Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, generalizations or conclusions,

methodologies, and other data that are related to the present study. The materials that are

included in this chapter help in familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to

the present study.

Related Literature

Local

According to Santos, (2017) coffee grounds contain high in nitrogen, calcium,

magnesium, and other minerals, it makes for good fertilizer. Small amounts of coffee

grounds can be added directly to the top soil. It is recommended to use in plants that

prefer high acidity in soil like roses. Because of coffee’s strong odor, it can also be used

as an insect repellant. Another article also suggests that coffee can be of big help in

improving gardens as compost to improve the soil and can help aid the growth of the

plants, whether organic or conventional fertilizer still work well for vegetables and fruits

through adding nitrogen and act as organic material, improving the flow of water and air

in the garden soil (Retrieved from https://primer.com.ph/tips-

guides/2018/02/22/unexpected-uses-for-coffee/).
Foreign

Rhoades, H. (2018) suggests that composing coffee grounds helps to add nitrogen to

the compost pile but keep in mind that they are considered green composed material and

will need to be balanced with the addition of some brown compost or other organic

matters and cautioned that fresh coffee grounds are acidic. Coffee grounds can be acidic

but if diluted so much or turn to solution, acidity is not a problem unless watering the

same plant with it everyday (Aoife, M., 2019).

Composting process can be speed up by cutting up the banana peels into smaller

pieces and can be used as a direct fertilizer without harming the plant but it is best to

compost them first, burying the banana peels in the soil under a plant can slow down the

process that breaks down the peels and makes their nutrients available to the plant but

composting process needs air to happen and buried banana peels will break down much

more slowly than ones that are placed in a properly maintained compost pile that is

turned and aerated on a regular basis (Rhoades, H.,2018).

Study reported that metal oxide nanoparticles like iron oxide nanoparticles are able to

bind with the carrier proteins or organic chemicals and be observed by the plant tissues

and its concentration increased the growth of lemna gibba plants when they were

exposed to 400 µM/ml for 7 days compared to the initial stage ( very first day) of

exposure (http://Sci-Hub | Responses of Plants to Iron Oxide Nanoparticles.

Nanomaterials in Plants, Algae, and Microorganisms, 221–238 | 10.1016/B978-0-12-

811487-2.00010-4).
 Related Studies

Local

Late Grower. (2018) suggests that the use of compost tea or liquid fertilizer was

affordable and effective because micro as well as macro nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous

and potassium) goes with the water through the process of putting the compost or organic

material in approximately 1 gallon of water, leave for an hour and as the water changes in

color, wait for another one hour or two and while waiting it is advisable or needed to stir

it to trigger aeration in the water, this study also notes the formulation of ¼ kl of compost

per gallon and applicable to all stages of plants.

Another study also claimed the effectiveness of an organic fertilizer specifically

banana peel trough composting but without turning into liquid which uses decomposition

of three varieties of banana peelings locally known as latundan, bongolan and amas by

cellulace - bacteria producing from soil. The cellulace producing bacteria was cultured

and isolated for 18-24 hours. Two treatments were used for the decomposition process of

the different banana peelings where treatment 1 was done by mixing 100 g of each

variety or banana peelings with the cultured medium of cellulace - producing bacteria in

nine (9) separate bottles for three replicates and treatment 2 was done by simply placing

100 g of variety of banana peelings in another 9 bottles (without cellulace) as a result,

mixture with cellulace producing bacteria decompose faster than without cellulace

producing bacteria. T- test was used to interpret the obtained result. The organic fertilizer

produced by the action of cellulace- producing bacteria was applied to the different

varieties of corn plants. Commercial fertilizers were also applied to the same varieties of
corn plant. The growth of the corn plants was measured in terms of their height. Analysis

of variance (ANOVA) was done by using the two ways classification with significant

interaction. Statistical data showed that there is no significant difference of the average

height of the three varieties of corn plants when different kinds of fertilizer were used.

The organic fertilizer produce was comparable with the commercial fertilizer ( Jalao et al.

, n. d).

Foreign

Coffee grounds add nitrogen to the compost, but as fertilizer they do not add

nitrogen immediately to the soil. About 2% nitrogen by volume, used coffee grounds are

a safe substitute for nitrogen-rich animal products, that when composted, coffee helps

sustain high temperatures in compost piles, in contrast with manure, which doesn't

sustain the heat as long and also in composting coffee, remember that grounds are

considered green material, so balance your mix by adding an equal amount of brown

material, like dried leaves, shredded cuttings, or paper (Oregon University,2018).

Another study conducted by Dolan, P. (2013) also suggest that coffee grounds releases

nitrogen overtime and should be mix with other organic components to avoid increase in

acidity for its pH is equal to 6.6 pH and 6.8 Ph lower than the neutral(7 pH) which

attracts worms with a method of 10.31 lbs/cu.yd applyimg not freshly to the plants.

Wazir et al. (2018) claims that among the different organic treatment namely: egg

shell powder, wood ash, banana peel, used tea waste, egg shell tea and control treatment,
study found banana peel, egg shell powder and used tea waste were best as organic

fertilizer for potato and pea where banana peel was processed through drying in sunlight

and shredded in to small pieces of size approximately 1 cm^2, 3 table spoon full (20 g) of

banana peel pieces were well mixed with pot soil. Another study done by Everyday

simple health tips,(2019,January 19) introduced the method of liquid banana peel

fertilizer and its effectiveness through process: first, chopping the peels, second put the

chopped peel into the jar and add water, leave for a week, third, keep the peel out from

the mixture through straining, stir and add 50% of water and last pour the solution or

liquid fertilizer into the plant pots once a week.

A study has shown that nano fertilizers, which supply nutrients to the plant, are used

to replace conventional fertilizers,iron (Fe) is one of the essential elements for plant

growth and plays an important role in the photosynthetic reactions and to study the

effects of nano-iron fertilizer on Catharanthus roseus or commonly known as periwinkles,

it were treated with different concentrations (0, 5 10 20, 30, and 40 µM) of iron oxide

nanoparticles (Fe2O3) for 70 days, as a result Fe2O3 nanoparticles increased growth

parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and total protein contents in the treated plants

significantly and the maximum amounts of growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments,

and protein contents were obtained with 30 µM Fe2O3 and also suggest that iron oxide

nanoparticles increased potassium, phosphorus, and iron absorption but did not show a

significant effect on sodium content (Askary et al., 2016) . Another of study suggested

that rust can be turn into liquid fertilizer by exposing it with water for about an hour, let

the water changes color and stir after then it is ready to any plants but once every two

weeks (Mitra, U., 2018). Another study investigates different levels of concentration of
iron nano-particles (0, 5, 10, 20, and 25 µM) mixed with Hoagland solution (100 ml)

applied to alfalfa done weekly within 45 days and results shows that iron treatment had a

positive effect on the growth parameters or leaf growth and photosynthetic pigments and

highest growth was obtain at 25 µM concentration of iron nano-particle fertilizer (

Askary et al.,2018).

The above related studies and related literature help the researchers uncover the facts

on how the components of the fertilizers are effective in plant growth and efficiency

while the other studies give’s information to prevents faulty experiment or conduct.

Theoretical Framework

A theory for fertilizer response | The Journal of Agricultural Science | Cambridge Core

A model is derived that relates yield to levels of applied fertilizer in terms of

parameters that have direct physical meaning. N8, P8, and K8 define the contribution of

the soil to the supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for plant growth; BN, BP

and BK define the responses to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at low

nutrient levels and AN is the level of nitrogen required to raise the osmotic pressure

sufficiently to prevent growth.

To test the model, field experiments were carried out on French beans and summer

cabbage in which 125 different combinations of levels of nitrogen, phosphate and

potassium fertilizers were applied. The yield data from each block of each experiment

fitted the model very well. Fitted values differed from block to block but these

differences could be attributed to the fact that for each block equally good fits were often
obtained with widely differing parameter values. Estimates of N8 were made from

chemical analysis of the (NH4 + NO3) — N of soil samples from the field plots, and P8,

and K8 from chemical studies of the adsorption of phosphate and potassium on untreated

soil. It is concluded that although the theory has limitations it is broadly in accord with

the results of the detailed field experiments.

This theory primarily helps the researchers of this study identify the positive and

negative contribution of the soil to the plant growth with the presence of nitrogen,

phosphorus and potassium making the present researcher obtain idea on approximate

amount of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium in response to improve plant growth.