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DATA MINING

UNIT - I
Introduction to Data Mining: Introduction, What is Data Mining, Definition, KDD,
Challenges, Data Mining Tasks, Data Preprocessing, Data Cleaning, Missing data,
Dimensionality Reduction, Feature Subset Selection, Discretization and Binaryzation,
Data Transformation; Measures of Similarity and Dissimilarity- Basics.
UNIT - II
Association Rules: Problem Definition, Frequent Item Set Generation, The APRIORI
Principle, Support and Confidence Measures, Association Rule Generation; APRIOIRI
Algorithm, The Partition Algorithms, FP-Growth Algorithms, Compact Representation of
Frequent Item Set- Maximal Frequent Item Set, Closed Frequent Item Set.
UNIT - III
Classification: Problem Definition, General Approaches to solving a classification
problem ,Evaluation of Classifiers , Classification techniques, Decision Trees-Decision
tree Construction , Methods for Expressing attribute test conditions, Measures for
Selecting the Best Split, Algorithm for Decision tree Induction ; Naive-Bayes Classifier,
Bayesian Belief Networks; K- Nearest neighbor classification-Algorithm and
Characteristics.
UNIT - IV
Clustering: Problem Definition, Clustering Overview, Evaluation of Clustering Algorithms,
Partitioning Clustering-K-Means Algorithm, K-Means Additional issues, PAM Algorithm;
Hierarchical Clustering-Agglomerative Methods and divisive methods, Basic
Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm, Specific techniques, Key Issues in
Hierarchical Clustering, Strengths and Weakness; Outlier Detection.
UNIT - V
Web and Text Mining: Introduction, web mining, web content mining, web structure
mining, we usage mining, Text mining –unstructured text, episode rule discovery for
texts,hierarchy of categories, text clustering.
PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
UNIT-I
Preliminary Concepts: Reasons for studying concepts of programming
languages,programming domains, language evaluation criteria, influences on language
design, language categories, language design trade-offs, implementation methods,
programming environments, Evolution of Major Programming Languages.
Syntax and Semantics: General problem of describing syntax, formal methods of
describing syntax, attribute grammars, describing the meanings of programs
UNIT-II
Names, Bindings, and Scopes: Introduction, names, variables, concept of binding,
scope,scope and lifetime, referencing environments, named constants
Data types: Introduction, primitive, character, string types, user defined ordinal types,
array,associative arrays, record, tuple types, list types, union types, pointer and
reference types, type checking, strong typing, type
equivalence Expressions and Statements: Arithmetic expressions, overloaded operators,
type conversions, relational and boolean expressions, short- circuit evaluation,
assignment statements, mixed-mode assignment
Control Structures – introduction, selection statements, iterative statements,
unconditional branching, guarded commands.
UNIT-III
Subprograms: Fundamentals of subprograms, design issues for subprograms, local
referencing environments, parameter passing methods, parameters that are
subprograms,calling subprograms indirectly, overloaded subprograms, generic
subprograms, design issues for functions, user defined overloaded operators, closures,
co routines
Implementing subprograms: General semantics of calls and returns, implementing
simple subprograms, implementing subprograms with stack-dynamic local variables,
nested subprograms, blocks, implementing dynamic scoping
Abstract Data types: The concept of abstraction, introductions to data abstraction,
design issues, language examples, parameterized ADT, encapsulation constructs, naming
encapsulations
UNIT-IV
Object Oriented Programming: Design issues for OOP, OOP in Smalltalk, C++, Java, Ada
95, Ruby, Implementation of Object-Oriented constructs.
Concurrency: introduction, introduction to subprogram level concurrency, semaphores,
monitors, message passing, Ada support for concurrency, Java threads, concurrency in
functional languages, statement level concurrency. Exception Handling and Event
Handling: Introduction, exception handling in Ada, C++, Java, introduction to event
handling, event handling with Java and C#.
UNIT-V
Functional Programming Languages: Introduction, mathematical functions,
fundamentals of functional programming language, LISP, support for functional
programming in primarily imperative languages, comparison of functional and
imperative languages
Logic Programming Language: Introduction, an overview of logic programming, basic
elements of prolog, deficiencies of prolog, applications of logic programming.
Scripting Language: Pragmatics, Key Concepts, Case Study : Python – Values and Types,
Variables , Storage and Control, Bindings and Scope, Procedural Abstraction, Data
Abstraction, Separate Compilation, Module Library.
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
UNIT - I
Introduction to Python, Installing Python. How a Program Works, Using Python, Program
Development Cycle, Input, Processing, and Output, Displaying Output with the Print
Function, Comments, Variables, Reading Input from the Keyboard, Performing
Calculations, Operators. Type conversions, Expressions, More about Data Output.
Decision Structures and Boolean Logic: if, if-else, if-elif-else Statements, Nested Decision
Structures, Comparing Strings, Logical Operators, Boolean Variables. Repetition
Structures: Introduction, while loop, for loop, Calculating a Running Total, Input
Validation Loops, Nested Loops. Data types and Expressions: Strings, Assignment and
Comments, Numeric Data Types and Character Sets, Expressions, Functions and
Modules.
UNIT - II
Control Statements: Definite Iteration, Formatting Text for Output, Selection,
Conditional Iteration. File and Exceptions: Introduction to File Input and Output, Using
Loops to Process Files, Processing Records, Exceptions. Functions: Introduction, Defining
and Calling a Void Function, Designing a Program to Use Functions, Local Variables,
Passing Arguments to Functions, Global Variables and Global Constants, Value-Returning
Functions-Generating Random Numbers, The math Module, Storing Functions in
Modules.
UNIT - III
Strings and Text Files: Accessing Characters and Substrings in a String, Strings and
Number System, String Methods, Basic String Operations, String Slicing, Testing,
Searching, and Manipulating Strings. Text Files, Data Encryption, Lists, Introduction to
Lists, List slicing, Finding Items in Lists with the in Operator, List Methods and Useful
Built-in Functions, Copying Lists, Processing Lists, Two-Dimensional Lists, Tuples
Sequences, Tuples. Dictionaries and Sets: Dictionaries, Sets, Serializing Objects.
Recursion: Introduction, Problem Solving with Recursion, Examples of Recursive
Algorithms.
UNIT - IV
Design with Classes: Classes and Objects, Classes and Functions, Classes and Methods,
Working with Instances, Inheritance and Polymorphism. Object-Oriented Programming:
Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming, Classes, techniques for Designing Classes.
UNIT - V
Graphical User Interfaces: Behavior of terminal based programs and GUI-based
programs, Coding simple GUI-based programs, other useful GUI resources. GUI
Programming:Graphical User Interfaces, Using the tkinter Module, Display text with
Label Widgets, Organizing Widgets with Frames, Button Widgets and Info Dialog Boxes,
Getting Input with Entry Widget, Using Labels as Output Fields, Radio Buttons, Check
Buttons. Simple Graphics and Image Processing: Overview of Turtle Graphics, Two
dimensional Shapes, Colors and RBG System, Image Processing.
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
UNIT- I
Characterization of Distributed Systems: Introduction, Examples of Distributed Systems,
Resource Sharing and the Web, Challenges. System Models: Introduction, Architectural
Models, Fundamental Models.
UNIT- II
Time and Global States: Introduction, Clocks Events and Process States, Synchronizing
Physical Clocks, Logical Time and Logical Clocks, Global States, Distributed Debugging.
Coordination and Agreement: Introduction, Distributed Mutual Exclusion, Elections,
Multicast Communication, Consensus and Related Problems.
UNIT- III
Inter Process Communication: Introduction, The API for the Internet Protocols, External
Data Representation and Marshalling, Client-Server Communication, Group
Communication, Case Study: IPC in UNIX. Distributed Objects and Remote Invocation:
Introduction, Communication between Distributed Objects, Remote Procedure Call,
Events and Notifications, Case Study: JAVA RMI.
UNIT- IV
Distributed File Systems: Introduction, File Service Architecture, Case Study 1: Sun
Network File System, Case Study 2: The Andrew File System. Name Services:
Introduction, Name Services and the Domain Name System, Directory Services, Case
Study of the Global Name Services. Distributed Shared Memory: Introduction, Design
and Implementation Issues, Sequential Consistency and IVY case study, Release
Consistency, Munin Case Study, Other Consistency Models.
UNIT- V
Transactions and Concurrency Control: Introduction, Transactions, Nested Transactions,
Locks, Optimistic Concurrency Control, Timestamp Ordering, Comparison of Methods for
Concurrency Control. Distributed Transactions: Introduction, Flat and Nested
Distributed Transactions, Atomic Commit Protocols, Concurrency Control in Distributed
Transactions, Distributed Deadlocks, Transaction Recovery.
CLOUD COMPUTING
UNIT - I
Systems Modeling, Clustering and Virtualization: Distributed System Models and
Enabling Technologies, Computer Clusters for Scalable Parallel Computing, Virtual
Machines and Virtualization of Clusters and Data centers.
UNIT - II
Foundations: Introduction to Cloud Computing, Migrating into a Cloud, Enriching the
‘Integration as a Service’ Paradigm for the Cloud Era, The Enterprise Cloud Computing
Paradigm.
UNIT - III
Infrastructure as a Service (IAAS) & Platform and Software as a Service (PAAS / SAAS):
Virtual machines provisioning and Migration services, On the Management of Virtual
machines for Cloud Infrastructures, Enhancing Cloud Computing Environments using a
cluster as a Service, Secure Distributed Data Storage in Cloud Computing. Aneka, Comet
Cloud, T-Systems’, Workflow Engine for Clouds, Understanding Scientific Applications for
Cloud Environments.
UNIT - IV
Monitoring, Management and Applications: An Architecture for Federated Cloud
Computing, SLA Management in Cloud Computing, Performance Prediction for HPC on
Clouds, Best Practices in Architecting Cloud Applications in the AWS cloud, Building
Content Delivery networks using Clouds, Resource Cloud Mashups.
UNIT - V
Governance and Case Studies: Organizational Readiness and Change management in
the Cloud age, Data Security in the Cloud, Legal Issues in Cloud computing, Achieving
Production Readiness for Cloud Services.

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