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CHAPTER.1
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELD

1. Quantisation of Electric Charge

1. Q =ne

2. Mass transferred during charging = 𝑚𝑒 × 𝑛

2. Coulomb’s Law
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
1. 𝐹𝑣𝑎𝑐 = 4𝜋𝜀 ∙
0 𝑟2

1 𝑞1 𝑞2
2. 𝐹𝑚𝑒𝑑= ∙
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 𝑟2

Principle of Superposition of Electric Forces

⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹12 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹13 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹14 + ⋯ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1𝑁

F= √𝐹12 + 𝐹22 + 2𝐹1 𝐹2 cos 𝜃

3. Relation between Electric field Strength and force

⃗⃗⃗𝐹
𝐸⃗ = 𝑞 or 𝐹 = 𝑞0 𝐸⃗
0

4. Electric Fields of Point Charges

1 𝑞
1. E = 4𝜋𝜀 . 𝑟 2
0
2. By the principle of superposition, electric field due to a number of point charges,

𝐸⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸2 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸3 + ⋯

5. Continuous Charge Distributions

𝑑𝑞
1. Volume charge density,𝜌 =
𝑑𝑉

𝑑𝑞
2. Surface charge density ,𝜎 = 𝑑𝑆

𝑑𝑞
3. Linear charge density 𝜆 = 𝑑𝐿

4. Force exerted on a charge 𝑞0 due to a continuous charge distribution,

𝑞0 𝑑𝑞
𝐹= ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑟̂
4𝜋𝜀0

5. Electric field due to a continuous charge distribution,

1 𝑑𝑞
𝐸⃗ = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑟̂
4𝜋𝜀0

6. Dipole Moment, Dipole Field and Torque on a Dipole

1 . Dipole moment , p=q × 2a , Where 2a is the distance between the two charges.

2. Dipole field at an axial point at distance r from the centre of the dipole is
1 2𝑝𝑟
𝐸𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 =4𝜋𝜀 . (𝑟 2 −𝑎2 )2
0

1 2𝑝
When r >> a, 𝐸𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 4𝜋 . 𝑟3
𝜀0

3. Dipole field at an equatorial point at distance r from the centre of the dipole is
1 𝑝
𝐸𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎 =4𝜋𝜀 . (𝑟 2 +𝑎2 )3/2
0

1 𝑝
When r >> a, 𝐸𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎 = 4𝜋𝜀 . 𝑟 3
𝑜

4. Torque, 𝜏 = 𝑝𝐸 sin 𝜃 , Where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑝 and 𝐸⃗ .

7. Electric Flux and Gauss’s Theorem

1. Electric flux through a plane surface area S held in a uniform electric field 𝐸⃗ is
 ф𝐸 = 𝐸⃗ .𝑆 =ES cos 𝜃

Where 𝜃 is the angle which the normal to the outward drawn normal to surface area 𝑆
makes with the field 𝐸⃗ .

2. According to Gauss’s theorem , the total electric flux through a closed surface S
enclosing charge q is
𝑞
ф𝐸 = ∮ 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 = 𝜀
0

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 ф𝐸
3. Flux density = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑆

8. Applications of Gauss’s Theorem

1. Electric field of a long straight wire of uniform linear charge density 𝜆,
𝜆
E = 2𝜋𝜀
0𝑟

Where r is the perpendicular distance of the observation point from the wire.

2. Electric field of an infinite plane sheet of uniform surface charge density 𝜎,

𝜎
E= 2𝜀
0

3. Electric field of two positively charged parallel plates with charge densities 𝜎1 and 𝜎2
such that

𝜎1 > 𝜎2 > 0,
1
E =+ (𝜎1 + 𝜎2) (Outside the plates)
2𝜀0

1
E = 2𝜀 (𝜎1 − 𝜎2 ) (Inside the plates)
0

4. Electric field of two equally and oppositely charged parallel plates,

E=0 (For outside points)

𝜎
E=𝜀 (For inside points)
0

5. Electric field of a thin spherical shell of charge density 𝜎 and radius R,

1 𝑞
E = 4𝜋𝜀 . 𝑟2 (For r > R (Outside points)
0
 E=0 (For r < R (Inside points)
1 𝑞
E = 4 𝜋 𝜀 . 𝑅2 (For r =R (At the surface)
0

Here q = 4 𝜋 𝑅 2 𝜎 .

6. Electric field of a solid sphere of uniform charge density 𝜌 and radius R :

1 𝑞
E = 4𝜋𝜀 . 𝑟 2 For r >R (Outside points)
0

1 𝑞𝑟
E = 4 𝜋𝜀 . 𝑅3 For r < R ( Inside points)
0

1 𝑞
E = 4 𝜋 𝜀 . 𝑅2 For r = R (At the surface)
0

4
Here q = 3 𝜋𝑅 3 𝜌