showed that 72.46% and 76.26% removal of

Cd2+ and Pb2+ was due to the involvement of carboxylic group, whereas 26.64% and

23.74% was due to hydroxyl group. (Iqbal & Zafar, 2009).

Adsorbents and water purification

There are number of water purification techniques but the adsorption is one of the

most simplest, effective and economical method for wastewater purification (Singh, et

al., 2018). Because of simplicity and cost- effectiveness, adsorption technique is

considered to be suitable for wastewater treatment. The adsorbent selection for removal

of water contaminants depends on concentration and type of pollutant present in the

water, efficiency and adsorption capacity for pollutant. Additionally the adsorbents

should be non-toxic, cost effective, and easily available and can easily be regenerated. A

large number of adsorbents such as natural materials, agricultural wastes and residues,

industrial byproducts and biomass materials have been used for purification of water and

wastewater (Bhatnagar, et al., 2015).

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design Experimental

Table I. Materials used and its description

Materials Quantity Description Image

The main ingredient

Mango peel 75g in water purification

Sample in Trece

Tap Water 1 liter Martires, Cavite

To make mango peel

Oven 1 dry

Mortar and Pastel 1pc To crush the mango

peel and powdered

For the comparison

Glass Container 3pcs of different types of

water with and

without mango peel

powdered.
Experimental Units

The researcher will have a sample of water that have excess amount of heavy

metals such as lead and cadmium. The researcher will remove the excess amount of

heavy metals and lead through mango peel powdered. Thus the experimental unit is the

mango peel.

Experimental Design

The researcher will conduct an experiment on water that have excess amount of

heavy metals such as lead and cadmium and will remove the bacteria present in the water

through mango peel powdered. Also, will test the water sample on the Post-test result.

Experimental Treatment

The researcher will conduct an experiment on the tap water sample using the

laboratory testing kit to determine the amount of lead and cadmium of the water samples

and to purified water in Trece Martires, Cavite.

Data to be Gathered

The researcher will only observe about the potentiality of the Mango peel in

lessen amount of heavy metals in the water samples.

Data Gathering Procedure

1. Testing the heavy metals and lead using mango peel as water purifier and also

using laboratory testing kit.

2. Clean, dried, crush Mango peel to produce pulverized/powdered mango peel.

 3. Put the powdered of the water samples and put it in a glass container for 24hrs.

4. Test the purified water of the given sample that is been stored to determine how

many heavy metals lessen in the water sample.

Statistical Treatment

The statistical tool that will be used as instrument in this research study;

A. Frequency of a particular data value is the number of times the data value occurs.

B. Percentage, the researcher will convert the friction to decimal form by dividing

the numerator by the denominator multiply by 100 to solve the percentage.

References

Iqbal, M., & Zafar, S. (2009). FTIR spectrophotometry, kinetics and adsorption isotherms
modeling, ion exchange, and EDX analysis for understanding the mechanism of Cd 2+ and
Pb 2+ removal by mango peel waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(1), 161-171.

Isaac, C., & Sivakumar, A. (2013). Removal of lead and cadmium ions from water using Annona
squamosa shell: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Desalination and Water Treatment,
7700-7709.

Paul, J., Jimmy, J., Therattil, J. M., Regi, L., Shahana, S., & K. (2017). Removal of Heavy Metals
Using Low Cost Adsorbents. Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 14(3), 48-50.
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Pruss-Ustun, A., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Cumming, O., Curtis , V., & h. (2014). Burden of disease
from inadequate water, sanitatiion and hygiene in low- and middle income settings: a
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Adsorbent for Water and Waste Water Treatment. International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 6(10).

Srinivasa Rao, B., & Maruti Prasad, S. (2013). A case study on low cost water treatment using
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Thakur, S., & Panda, A. (2012). Laboratory investigation of drinking water sources of Kangra,
Himachal Pradesh, J. Commun, District. Himachal Pradesh, J. Commun, District, 44, 103-
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WHO and UNICEF. (2017). Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Retrieved May
21, 2019, from
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d_Hygiene_2017.pdf