Communication- is a process of sharing
and conveying messages or information from
one person to another within and across
channels, contexts, media, and cultures
(McCornack, 2014).
1. Elements of Communication
 Speaker – the source of
information or message
 Message – the information,
ideas, or thoughts conveyed by
the speaker in words or in
actions
 Encoding – the process of
converting the message into
words, actions, or other forms
that the speaker understands
 Channel – the medium or the
means, such as personal or non-
personal, verbal or nonverbal, in
which the encoded message is
conveyed
 Decoding – the process of
interpreting the encoded
message of the speaker by the
receiver
 Receiver – the recipient of the
message, or someone who
decodes the message
 Feedback – the reactions,
responses, or information
provided by the receiver
 Context – the environment
where communication takes
place
 Barrier – the factors that affect
the flow of communication
2. Features of an Effective
Communication
 Completeness
 Conciseness
 Consideration
 Concreteness
 Courtesy
 Clearness
 Correctness
3. Verbal Communication refers to an
interaction in which words are used to
relay a message.
4. Nonverbal communication refers to
an interaction where behavior is used to
convey and represent meanings. All
kinds of human responses that are not
expressed in words are classified as
nonverbal communication.
Intercultural communication - is the
sending and receiving of messages across
languages and cultures.
Types of Speech Context
1. Intrapersonal – This refers to
communication that centers on one
person where the speaker acts both as
the sender and the receiver of message.
Thoughts and feelings.
2. Interpersonal – This refers to
communication between and among
people and establishes personal
relationship between and among them.
 Types of Interpersonal Context
i. Dyad Communication –
communication that
occurs between two
people
ii. Small Group – This
refers to
communication that
involves at least three
but not more than
twelve people engaging
in a face-to-face
interaction to achieve a
desired goal. In this
type of communication,
all participants can
freely share ideas in a
loose and open
discussion.
iii. Public – This type refers
to communication that
requires you to deliver
or send the message
before or in front of a
group. The message can
be driven by
informational or
persuasive purposes.
iv. Mass Communication –
This refers to
communication that
takes place through
television, radio,
newspapers,
magazines, books,
billboards, internet, and
other types of media.
3. Types of Speech Style
 Intimate – This style is private,
which occurs between or
among close family members or
individuals. The language used
 in this style may not be shared
in public.
 Casual – This style is common
among peers and friends.
Jargon, slang, or the vernacular
language are used.
 Consultative – This style is the
standard one. Professional or
mutually acceptable language is
a must in this style. Examples of
situations are communication
between teachers and students,
employers and employees,
doctor and patient, judge and
3. Searle’s Classifications of
lawyer, or President and his/her
constituents.
 Formal – This style is used in
formal settings. Unlike the
consultative style, this is one-
way. Examples are sermons by
priests and ministers, State of
the Nation Address of the
President, formal speeches, or
pronouncements by judges
 Frozen – This style is “frozen” in
time and remains unchanged. It
mostly occurs in ceremonies.
Common examples are the
Preamble to the Constitution,
Lord’s Prayer, and Allegiance to
country or flag.
Speech act is an utterance that a
speaker makes to achieve an intended
effect. Some of the functions which are
carried out using speech acts are
offering an apology, greeting, request,
complaint, invitation, compliment, or
refusal.
1. Three Types of Speech Act
according to J.L Austin
 Locutionary act - is the
actual act of uttering
 Illocutionary act - is
the social function of
what is said.
 Perlocutionary act - is
the resulting act of
what is said. This effect
is based on the
particular context in
which the speech act
was mentioned.
2. Performatives- statements
which enable the speaker to
perform something just by
stating it. In this manner, verbs
that execute the speech act
that they intend to effect are
called performatives. A
performative utterance said by
the right person under the right
circumstances results in a
change in the world. Note that
certain conditions have to be
met when making a
performative utterance.
Speech Act
 Assertive – a type of
illocutionary act in
which the speaker
expresses belief about
the truth of a
proposition. Some
examples of an
assertive act are
suggesting, putting
forward, swearing,
boasting, and
concluding.
 Directive – a type of
illocutionary act in
which the speaker tries
to make the addressee
perform an action.
Some examples of a
directive act are asking,
ordering, requesting,
inviting, advising, and
begging.
 Commissive – a type of
illocutionary act which
commits the speaker to
doing something in the
future. Examples of a
commissive act are
promising, planning,
vowing, and betting.
 Expressive – a type of
illocutionary act in
which the speaker
expresses his/her
feelings or emotional
reactions. Some
examples of an
expressive act are
thanking, apologizing,
welcoming, and
deploring.
  Declaration – a type of
illocutionary act which
brings a change in the
external situation.
Simply put, declarations  Topic Control - covers
bring into existence or
cause the state of
affairs which they refer
to. Some examples of
declarations are
blessing, firing,
baptizing, bidding,
passing a sentence, and
excommunicating.
4. Types of Communicative
Strategy
 Nomination - A speaker
carries out nomination
to collaboratively and
productively establish a  Topic Shifting - as the
topic. Basically, when
you employ this
strategy, you try to
open a topic with the
people you are talking
to.
 Restriction - in
communication refers
to any limitation you
may have as a speaker.
When communicating
in the classroom, in a
meeting, or while
hanging out with your
friends, you are  Repair - refers to how
typically given specific
instructions that you
must follow. These
instructions confine you
as a speaker and limit
what you can say.
 Turn-taking -
Sometimes people are
given unequal
opportunities to talk
because others take
much time during the  Termination - refers to
conversation. Turn-
taking pertains to the
process by which
people decide who
takes the
conversational floor.
There is a code of
behavior behind
establishing and
sustaining a productive
conversation, but the
primary idea is to give
all communicators a
chance to speak.
how procedural
formality or informality
affects the
development of topic in
conversations. For
example, in meetings,
you may only have a
turn to speak after the
chairperson directs you
to do so. Contrast this
with a casual
conversation with
friends over lunch or
coffee where you may
take the conversational
floor anytime.
name suggests, involves
moving from one topic
to another. In other
words, it is where one
part of a conversation
ends and where
another begins. When
shifting from one topic
to another, you have to
be very intuitive. Make
sure that the previous
topic was nurtured
enough to generate
adequate views.
speakers address the
problems in speaking,
listening, and
comprehending that
they may encounter in
a conversation.If there
is a problem in
understanding the
conversation, speakers
will always try to
address and correct it.
the conversation
participants’ close-
initiating expressions
that end a topic in a
conversation. Most of
the time, the topic
initiator takes
responsibility to signal
the end of the
discussion as well.