PLANE GEOMETRY Special Lines in a Triangle

I. TRIANGLE • Median – is a segment from vertex to the

midpoint of the opposite side
Area of Triangle • Angle Bisector – is a segment or ray that
• Given base & altitude: bisects an angle and extends to the opposite
1 side
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑏ℎ
2 • Altitude – is a segment from vertex
ℎ = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 perpendicular to the opposite side
Special Centers in a Triangle
• Given three sides a, b, & c:
Heron’s Formula • Centroid – is a point of intersection of all
𝐴 𝑇 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) medians of a triangle.
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 • Incenter – is the point of intersection of all the
𝑠 angle bisectors in a triangle. It is also the
2
center of the inscribed circle in a triangle.
• Equilateral Triangle: • Circumcenter – is the point of intersection of
√3 2 all perpendicular bisectors of a triangle. It is
𝐴𝑇 = 𝑎 also the center of the circumscribed circle.
4
𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 • Orthocenter – is the point of intersection of all
𝐴𝑇 = the altitudes of a triangle.
2
• Excenter – is the center of the escribed circle.
• Given 2 sides and their included angle:
The line that passes through the incenter and
𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐴𝑇 = orthocenter of a triangle is called Euler’s line.
2
II. QUADRILATERAL
• Given 3 angles and one of the sides: - A plane figure with four straight sides
𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾
𝐴𝑇 =
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 1. Parallelogram – it is a quadrilateral in which
opposite sides are parallel and equal
• Triangle with inscribed circle:
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑟𝑠 Formula for Area and Perimeter:
(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
𝑟=√ 1
2 𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 1
𝑠= 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2 2
where: 𝑃 = 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)
r = apothem
= radius of inscribed circle 2. Square – is a quadrilateral with four equal
sides and four right angles.
• Triangle inscribed in a circle:
𝑎𝑏𝑐 Formula for Area & Perimeter:
𝐴𝑇 =
4𝑟 𝐴 = 𝑎2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑃 = 4𝑎
𝑟= = =
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
3. Rectangle – is a quadrilateral in which pairs of
r = radius of circumscribed circle opposite sides are parallel and equal angle is
• Triangle with escribed circle: 90°.
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑟(𝑠 − 𝑎) 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏
r = radius of excircle 𝑃 = 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)
 4. Trapezoid or Trapezium – is a quadrilateral • Concave Polygon - is one having at least one
with only one pair of opposite sides parallel. interior angle is greater than 180°.
Formula for Area & Perimeter: Angle Measurements and Number of Diagonals
ℎ • Sum of Interior Angles:
𝐴= (𝑎 + 𝑏)
2 𝑆 = 𝑛𝜃 = (𝑛 − 2)180°
ℎ ℎ
𝑃 =𝑎+𝑏+ +
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 • Measure of Interior Angle:
𝑆 (𝑛 − 𝑠)180°
5. Rhombus – is a quadrilateral in which all 𝜃= =
𝑛 𝑛
sides are equal but none of the angles is 90°.
• Number of Diagonals:
Formula for Area & Perimeter: 𝑛
𝐷 = (𝑛 − 3)
𝐴 = ℎ𝑠 2
1 • Sum of Exterior Angles = 360°
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 • Measure of Exterior Angle:
2
𝐴 = 𝑠 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 360
𝛽=
𝑃 = 4𝑠 𝑛

6. General Quadrilateral Area and Perimeter of Regular Polygons

𝐴 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑 • Given the apothem and perimeter:
𝑠= 1
2 𝐴 = 𝑃𝑟
𝐴+𝐶 𝐵+𝐷 2
𝜃= =
2 2
• Given the apothem and number of sides:
7. Cyclic Quadrilateral – is a quadrilateral in 180
𝐴 = 𝑛𝑟 2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 )
which all of its four vertices line on a circle 𝑛
180
𝑃 = 2𝑛𝑟(𝑡𝑎𝑛 )
Ptolemy’s Theorem: 𝑛
𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑
• Given the of the side:
Bramaguptha’s Formula: 𝑛𝑥 2 180
𝐴= (𝑐𝑜𝑡 )
𝐴 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) 4 𝑛
𝑃 = 𝑛𝑥
√(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑑)(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑)(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)
𝑟=
4𝐴 • Given R:
𝑛𝑅 2 360
8. Quadrilateral Circumscribing a Circle 𝐴= (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
2 𝑛
𝐴 = √𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 360
𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠 𝑃 = 2𝑛𝑅(𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
2𝑛
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑠=
2
Special Polygons
III. POLYGONS • Pentagram (regular 5-point star)
- It is a closed plane figure bounded by straight
𝐴 = 1.123𝑟 2
line segments as sides
• Hexagram (star of David)
Types of Polygon 𝐴 = √3𝑟 2

• Convex Polygon – it is a polygon in which no r = radius of circumscribing circle

interior angle is greater than 180°.
IV. PARABOLIC SEGMENT • Area of a Circular Segment:
Case 1:
Parabolic Segment
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
2 1
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝐴 = 𝑟 2 (𝜃𝑟 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
3 2
Spandrel Case 2:
1 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 + 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝐴= 𝑏ℎ
3
1
V. CIRCLE 𝐴 = 𝑟 2 (𝜃𝑟 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛α)
2
Circle Relationships where:
r = radius
• Circle – is the set of all points in a plane that
𝜃 = angle (in radians)
are at the same distance from a fixed point
called the center.
VI. SPECIAL PLANE CURVES
• Radius – is a line segment joining the center
to a point on a circle.
• Cycloid – is a curve described by a point P on
• Central Angle – is an angle formed by two
a circle or radius “a” rolling on a straight line
radii.
• Catenary – a curve which a heavy uniform
• Inscribed Angle – is an angle whose vertex is
flexible chain freely hangs if suspended
on the circle and whose sides are chord.
vertically from its two extremes A and B
• Arc – is a continuous part of a circle.
• Epicycloid – is the curved described by a
• Minor Arc – is an arc that is less than a semi- point P on a circle of radius “b” as it rolls on
circle. the outside of another fixed circle of radius
• Major Arc – is an arc that is greater than a “a”
semi-circle. • Cardiod – is a path traced out by a point on a
• Chord – is a line segment joining two points of circle of radius “a” rolling around the
the circumference. circumference of another circle having the
• Diameter – is a chord through the center of same radius “a”
the circle. • Hypocycloid – (with 4 cusps) is described by
• Secant – is a line that intersects the circle at a point P on a circle of radius a/4 as it rolls on
two points the inside of a fixed circle of radius “a”
• Tangent – is a line that touches the circle at without slipping
one and only one point. • Trochoid – is a curve described by a point P at
Area of a Circle, Sector and Segment a distance “b” from the center of a circle of
radius “a” as the circle rolls on the x-axis
• Area of a Circle: • Involute of a Circle – is a curved described by
𝐴 = π𝑟 2 the endpoint P of a string as it unwinds from
a circle of radius “a” while held taut
• Circumference of a Circle: • Ovals of Cassini – is the curve described by a
𝐶 = 2π𝑟 point P such that the product of its distance
from two fixed points (distance 2a apart) is
• Length of an Arc: constant.
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃

• Area of a Circular Sector:

1 1
𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠 = 𝑟 2 𝜃
2 2
 SOLID GEOMETRY Volume:
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
I. CUBE 𝑉 = π𝑟 2 ℎ
-is a polyhedron whose six faces are all Where:
squares C = circumference
B = area of the base
Total Surface Area:
r = radius of the cylinder
𝐴𝑠 = 6𝑎2 L = slant height
H = height or altitude
Volume:

𝑉 = 𝑎3 IV. PRISM
-is a polyhedron having two identical and
Space Diagonal: parallel faces (usually referred to as the
“ends” or “bases”) and whose sides are
𝐷 = √3𝑎
parallelogram
Face Diagonal:
• Oblique Prism
𝑑 = √2𝑎 -a prism with an axis that is not at right angle
II. RECTANGULAR PARALLELEPIPED to the base
-is a polyhedron whose six faces are all 𝑉 = 𝐴𝑅 𝐿
rectangles 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑃𝑅 𝐿

Area of a Rectangular Parallelepiped: • Right Prism

𝐴𝑠 = 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐) -a right prism is one whose axis is
perpendicular to the base
Volume: 𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑃𝐵 ℎ
𝑉 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐
Space Diagonal: • Truncated Prism
ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3 … + ℎ𝑛
𝑑 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑉 = 𝐴𝑅 ( )
𝑛
Face Diagonal:
Where:
𝑑𝑙 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 V = volume
AR = area of the right section
𝑑𝑠 = √𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 AS = lateral area
AB = area of the base
III. CYLINDER PB = perimeter of the base
-is a solid bounded by closed cylindrical h = height
surface and two parallel planes n = no. of sides

• Oblique Cylinder V. CONE

Lateral Surface Area: -is a tree dimensional shape formed by a
𝐴 = 2π𝑟𝐿 straight line when one end is moved
Volume: around a simple closed curved, while the
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ other end of the line is kept fixed at a
• Right Circular Cylinder point which is not in the plane of curve
Lateral Surface Area:
𝐴 = 𝐶ℎ • Oblique Cone
𝐴 = 2π𝑟ℎ 1
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
3
 𝐴𝐿 = π𝑟𝐿 h = perpendicular distance between
the two bases
• Right Circular Cone
1 Volume of Special Prismatoid
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
3 • A wedge cut from a cylinder of radius r by
𝐴𝐿 = π𝑟𝐿 two planes, one perpendicular to the axis of
the cylinder and the other intersecting the
• Frustum of a cone first plane at an angle 𝜃 along a diameter
ℎ
𝑉 = (𝑏 + 𝐵 + √𝑏𝐵) 2√3𝑟 3
3 𝑉= 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 = 30°
𝐶𝐵 + 𝐶𝑏 9
𝐴𝐿 = ( )𝐿 2𝑟 3
2 𝑉= 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 = 45°
Where: 3
AL = lateral surface area
• Solid with circular base of radius r and every
V = volume
plane section perpendicular to a certain
B = area of the lower base
diameter is an equilateral triangle
b = area of the upper base
h = height 4𝑟 3
𝑉=
L = slant height √3

VI. PYRAMID • Solid with circular base of radius r and every

-is a polyhedron having any polygons as section perpendicular to a certain diameter is
one face (base) with all other faces an isosceles triangle of altitude h
(sides) being triangles meeting at a 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑉=
common vertex 2

• Right Pyramid • Solid with circular base of radius r and every

1 perpendicular to a certain diameter is an
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ isosceles triangle with altitude equal to one-
3
𝐴𝐿 = 𝑃𝐿 half of its base.
4𝜋𝑟 3
𝑉=
• Frustum of a Pyramid 3
ℎ
𝑉 = (𝑏 + 𝐵 + √𝑏𝐵) • Solid with circular base of radius r and every
3
𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃𝑏 plane section perpendicular to a certain
𝐴𝐿 = ( )𝐿
2 diameter is a square
16𝑟 3
VII. PRISMATOID 𝑉=
3
General Prismatoid
• Solid with circular base of radius r and every
ℎ plane section perpendicular to a fixed
𝑉 = (𝐴1 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 )
6 diameter is a semi-circle
2𝜋𝑟 3
Where: 𝑉=
3
V = volume • Solid common to two identical cylinders with
their axis meeting at 90°
A1 = area of the lower base
16𝑟 3
𝑉=
Am = area of the mid section 3
A2 = area of the upper base
VIII. SIMILAR SOLIDS • Spherical Lune:
• Relationship between Area and Altitude: 𝜋𝑟 2 𝜃
𝐴2 ℎ2 𝐴= (𝜃 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠)
= ( )2 90
𝐴1 ℎ1 • Spherical Wedge:
𝜋𝑟 3 𝜃
𝐴= (𝜃 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠)
• Relationship between Volume and Altitude: 270
𝑉2 ℎ2
= ( )3
𝑉1 ℎ1 X. ELLIPSOID
• General Ellipsoid / Spheroid
• Relationship between Volume and Area: -a three-dimensional figure all planar cross-
sections of which are either ellipses or circles
𝑉2 𝐴2 4
= (√ )3 𝑉 = π𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑉1 𝐴1 3

• Prolate Spheroid
IX. SPHERE -volume generated when an ellipse is
• Formula for Volume and Area: revolved around the major axis
4 4
𝑉 = π𝑟 3 𝑉 = π𝑎𝑏 2
3 3
𝐴 = 4π𝑟 2 sin−1 𝑒
𝐴 = 2π𝑏(𝑏 + 𝑎 )
• Spherical Zone: 𝑒
𝐴𝑠 = 2π𝑟ℎ (𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒) Where:
𝐴𝑠 = 2π𝑟ℎ (𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠) √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑒=
• Spherical Segment: 𝑎
𝜋ℎ2
𝑉= (3𝑟 − ℎ) (𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒) • Oblate Spheroid
3
𝜋ℎ -volume generated when an ellipse is
𝑉= [3(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) + ℎ2 ] (𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠)
6 revolved about the minor axis
4
𝑉 = π𝑎2 𝑏
Where: 3
a = radius of the small base 𝜋𝑏 2 1+𝑒
𝐴 = 2π𝑎2 + [ ln ( )]
b = radius of the big base 𝑒 1−𝑒
• Spherical Sector: Where:
2 √𝑏 2 − 𝑎2
𝑉 = π𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑒=
3 𝑎
• Spherical Polygon:
-a closed geometric figure on the surface of a XI. PARABOLOID OF REVOLUTION
sphere formed by the arcs of great circles. • One base:
𝜋𝑟 2 𝐸 1
𝐴= 𝑉 = π𝑟 2 ℎ
180 2
Where: 4𝜋𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟
𝐴 = 2 [(ℎ2 + ) − ( )3 ]
E = spherical excess 3ℎ 4 2
E = [sum of all angles] – (n-2)180°
r = radius of the sphere • Two bases:
n = number of sides 𝜋ℎ 2
𝑉= (𝑟 + 𝑟2 2 )
2 1
• Spherical Pyramid:
𝜋𝑟 2 𝐸 XII. TORUS
𝐴=
180 𝐴 = 2𝜋 2 𝑟𝑅
𝜋𝑟 3 𝐸 𝑉 = 2𝜋 2 𝑟 2 𝑅
𝑉=
540
 XIII. POLYHEDRON a. 228.2 c. 238.2
-it is a solid bounded by flat surfaces with b. 288.2 d. 282.8
each surface bounded by straight sides.
5. One side of a regular octagon is 2. Find the
A regular polyhedron is a solid figure each area of the region inside the octagon.
of whose sides is a regular polygon (or a. 31.0 c. 19.3
the same size) and each of whose angles b. 21.4 d. 13.9
is formed by the same number of sides
6. A piece of wire is shaped to enclose the
• Tetrahedron: square whose area is 169 sq. cm. it is then
𝐴𝑠 = √3𝑎2 reshaped to enclose the rectangle whose
√2 3 length is 15 cm. What is the area of the
𝑉= 𝑎 rectangle?
12
• Hexahedron: a. 156 sq. cm c. 175 sq. cm
𝐴𝑠 = 6𝑎2 b. 165 sq. cm d. 170 sq. cm
𝑉 = 𝑎3
• Octahedron: 7. The distance between the centers of the three
circles which are mutually tangent to each
𝐴𝑠 = 2√3𝑎2
other externally are 10, 12 and 14 units. The
√2 3 area of the largest circle is?
𝑉= 𝑎
3 a. 72 π c. 64 π
• Dodecahedron: b. 23 π d. 16 π
𝐴𝑠 = 20.65𝑎2
𝑉 = 7.66𝑎3 8. If the sides of a parallelogram and an included
• Icosahedron: angle are 6, 10 and 100° respectively, find the
𝐴𝑠 = 5√3𝑎2 length of the shorter diagonal.
𝑉 = 2.18𝑎3 a. 10.63 c. 10.73
b. 10.37 d. 10.23

PAST BOARD PROBLEMS: 9. A trapezoid has an area of 360 m2 and an

1. Each side of a cube is increased by 10%. By altitude of 20 m. its two bases have ratio of
what percent is the volume of the cube 4:5. What are the lengths of the bases?
increased? a. 12, 15 c. 8, 10
a. 33.1% c. 0.0031% b. 7, 11 d. 16, 20
b. 3.31% d. 13.31%
10. The angel of a sector is 30° and the radius is
2. A rectangle ABCD which measures 18x24 cm, 15 cm. what is the area of the sector in cm2?
is folded once, perpendicular to diagonal AC, a. 59.8 c. 58.9
so that the opposite vertices A and C coincide. b. 89.5 d. 85.9
Find the length of the fold.
a. 22.50 cm c. 21.5 cm 11. Two triangles have equal bases. The altitude
b. 18.75 cm d. 19.5 cm of one triangle is 3 units more than its base
and the altitude of the other is 3 units less
3. A reservoir is shaped like a square prism. If than its base. Find the altitudes, if the areas of
the area of its base is 225 square centimeters, the triangle differ by 21 sq. units.
how many liters of water will it hold? a. 4 and 10 c. 6 and 12
a. 337.5 L c. 3375 L b. 3 and 9 d. 5 and 11
b. 3.375 L d. 33.75 L
12. Each angle of a regular dodecagon is equal to
4. A regular octagon is inscribed in a circle of ________ degrees.
radius 10. Find the area of the octagon. a. 135 c. 125
 b. 150 d. 105 20. What is the apothem of a regular polygon
having an area of 225 and a perimeter of 60?
13. A metal washer 1 inch in diameter is pierced a. 6.5 c. 5.5
by ½ inch hole. What is the volume of the b. 8.5 d. 7.5
washer if it is 1/8 inch thick?
a. 0.074 c. 0.028
b. 0.047 d. 0.082

14. If an equilateral triangle is circumscribed

about a circle of radius 10 cm, determine the
side of the triangle.
a. 64.21 cm c. 32.10 cm
b. 36.44 cm d. 34.64 cm

15. Find the approximate change in the volume of

a cube of side “x” inches caused by increasing
its side by 1%.
a. 0.3x3 in3 c. 0.10x3 in3
b. 0.02x in
3 3 d. 0.03x3 in3

16. What is the distance in cm between two

vertices of a cube which are farthest from
each other, if an edge measures 8 cm?
a. 13.86 c. 16.93
b. 11.32 d. 14.33

17. A piece of wire of length 50 m is cut into two

parts. Each part is then bent to form a square.
It is found that the total area of the square is
100 sq. m. Find the difference in length of the
sides of the two squares.
a. 6.62 c. 5.44
b. 5.32 d. 6.61

18. A pyramid whose altitude of 5 ft weight 800

lbs. At what distance from the vertex must it
be cut by a plane parallel to its base so that
the two solids of equal weight will be formed?
a. 2.52 ft c. 2.96 ft
b. 3.97 ft d. 4.96 ft

19. A right triangle is inscribed in a circle in such

that one side of the triangle is the diameter of
a circle. If one of the acute angels of the
triangle measure 60° and the side opposite
that angle has length 15, what is the area of
the circle?

a. 175.15 c. 223.73
b. 235.62 d. 228.61