Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 31

&KDSWHU

&RQVWUXFWLRQRIDQ,QWHUQDO&RPEXVWLRQ(QJLQH
(QJLQH&RQVWUXFWLRQ

2YHUYLHZ
$VD&RQVWUXFWLRQ0HFKDQLF\RXZLOOEHQHILWIURPNQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI
XZ ZLL
QG
Q G LWL
DQLQWHUQDOFRPEXVWLRQHQJLQHDQGLWVPDQ\PRYLQJDQGVWDWLRQDU\SDUWVLQFOXGLQJWKH
PDWHULDOVWKH\DUHPDGHRIDQGWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLSWRRQHDQRWKHUIRUWKHHQJLQH¶V
VPRRWKDQGHIILFLHQWRSHUDWLRQ
7KHLQIRUPDWLRQSURYLGHGLQWKLVFKDSWHUZLOODOVRKHOS\RXERWKWRGLDJQRVH
PDOIXQFWLRQVDQGWRFRUUHFWWKHSUREOHPV6LQFHWKHJDVROLQHDQGGLHVHOHQJLQHVXVHG
LQWRGD\¶VFRQVWUXFWLRQHTXLSPHQWDUHEDVLFDOO\WKHVDPHLQWHUQDOO\WKHPDMRULW\RI
LQIRUPDWLRQSURYLGHGKHUHDSSOLHVWRERWK

2EMHFWLYHV
:KHQ\RXKDYHFRPSOHWHGWKLVFKDSWHU\RXZLOOEHDEOHWRGRWKHIROORZLQJ

 ,GHQWLI\WKHVWDWLRQDU\DQGPRYLQJSDUWVRIDQLQWHUQDOFRPEXVWLRQHQJLQH
 ,GHQWLI\WKHEDVLFWHVWLQJSURFHGXUHVXVHGLQFRQVWUXFWLQJDQLQWHUQDOFRPEXVWLRQ
HQJLQH
 5HFRJQL]HRSHUDWLQJSULQFLSOHVDQGIXQFWLRQVRIVWDWLRQDU\DQGPRYLQJSDUWV
ZLWKLQDQLQWHUQDOFRPEXVWLRQHQJLQH
 8QGHUVWDQGWKHWHFKQLTXHVXVHGLQYDOYHUHFRQGLWLRQLQJ
 8QGHUVWDQGWKHWHFKQLTXHVXVHGLQWLPLQJJHDULQVWDOODWLRQ
 8QGHUVWDQGWKHWHFKQLTXHVXVHGLQDGMXVWLQJHQJLQHYDOYHV
 5HFRJQL]HEDVLFHQJLQHWHVWLQJSURFHGXUHVDQGUHTXLUHGWRROV

3UHUHTXLVLWHV
1RQH

Dr. V S Yadav 


7KLVFRXUVHPDSVKRZVDOORIWKHFKDSWHUVLQ&RQVWUXFWLRQ0HFKDQLF%DVLF7KH
VXJJHVWHGWUDLQLQJRUGHUEHJLQVDWWKHERWWRPDQGSURFHHGVXS6NLOOOHYHOVLQFUHDVHDV
\RXDGYDQFHRQWKHFRXUVHPDS

$XWRPRWLYH&KDVVLVDQG%RG\ &
%UDNHV 0
&RQVWUXFWLRQ(TXLSPHQW3RZHU7UDLQV
'ULYH/LQHV'LIIHUHQWLDOV'ULYH$[OHV
DQG3RZHU7UDLQ$FFHVVRULHV
$XWRPRWLYH&OXWFKHV7UDQVPLVVLRQV
DQG7UDQVD[OHV
+\GUDXOLFDQG3QHXPDWLF6\VWHPV

$XWRPRWLYH(OHFWULFDO&LUFXLWVDQG %
:LULQJ $
%DVLF$XWRPRWLYH(OHFWULFLW\ 6
&RROLQJDQG/XEULFDWLRQ6\VWHPV ,
'LHVHO)XHO6\VWHPV &
*DVROLQH)XHO6\VWHPV
&RQVWUXFWLRQRIDQ,QWHUQDO&RPEXVWLRQ
(QJLQH
3ULQFLSOHVRIDQ,QWHUQDO&RPEXVWLRQ
(QJLQH
7HFKQLFDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ

)HDWXUHVRIWKLV0DQXDO
7KLVPDQXDOKDVVHYHUDOIHDWXUHVZKLFKPDNHLWHDV\WRXVHRQOLQH
x )LJXUHDQGWDEOHQXPEHUVLQWKHWH[WDUHLWDOLFL]HG7KHILJXUHRUWDEOHLVHLWKHU
QH[WWRRUEHORZWKHWH[WWKDWUHIHUVWRLW
x 7KHILUVWWLPHDJORVVDU\WHUPDSSHDUVLQWKHWH[WLWLVEROGDQGLWDOLFL]HG:KHQ
\RXUFXUVRUFURVVHVRYHUWKDWZRUGRUSKUDVHDSRSXSER[GLVSOD\VZLWKWKH
DSSURSULDWHGHILQLWLRQ
x $XGLRDQGYLGHRFOLSVDUHLQFOXGHGLQWKHWH[WZLWKLWDOLFL]HGLQVWUXFWLRQVWHOOLQJ
\RXZKHUHWRFOLFNWRDFWLYDWHLW
x 5HYLHZTXHVWLRQVWKDWDSSO\WRDVHFWLRQDUHOLVWHGXQGHUWKH7HVW<RXU
.QRZOHGJHEDQQHUDWWKHHQGRIWKHVHFWLRQ6HOHFWWKHDQVZHU\RXFKRRVH,IWKH
DQVZHULVFRUUHFW\RXZLOOEHWDNHQWRWKHQH[WVHFWLRQKHDGLQJ,IWKHDQVZHULV
LQFRUUHFW\RXZLOOEHWDNHQWRWKHDUHDLQWKHFKDSWHUZKHUHWKHLQIRUPDWLRQLVIRU

Dr. V S Yadav 


UHYLHZ:KHQ\RXKDYHFRPSOHWHG\RXUUHYLHZVHOHFWDQ\ZKHUHLQWKDWDUHDWR
UHWXUQWRWKHUHYLHZTXHVWLRQ7U\WRDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQDJDLQ
x 5HYLHZTXHVWLRQVDUHLQFOXGHGDWWKHHQGRIWKLVFKDSWHU6HOHFWWKHDQVZHU\RX
FKRRVH,IWKHDQVZHULVFRUUHFW\RXZLOOEHWDNHQWRWKHQH[WTXHVWLRQ,IWKH
DQVZHULVLQFRUUHFW\RXZLOOEHWDNHQWRWKHDUHDLQWKHFKDSWHUZKHUHWKH
LQIRUPDWLRQLVIRUUHYLHZ:KHQ\RXKDYHFRPSOHWHG\RXUUHYLHZVHOHFW
DQ\ZKHUHLQWKDWDUHDWRUHWXUQWRWKHUHYLHZTXHVWLRQ7U\WRDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQ
DJDLQ

Dr. V S Yadav 


(1*,1(&216758&7,21
7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDQHQJLQHYDULHVOLWWOHUHJDUGOHVVRIVL]HDQGGHVLJQ7KHLQWHQGHG
XVHRIWKHHQJLQHGHWHUPLQHVLWVVL]HDQGGHVLJQDQGWKHWHPSHUDWXUHDWZKLFKWKH
HQJLQHZLOORSHUDWHGHWHUPLQHVWKHW\SHRIPHWDOLWZLOOEHEXLOWIURP
7RVLPSOLI\WKHVHUYLFHSDUWVDQGVHUYLFLQJSURFHGXUHVLQWKHILHOGWKHFXUUHQWWUHQGLQ
HQJLQHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGGHVLJQLVWRZDUGengine families7\SLFDOO\WKHUHDUHVHYHUDO
W\SHVRIHQJLQHVEHFDXVHRIWKHPDQ\MREVWREHGRQHKRZHYHUWKHVHUYLFHDQG
VHUYLFHSDUWVSUREOHPDUHVLPSOLILHGE\GHVLJQLQJHQJLQHVVRWKH\DUHFORVHO\UHODWHGLQ
cylinderVL]HYDOYHDUUDQJHPHQWDQGVRIRUWK)RUH[DPSOHWKH*0VHULHVHQJLQHV
FDQEHREWDLQHGLQWZRWKUHHIRXUDQGVL[F\OLQGHULQOLQHPRGHOV*09W\SH
HQJLQHVFRPHLQDQGF\OLQGHUPRGHOV7KHVHHQJLQHVDUHGHVLJQHGLQ
VXFKDZD\WKDWPDQ\RIWKHLQWHUQDOSDUWVFDQEHXVHGRQDQ\RIWKHPRGHOV

6WDWLRQDU\3DUWVRIDQG(QJLQH
7KHVWDWLRQDU\SDUWVRIDQHQJLQHLQFOXGHWKHF\OLQGHUEORFNDQGF\OLQGHUVWKHF\OLQGHU
KHDGRUKHDGVDQGWKHH[KDXVWDQGLQWDNHPDQLIROGV7KHVHSDUWVIXUQLVKWKH
IUDPHZRUNRIWKHHQJLQH$OOPRYDEOHSDUWVDUHDWWDFKHGWRRUILWWHGLQWRWKLVIUDPHZRUN

(QJLQH&\OLQGHU%ORFN
7KHF\OLQGHUEORFNLVWKHEDVLFIUDPHRIDOLTXLGFRROHGHQJLQHZKHWKHULWLVLQOLQH
KRUL]RQWDOO\RSSRVHGRU9W\SH7KHF\OLQGHUEORFNLVDVROLGFDVWLQJPDGHRIFDVWLURQ
RUDOXPLQXPWKDWFRQWDLQVWKHFUDQNFDVHWKHF\OLQGHUVWKHFRRODQWSDVVDJHVWKH
OXEULFDWLQJSDVVDJHVDQGLQWKHFDVHRIIODWKHDGHQJLQHVWKHYDOYHVVHDWVWKHSRUWV
DQGWKHJXLGHV
7KHF\OLQGHUEORFNLVDRQHSLHFHFDVWLQJXVXDOO\PDGHRIDQLURQDOOR\WKDWFRQWDLQV
QLFNHODQGPRO\EGHQXP7KLVLVWKHEHVWRYHUDOOPDWHULDOIRUF\OLQGHUEORFNV,WSURYLGHV
H[FHOOHQWZHDULQJTXDOLWLHVDQGORZPDWHULDODQGSURGXFWLRQFRVWDQGLWFKDQJHV
GLPHQVLRQVRQO\PLQLPDOO\ZKHQKHDWHG$QRWKHUPDWHULDOXVHGIRUF\OLQGHUEORFNV
DOWKRXJKQRWH[WHQVLYHO\LVDOXPLQXP$OXPLQXPLVXVHGZKHQHYHUZHLJKWLVD
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ+RZHYHULWLV127SUDFWLFDOWRXVHIRUWKHIROORZLQJUHDVRQV
x $OXPLQXPLVPRUHH[SHQVLYHWKDQFDVWLURQ
x $OXPLQXPLVQRWDVVWURQJDVFDVWLURQ
x %HFDXVHRILWVVRIWQHVVLWFDQQRWEHXVHGRQDQ\VXUIDFHRIWKHEORFNWKDWLV
VXEMHFWWRZHDU7KLVQHFHVVLWDWHVWKHSUHVVLQJRUFDVWLQJRIVWHHOVOHHYHVLQWR
WKHF\OLQGHUERUHV7KUHDGHGKROHVPXVWDOVREHGHHSHU7KLVLQWURGXFHVH[WUD
GHVLJQFRQVLGHUDWLRQVDQGLQFUHDVHVSURGXFWLRQFRVWV
x $OXPLQXPKDVDPXFKKLJKHUH[SDQVLRQUDWHWKDQLURQZKHQKHDWHG7KLVFUHDWHV
SUREOHPVZLWKPDLQWDLQLQJWROHUDQFHV

&\OLQGHU
7KHF\OLQGHUVDUHERUHGULJKWLQWRWKHEORFN$JRRGF\OLQGHUPXVWEHURXQGQRWYDU\LQJ
LQGLDPHWHUE\PRUHWKDQDSSUR[LPDWHO\LQFK PP 7KHGLDPHWHURIWKH
F\OLQGHUPXVWEHXQLIRUPWKURXJKRXWLWVHQWLUHOHQJWK'XULQJQRUPDOHQJLQHRSHUDWLRQ
F\OLQGHUZDOOVZHDURXWRIURXQGRUWKH\PD\EHFRPHFUDFNHGDQGVFRUHGLIQRW
OXEULFDWHGRUFRROHGSURSHUO\7KHF\OLQGHUVRQDQair-cooledHQJLQHDUHVHSDUDWHIURP
WKHFUDQNFDVH7KH\DUHPDGHRIIRUJHGVWHHO7KLVPDWHULDOLVPRVWVXLWDEOHIRU
F\OLQGHUVEHFDXVHRILWVH[FHOOHQWZHDULQJTXDOLWLHVDQGLWVDELOLW\WRZLWKVWDQGWKHKLJK
WHPSHUDWXUHVWKDWDLUFRROHGF\OLQGHUVREWDLQ7KHF\OLQGHUVKDYHURZVRIGHHSILQVFDVW
Dr. V S Yadav 
LQWRWKHPWRGLVVLSDWHHQJLQHKHDW7KHF\OLQGHUVDUHFRPPRQO\PRXQWHGE\VHFXULQJ
WKHF\OLQGHUKHDGWRWKHFUDQNFDVHZLWKORQJVWXGVDQGVDQGZLFKLQJWKHF\OLQGHUV
EHWZHHQWKHWZR$QRWKHUZD\RIPRXQWLQJWKHF\OLQGHUVLVWREROWWKHPWRWKH
FUDQNFDVHDQGWKHQVHFXUHWKHKHDGVWRWKHF\OLQGHUV

&\OLQGHU6OHHYH
&\OLQGHUVOHHYHVRUOLQHUVDUHPHWDOSLSH
VKDSHGLQVHUWVWKDWILWLQWRWKHF\OLQGHUEORFN
7KH\DFWDVF\OLQGHUZDOOVIRUWKHSLVWRQWR
VOLGHXSDQGGRZQRQ
&DVWLURQVOHHYHVDUHFRPPRQO\XVHGLQ
DOXPLQXPF\OLQGHUEORFNV6OHHYHVFDQDOVR
EHLQVWDOOHGWRUHSDLUEDGO\GDPDJHG
F\OLQGHUZDOOVLQFDVWLURQEORFNV7KHUHDUH
WZREDVLFW\SHVRIF\OLQGHUVOHHYHVGU\DQG
ZHW
$GU\VOHHYH(Figure 3-1)SUHVVHVLQWRD
F\OLQGHUWKDWKDVEHHQERUHGRUPDFKLQHG
RYHUVL]H$GU\VOHHYHLVUHODWLYHO\WKLQDQG
LVQRWH[SRVHGWRHQJLQHFRRODQW7KH
RXWVLGHRIDGU\VOHHYHWRXFKHVWKHZDOOVRI )LJXUH±'U\F\OLQGHUVOHHYH
WKHF\OLQGHUEORFN7KLVSURYLGHVVXSSRUWIRU
WKHVOHHYH
:KHQDF\OLQGHUEHFRPHVEDGO\ZRUQRULVGDPDJHGDGU\VOHHYHFDQEHLQVWDOOHG7KH
RULJLQDOF\OLQGHUPXVWEHERUHGDOPRVWDVODUJHDVWKHRXWVLGHRIWKHVOHHYH7KHQWKH
VOHHYHLVSUHVVHGLQWRWKHRYHUVL]HGKROH1H[WWKHLQVLGHRIWKHVOHHYHLVPDFKLQHGWR
WKHRULJLQDOERUHGLDPHWHU7KLVDOORZVWKH
XVHRIWKHRULJLQDOSLVWRQVL]H
$ZHWVOHHYH(Figure 3-2)LVH[SRVHGWRWKH
HQJLQHFRRODQW,WPXVWZLWKVWDQG
FRPEXVWLRQSUHVVXUHDQGKHDWZLWKRXWWKH
DGGHGVXSSRUWRIWKHF\OLQGHUEORFN
7KHUHIRUHLWPXVWEHWKLFNHUWKDQDGU\
VOHHYH
$ZHWVOHHYHZLOOJHQHUDOO\KDYHDIODQJHDW
WKHWRS:KHQWKHKHDGLVLQVWDOOHGWKH
FODPSLQJDFWLRQSXVKHVGRZQRQWKHVOHHYH
DQGKROGVLWLQSRVLWLRQ7KHF\OLQGHUKHDG
JDVNHWNHHSVWKHWRSRIWKHVOHHYHIURP
OHDNLQJ$UXEEHURUFRSSHU2ULQJLVXVHGDW
WKHERWWRPRIDZHWVOHHYHWRSUHYHQW
FRRODQWOHDNDJHLQWRWKHFUDQNFDVH7KH2
ULQJVHDOLVSLQFKHGEHWZHHQWKHEORFNDQG
WKHVOHHYHWRIRUPDOHDNSURRIMRLQW )LJXUH±:HWF\OLQGHUVOHHYH

Dr. V S Yadav 


0DQ\YHKLFOHVXVHDOXPLQXPF\OLQGHUEORFNV
ZLWKFDVWLURQZHWVOHHYHV7KHOLJKW
DOXPLQXPEORFNUHGXFHVZHLJKWIRU
LQFUHDVHGIXHOHFRQRP\7KHFDVWLURQ
VOHHYHVZHDUYHU\ZHOOLQFUHDVLQJHQJLQH
VHUYLFHOLIH
0RVWF\OLQGHUVOHHYHFDVXDOWLHVDUHGLUHFWO\
UHODWHGWRDODFNRIPDLQWHQDQFHRULPSURSHU
RSHUDWLQJSURFHGXUHVFigure 3-3VKRZVWZR
FRPPRQW\SHVRIF\OLQGHUVOHHYHFDVXDOWLHV
FUDFNVDQGVFRULQJ%RWKW\SHVRIFDVXDOWLHV
UHTXLUHUHSODFHPHQWRIWKHVOHHYH

&\OLQGHU/LQHU
6HHF\OLQGHUVOHHYH

:DWHU-DFNHW )LJXUH±6OHHYHFDVXDOW\
7KHF\OLQGHUEORFNDOVRSURYLGHVWKH
IRXQGDWLRQIRUWKHFRROLQJDQGOXEULFDWLQJV\VWHPV7KHF\OLQGHUVRIDOLTXLGFRROHG
HQJLQHDUHVXUURXQGHGE\LQWHUFRQQHFWLQJSDVVDJHVFDVWLQWKHEORFN&ROOHFWLYHO\
WKHVHSDVVDJHVIRUPWKHZDWHUMDFNHWWKDWDOORZVWKHFLUFXODWLRQRIFRRODQWWKURXJKWKH
F\OLQGHUEORFNDQGWKHF\OLQGHUKHDGWRFDUU\RIIH[FHVVLYHKHDWFUHDWHGE\FRPEXVWLRQ

&RUH+ROH3OXJ
7KHZDWHUMDFNHWLVDFFHVVLEOHWKURXJKKROHVPDFKLQHGLQWKHKHDGDQGEORFNWRDOORZ
UHPRYDORIWKHPDWHULDOXVHGIRUFDVWLQJRIWKHF\OLQGHUEORFN7KHVHKROHVDUHFDOOHG
FRUHKROHVDQGDUHVHDOHGE\FRUHKROHSOXJV IUHH]HSOXJV 7KHVHSOXJVDUHRIWZR
W\SHVFXSDQGGLVNFigure 3-4VKRZVDW\SLFDOORFDWLRQRIWKHVHSOXJV.

&UDQNFDVH
7KHFUDQNFDVH(Figure 3-5)LVWKDWSDUWRIWKHF\OLQGHUEORFNEHORZWKHF\OLQGHUV,W
VXSSRUWVDQGHQFORVHVWKHFUDQNVKDIWDQGSURYLGHVDUHVHUYRLUIRUOXEULFDWLQJRLO

)LJXUH±&RUHKROHSOXJV )LJXUH±&UDQNFDVH
Dr. V S Yadav 
7KHFUDQNFDVHDOVRKDVPRXQWLQJEUDFNHWVWRVXSSRUWWKHHQWLUHHQJLQHRQWKHYHKLFOH
IUDPH7KHVHEUDFNHWVDUHHLWKHUDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIWKHFUDQNFDVHRUDUHEROWHGWRLWLQ
VXFKDZD\WKDWWKH\VXSSRUWWKHHQJLQHDWWKUHHRUIRXUSRLQWV7KHVHSRLQWVDUH
FXVKLRQHGE\UXEEHUPRXQWVWKDWLQVXODWHWKHIUDPHDQGERG\RIWKHYHKLFOHIURPHQJLQH
YLEUDWLRQ7KLVSUHYHQWVGDPDJHWRHQJLQHVXSSRUWVDQGWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQ
7KHFUDQNFDVHVKRZQLQFigure 3-6LVWKHEDVLFIRXQGDWLRQRIDOODLUFRROHGHQJLQHV,WLV
PDGHDVDRQHRUWZRSLHFHFDVWLQJWKDWVXSSRUWVWKHFUDQNVKDIWSURYLGHVWKH
PRXQWLQJVXUIDFHIRUWKHF\OLQGHUVDQGWKHRLOSXPSDQGKDVWKHOXEULFDWLRQSDVVDJHV
FDVWLQWRLW,WLVPDGHRIDOXPLQXPVLQFHLWQHHGVWKHDELOLW\WRGLVVLSDWHODUJHDPRXQWV
RIKHDW2QDLUFRROHGHQJLQHVWKHRLOSDQXVXDOO\LVPDGHRIFDVWDOXPLQXPDQGLV
FRYHUHGZLWKFRROLQJILQV7KHRLOSDQRQDQDLUFRROHGHQJLQHSOD\VDNH\UROHLQWKH
UHPRYDORIZDVWHKHDWIURPWKHHQJLQHWKURXJKLWVOXEULFDWLQJRLO

)LJXUH²$LUFRROHGFUDQNFDVH

&\OLQGHU+HDG
7KHF\OLQGHUKHDG(Figure 3-7)EROWVWRWKH
GHFNRIWKHF\OLQGHUEORFN,WFRYHUVDQG
HQFORVHVWKHWRSRIWKHF\OLQGHUV
&RPEXVWLRQFKDPEHUVVPDOOSRFNHWV
IRUPHGLQWKHF\OLQGHUKHDGVZKHUH
FRPEXVWLRQRFFXUVDUHORFDWHGGLUHFWO\RYHU
WKHF\OLQGHUV6SDUNSOXJV JDVROLQHHQJLQH 
RULQMHFWRUV GLHVHOHQJLQH SURWUXGHWKURXJK
KROHVLQWRWKHFRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHUV
,QWDNHDQGH[KDXVWSRUWVDUHFDVWLQWRWKH
F\OLQGHUKHDG7KHLQWDNHSRUWVURXWHDLU
GLHVHOHQJLQH RUDLUDQGIXHO JDVROLQH
HQJLQH LQWRWKHFRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHUV7KH
H[KDXVWSRUWURXWHVEXUQHGJDVHVRXWRIWKH
FRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHU
)LJXUH±&\OLQGHUKHDG
Dr. V S Yadav 
9DOYHJXLGHVDUHVPDOOKROHVPDFKLQHGWKURXJKWKHF\OLQGHUKHDGIRUWKHYDOYHV7KH
YDOYHVILWLQWRDQGVOLGHLQWKHVHJXLGHV
9DOYHVHDWVDUHURXQGPDFKLQHGVXUIDFHVLQWKHFRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHUSRUWRSHQLQJV
:KHQDYDOYHLVFORVHGLWVHDOVDJDLQVWWKHYDOYHVHDW
7KHF\OLQGHUKHDGLVEXLOWWRFRQIRUPWRWKHDUUDQJHPHQWRIWKHYDOYHV/KHDG,KHDG
RURWKHUV&\OLQGHUKHDGVRQOLTXLGFRROHGHQJLQHVKDYHEHHQPDGHDOPRVWH[FOXVLYHO\
IURPFDVWLURQXQWLOUHFHQW\HDUV%HFDXVHZHLJKWKDVEHFRPHDQLPSRUWDQW
FRQVLGHUDWLRQDODUJHSHUFHQWDJHRIF\OLQGHUKHDGVQRZDUHEHLQJPDGHIURP
DOXPLQXP
7KHF\OLQGHUKHDGVRQDLUFRROHGHQJLQHVDUHPDGHH[FOXVLYHO\IURPDOXPLQXPEHFDXVH
DOXPLQXPFRQGXFWVKHDWDSSUR[LPDWHO\WKUHHWLPHVDVIDVWDVFDVWLURQ7KLVLVDFULWLFDO
FRQVLGHUDWLRQZLWKDLUFRROLQJ
,QOLTXLGFRROHGHQJLQHVWKHF\OLQGHUKHDGLVEROWHGWRWKHWRSRIWKHF\OLQGHUEORFNWR
FORVHWKHXSSHUHQGRIWKHF\OLQGHUVDQGLQDLUFRROHGHQJLQHVWKHF\OLQGHUKHDGVDUH
EROWHGWRWKHWRSRIWKHF\OLQGHUV
,QDOLTXLGFRROHGHQJLQHDF\OLQGHUKHDGDOVRFRQWDLQVSDVVDJHVPDWFKLQJWKRVHRIWKH
F\OLQGHUEORFNWKDWDOORZFRRODQWWRFLUFXODWHLQWKHKHDG7KHVHZDWHUMDFNHWVDUHIRU
FRROLQJVSDUNSOXJRSHQLQJVYDOYHSRFNHWVDQGSDUWRIWKHFRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHU,QWKLV
W\SHRIF\OLQGHUKHDGWKHZDWHUMDFNHWVPXVWEHODUJHHQRXJKWRFRROQRWRQO\WKHWRSRI
WKHFRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHUEXWDOVRWKHYDOYHVHDWVYDOYHVDQGYDOYHRSHUDWLQJ
PHFKDQLVPV
7KHF\OLQGHUKHDGVDUHVHDOHGWRWKHF\OLQGHUEORFNWRSUHYHQWJDVHVIURPHVFDSLQJ
7KLVLVDFFRPSOLVKHGRQOLTXLGFRROHGHQJLQHVE\WKHXVHRIDKHDGJDVNHW,QDQDLU
FRROHGHQJLQHF\OLQGHUKHDGVDUHVHDOHGWRWKHWRSVRIWKHF\OLQGHUVE\VRIWPHWDOULQJV
7KHOXEULFDWLRQV\VWHPIHHGVRLOWRWKHKHDGVWKURXJKWKHSXVKURGV

([KDXVW0DQLIROG
7KHH[KDXVWPDQLIROG(Figure 3-8)
FRQQHFWVDOORIWKHHQJLQHF\OLQGHUVWRWKH
UHVWRIWKHH[KDXVWV\VWHP2Q/KHDG
HQJLQHVWKHH[KDXVWPDQLIROGEROWVWRWKH
VLGHRIWKHHQJLQHEORFNZKHUHDVRQ
RYHUKHDGYDOYHHQJLQHVLWEROWVWRWKHVLGH
RIWKHF\OLQGHUKHDG,WLVPDGHRIFDVWLURQ
OLJKWZHLJKWDOXPLQXPRUVWDLQOHVVVWHHO
WXELQJ,IWKHH[KDXVWPDQLIROGLVPDGH
SURSHUO\LWFDQFUHDWHDscavengingDFWLRQ
WKDWFDXVHVDOORIWKHF\OLQGHUVWRKHOSHDFK
RWKHUJHWULGRIWKHJDVHV%DFNSUHVVXUH
WKHIRUFHWKDWWKHSLVWRQVPXVWH[HUWWR
SXVKRXWWKHH[KDXVWJDVHV FDQEH
UHGXFHGE\PDNLQJWKHPDQLIROGZLWK
VPRRWKZDOOVDQGZLWKRXWVKDUSEHQGV
([KDXVWPDQLIROGVRQYHKLFOHVWRGD\DUH
FRQVWDQWO\FKDQJLQJLQGHVLJQWRDOORZWKH )LJXUH±([KDXVWPDQLIROG
XVHRIYDULRXVW\SHVRIHPLVVLRQFRQWUROV
(DFKRIWKHVHIDFWRUVLVWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQZKHQWKHH[KDXVWPDQLIROGLV
GHVLJQHGDQGWKHEHVWSRVVLEOHPDQLIROGLVPDQXIDFWXUHGWRILWLQWRWKHFRQILQHVRIWKH
HQJLQHFRPSDUWPHQW
Dr. V S Yadav 
,QWDNH0DQLIROG
x 7KHLQWDNHPDQLIROGFDQEHPDGH
RIFDVWLURQDOXPLQXPRUSODVWLF
2QDJDVROLQHHQJLQHLWFDUULHVWKH
DLUIXHOPL[WXUHIURPWKHFDUEXUHWRU
DQGGLVWULEXWHVLWWRWKHF\OLQGHUV
2QDGLHVHOHQJLQHWKHPDQLIROG
FDUULHVRQO\DLULQWRWKHF\OLQGHUV
7KHJDVROLQHHQJLQHLQWDNH
PDQLIROG(Figure 3-9)LVGHVLJQHG
ZLWKWKHIROORZLQJIXQFWLRQVLQ
PLQG'HOLYHUWKHDLUIXHOPL[WXUHWR
WKHF\OLQGHUVLQHTXDOTXDQWLWLHV
DQGSURSRUWLRQV7KLVLVLPSRUWDQW
IRUVPRRWKHQJLQHSHUIRUPDQFH
7KHOHQJWKVRIWKHSDVVDJHV
VKRXOGEHDVHTXDODVSRVVLEOHWR
GLVWULEXWHWKHDLUIXHOPL[WXUH
HTXDOO\ )LJXUH±,QWDNHPDQLIROG
x +HOSWRNHHSWKHYDSRUL]HGDLUIXHO
PL[WXUHIURPFRQGHQVLQJEHIRUHLWUHDFKHVWKHFRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHU7KHLGHDO
DLUIXHOPL[WXUHVKRXOGEHYDSRUL]HGFRPSOHWHO\DVLWHQWHUVWKHFRPEXVWLRQ
FKDPEHU7KLVLVYHU\LPSRUWDQW7KHPDQLIROGSDVVDJHVDUHGHVLJQHGZLWK
VPRRWKZDOOVDQGDPLQLPXPRIEHQGVWKDWFROOHFWIXHOWRUHGXFHWKHFRQGHQVLQJ
RIWKHPL[WXUH6PRRWKIORZLQJLQWDNHPDQLIROGSDVVDJHVDOVRLQFUHDVH
YROXPHWULFHIILFLHQF\
x $LGLQWKHYDSRUL]DWLRQRIWKHDLUIXHOPL[WXUH7KHLQWDNHPDQLIROGKDVD
FRQWUROOHGV\VWHPRIKHDWLQJWKDWPXVWKHDWWKHPL[WXUHHQRXJKWRDLGLQ
YDSRUL]DWLRQ²ZLWKRXWKHDWLQJLWWRWKHSRLQWRIUHGXFLQJYROXPHWULFHIILFLHQF\
7KHLQWDNHPDQLIROGRQDQ/KHDGHQJLQHLVEROWHGWRWKHEORFNZKHUHDVWKHRYHUKHDG
YDOYHHQJLQHKDVWKHLQWDNHPDQLIROGEROWHGWRWKHVLGHRIWKHF\OLQGHUKHDG
,QWDNHPDQLIROGVFDQEHGHVLJQHGWRSURYLGHRSWLPXPSHUIRUPDQFHIRUDJLYHQVSHHG
UDQJHE\YDU\LQJWKHOHQJWKRIWKHSDVVDJHV7KHLQHUWLDRIWKHPRYLQJLQWDNHPL[WXUH
FDXVHVLWWRERXQFHEDFNDQGIRUWKLQWKHLQWDNHPDQLIROGSDVVDJHIURPWKHHQGRIRQH
LQWDNHVWURNHWRWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHQH[WLQWDNHVWURNH,IWKHSDVVDJHLVWKHSURSHU
OHQJWKVRWKHQH[WLQWDNHVWURNHLVMXVWEHJLQQLQJDVWKHPL[WXUHLVUHERXQGLQJWKH
LQHUWLDRIWKHPL[WXUHFDXVHVLWWRUDPLWVHOILQWRWKHF\OLQGHU7KLVLQFUHDVHVWKH
YROXPHWULFHIILFLHQF\RIWKHHQJLQHLQWKHGHVLJQDWHGVSHHGUDQJH,WVKRXOGEHQRWHG
WKDWWKHUDPPDQLIROGVHUYHVQRSXUSRVHRXWVLGHLWVGHVLJQDWHGVSHHGUDQJH
$VVWDWHGHDUOLHUSURYLGLQJFRQWUROOHGKHDWIRUWKHLQFRPLQJPL[WXUHLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWIRU
JRRGSHUIRUPDQFH7KHKHDWLQJRIWKHPL[WXUHPD\EHDFFRPSOLVKHGE\GRLQJRQHRU
ERWKRIWKHIROORZLQJ
x 'LUHFWLQJDSRUWLRQRIWKHH[KDXVWWKURXJKDSDVVDJHLQWKHLQWDNHPDQLIROG7KH
KHDWIURPWKHH[KDXVWWUDQVIHUVDQGKHDWVWKHPL[WXUH7KHDPRXQWRIH[KDXVW
WKDWLVGLYHUWHGLQWRWKHLQWDNHPDQLIROGKHDWSDVVDJHLVFRQWUROOHGE\WKH
PDQLIROGKHDWFRQWUROYDOYH
x 'LUHFWLQJWKHHQJLQHFRRODQWZKLFKLVKHDWHGE\WKHHQJLQHWKURXJKWKHLQWDNH
PDQLIROGRQLWVZD\WRWKHUDGLDWRU
Dr. V S Yadav 
2LO3DQ
7KHORZHUSDUWRIWKHFUDQNFDVHLVWKHRLO
SDQ(Figure 3-10)ZKLFKLVEROWHGDWWKH
ERWWRP7KHRLOSDQLVPDGHRIFDVW
DOXPLQXPRUSUHVVHGVWHHODQGKROGVWKH
OXEULFDWLQJRLOIRUWKHHQJLQH6LQFHWKHRLO
SDQLVWKHORZHVWSDUWRIWKHHQJLQHLWPXVW
EHVWURQJHQRXJKWRZLWKVWDQGEORZVIURP
IO\LQJVWRQHVDQGREVWUXFWLRQVVWLFNLQJXS
IURPWKHURDGVXUIDFH

&\OLQGHU+HDG*DVNHW
8VXDOO\DKHDGJDVNHWFDQEHLQVWDOOHGRQO\
RQHZD\,ILWLVLQVWDOOHGEDFNZDUGVFRRODQW
DQGRLOSDVVDJHVPD\EHFRPHEORFNHG
FDXVLQJVHULRXVSUREOHPV0DUNLQJVXVXDOO\
LQGLFDWHWKHIURQWRUWRSRIWKHKHDGJDVNHW
7KHJDVNHWPD\EHPDUNHGZLWKWKHZRUG )LJXUH±2LOSDQ
³WRS´RU³IURQW´RULWPD\KDYHDOLQHWRVKRZ
LQVWDOODWLRQGLUHFWLRQ0HWDOGRZHOVDUHRIWHQSURYLGHGWRDOLJQWKHKHDGJDVNHW
0RVWPRGHUQ7HIORQŠFRDWHGSHUPDQHQWWRUTXH UHWRUTXLQJLVQRWQHHGHGDIWHUHQJLQH
RSHUDWLRQ F\OLQGHUKHDGJDVNHWVVKRXOGEHLQVWDOOHGFOHDQDQGGU\6HDOHULVQRW
UHFRPPHQGHG+RZHYHUVRPHKHDGJDVNHWVPD\UHTXLUHUHWRUTXLQJDQGVHDOHU:KHQ
LQGRXEWUHIHUWRPDQXIDFWXUHU¶VLQVWUXFWLRQV

,QWDNHDQG([KDXVW*DVNHWV
7KHUHDUHWKUHHW\SHVRIPDQLIROGJDVNHWVWKHLQWDNHPDQLIROGWKHH[KDXVWPDQLIROG
DQGDFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHWZR(DFKW\SHRIPDQLIROGJDVNHWKDVLWVRZQVHDOLQJ
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGSUREOHPV7KHUHIRUHEHVXUHWRIROORZWKHPDQXIDFWXUHU¶V
LQVWUXFWLRQVZKHQLQVWDOOLQJWKHP

2LO3DQ*DVNHW
$QRLOSDQJDVNHWVHDOVWKHMRLQWEHWZHHQ
WKHRLOSDQDQGWKHERWWRPRIWKHEORFN7KH
RLOSDQJDVNHWPLJKWDOVRVHDOWKHERWWRPRI
WKHWLPLQJFRYHUDQGWKHORZHUVHFWLRQRI
WKHUHDUPDLQEHDULQJFDS
7KHRLOSDQJDVNHWPXVWUHVLVWKRWWKLQ
HQJLQHRLO7KHJDVNHWLVPDGHRIVHYHUDO
W\SHVRIPDWHULDO$FRPPRQO\XVHG
PDWHULDOLVV\QWKHWLFUXEEHUNQRZQIRULWV
ORQJWHUPVHDOLQJDELOLW\,WLVWRXJKDQG
GXUDEOHDQGUHVLVWVKRWHQJLQHRLO

6\QWKHWLF5XEEHU6HDOV
7KHV\QWKHWLFUXEEHUVHDO(Figure 3-11)LV
WKHPRVWFRPPRQW\SHRIRLOVHDO,WLV
FRPSRVHGRIDPHWDOFDVHXVHGWRUHWDLQLWV
VKDSHDQGPDLQWDLQULJLGLW\$UXEEHU )LJXUH±6\QWKHWLFUXEEHU
Dr. V S Yadav
VHDO 
HOHPHQWLVERQGHGWRWKHFDVHSURYLGLQJDVHDOLQJOLSRUOLSVDJDLQVWWKHURWDWLQJVKDIW
$FRLOVSULQJVRPHWLPHVFDOOHGDJDUWHUVSULQJLVXVHGWRKROGWKHUXEEHUHOHPHQW
DURXQGWKHVKDIWZLWKDFRQWUROOHGIRUFH7KLVDOORZVWKHVHDOWRFRQIRUPWRPLQRUVKDIW
UXQRXW6RPHV\QWKHWLFUXEEHUVHDOVILWLQWRERUHVPRXQWHGDURXQGWKHVKDIW7KLVW\SH
LVJHQHUDOO\DVSOLWGHVLJQDQGGRHVQRWUHTXLUHDPHWDOFDVHRUJDUWHUVSULQJ7KH
LQWHUQDOSUHVVXUHGHYHORSHGGXULQJRSHUDWLRQVIRUFHVWKHVHDOLQJOLSVWLJKWHUDJDLQVWWKH
URWDWLQJVKDIW7KLVW\SHRIVHDORSHUDWHVHIIHFWLYHO\RQO\DJDLQVWIOXLGSUHVVXUHIURPRQH
GLUHFWLRQ

0RYLQJ3DUWVRIDQ(QJLQH
3LVWRQ$VVHPEO\
7KHSLVWRQWUDQVIHUVWKHSUHVVXUH
RIFRPEXVWLRQWRWKHFRQQHFWLQJ
URGDQGFUDQNVKDIW,WPXVWDOVR
KROGWKHSLVWRQULQJVDQGSLVWRQ
SLQZKLOHRSHUDWLQJLQWKH
F\OLQGHU3LVWRQV(Figure 3-12 
DUHQRUPDOO\FDVWRUIRUJHGIURP
DQDOXPLQXPDOOR\&DVWSLVWRQV
DUHUHODWLYHO\VRIWDQGDUHXVHGLQ
VORZVSHHGORZSHUIRUPDQFH
HQJLQHV)RUJHGSLVWRQVDUH
FRPPRQO\XVHGLQWRGD\¶VIXHO
LQMHFWHGWXUERFKDUJHGDQG
GLHVHOHQJLQHV7KHVHHQJLQHV
H[SRVHWKHSLVWRQVWRPXFK
KLJKHUVWUHVVORDGVZKLFKFRXOG
EUHDNFDVWDOXPLQXPSLVWRQV
7KHSLVWRQPXVWZLWKVWDQG
LQFUHGLEOHSXQLVKPHQWXQGHU
WHPSHUDWXUHH[WUHPHV7KH )LJXUH²3LVWRQ
IROORZLQJDUHH[DPSOHVRI
FRQGLWLRQVWKDWDSLVWRQPXVW
ZLWKVWDQGDWQRUPDOKLJKZD\VSHHG
x $VWKHSLVWRQPRYHVIURPWKHWRSRI
WKHF\OLQGHUWRWKHERWWRP RUYLFH
YHUVD LWDFFHOHUDWHVIURPDVWRSWRD
VSHHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\PSKDW
PLGSRLQWDQGWKHQGHFHOHUDWHVWRD
VWRSDJDLQ,WGRHVWKLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\
WLPHVSHUVHFRQG
x 7KHSLVWRQLVVXEMHFWHGWRSUHVVXUHV
RQLWVKHDGLQH[FHVVRISVLDQG
WHPSHUDWXUHVZHOORYHUƒ)
7KHVWUXFWXUDOFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHSLVWRQVDUH
WKHKHDGVNLUWULQJJURRYHVDQGODQGV
Figure 3-13 KRZHYHUDOOSLVWRQVGRQRW
ORRNOLNHWKHW\SLFDORQHVKRZQKHUH6RPH
KDYHGLIIHUHQWO\VKDSHGKHDGV
Dr. V S Yadav
)LJXUH±3DUWVRIDSLVWRQ
7KHSLVWRQKHDGLVWKHWRSRIWKHSLVWRQDQGLVH[SRVHGWRWKHKHDWDQGSUHVVXUHRI
FRPEXVWLRQ7KLVDUHDPXVWEHWKLFNHQRXJKWRZLWKVWDQGWKHVHIRUFHV,WPXVWDOVREH
VKDSHGWRPDWFKDQGZRUNZLWKWKHVKDSHRIWKHFRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHUIRUFRPSOHWH
FRPEXVWLRQ
$SLVWRQVNLUW Figure 3-14 LVWKHVLGHRIWKHSLVWRQEHORZWKHODVWULQJ:LWKRXWDVNLUW
WKHSLVWRQFRXOGWLSDQGMDPLQWKHF\OLQGHU$VOLSSHUVNLUWLVSURGXFHGZKHQSRUWLRQVRI
WKHSLVWRQVNLUWEHORZWKHSLVWRQHQGVDUHUHPRYHG7KHVOLSSHUVNLUWSURYLGHVFOHDUDQFH
EHWZHHQWKHSLVWRQDQGWKHFUDQNVKDIWFRXQWHUZHLJKWV7KLVDOORZVWKHSLVWRQWRVOLGH
IDUWKHUGRZQLQWKHF\OLQGHUZLWKRXWKLWWLQJWKHFUDQNVKDIW$VWUDLJKWVNLUWLVIODWDFURVV
WKHERWWRPDVW\OHQRORQJHUFRPPRQLQDXWRPRWLYHHQJLQHV

)LJXUH±3LVWRQVNLUWV
3LVWRQULQJJURRYHVDUHVORWVPDFKLQHGLQWKHSLVWRQIRUWKHSLVWRQULQJV7KHXSSHUWZR
JURYHVKROGWKHFRPSUHVVLRQULQJV7KHORZHUSLVWRQJURRYHKROGVWKHRLOULQJ
3LVWRQRLOKROHVLQWKHERWWRPULQJJURRYHDOORZWKHRLOWRSDVVWKURXJKWKHSLVWRQDQG
RQWRWKHF\OLQGHUZDOO7KHRLOWKHQGUDLQVEDFNLQWRWKHFUDQNFDVH
7KHSLVWRQULQJODQGVDUHWKHDUHDVEHWZHHQDQGDERYHWKHULQJJURRYHV7KH\VHSDUDWH
DQGVXSSRUWWKHSLVWRQULQJVDVWKH\VOLGHRQWKHF\OLQGHU
7KHSLVWRQERVVLVDUHLQIRUFHGDUHDDURXQGWKHSLVWRQSLQKROH,WPXVWEHVWURQJ
HQRXJKWRVXSSRUWWKHSLVWRQSLQXQGHUVHYHUHORDGV
$SLVWRQSLQKROHLVPDFKLQHGWKURXJKWKHSLQERVVIRUWKHSLVWRQSLQ,WLVVOLJKWO\ODUJHU
WKDQWKHSLVWRQSLQ
7KHSLVWRQSLQDOVRFDOOHGWKHZULVWSLQDOORZVWKHSLVWRQWRVZLQJRQWKHFRQQHFWLQJ
URG7KHSLQILWVWKURXJKWKHKROHLQWKHSLVWRQDQGWKHFRQQHFWLQJURGVPDOOHQG
3LVWRQFOHDUDQFHLVWKHDPRXQWRIVSDFHEHWZHHQWKHVLGHVRIWKHSLVWRQDQGWKH
F\OLQGHUZDOO&OHDUDQFHDOORZVDOXEULFDWLQJILOPRIRLOWRIRUPEHWZHHQWKHSLVWRQDQG
WKHF\OLQGHU,WDOVRDOORZVIRUH[SDQVLRQZKHQWKHSLVWRQKHDWVXS7KHSLVWRQPXVW
DOZD\VEHIUHHWRVOLGHXSDQGGRZQLQWKHF\OLQGHUEORFN
$FDPJURXQGSLVWRQ Figure 3-15 LVVOLJKWO\RXWRIURXQGZKHQYLHZHGIURPWKHWRS
7KHSLVWRQLVPDFKLQHGDIHZWKRXVDQGWKVRIDQLQFKODUJHULQGLDPHWHUSHUSHQGLFXODUWR
WKHSLVWRQSLQFHQWHUOLQH
&DPJULQGLQJLVGRQHWRFRPSHQVDWHIRUGLIIHUHQWUDWHVRISLVWRQH[SDQVLRQGXHWR
GLIIHUHQFHVLQPHWDOZDOOWKLFNQHVV$VWKHSLVWRQLVKHDWHGE\FRPEXVWLRQWKHWKLFNHU
DUHDDURXQGWKHSLQERVVFDXVHVWKHSLVWRQWRH[SDQGPRUHSDUDOOHOWRWKHSLVWRQSLQ

Dr. V S Yadav 


7KHRYDOVKDSHGSLVWRQEHFRPHVURXQGZKHQKRWDQGWKHUHLVVWLOOHQRXJKFOHDUDQFH
SDUDOOHOWRWKHSLVWRQSLQ
7KHFROGFDPJURXQGSLVWRQKDVWKHFRUUHFW
SLVWRQWRF\OLQGHUFOHDUDQFH7KH
XQH[SDQGHGSLVWRQZLOOQRWVODSIORS
VLGHZD\VDQGNQRFNLQWKHF\OLQGHU
EHFDXVHRIWRRPXFKFOHDUDQFH+RZHYHU
WKHFDPJURXQGSLVWRQZLOOQRWEHFRPHWRR
WLJKWLQWKHF\OLQGHUZKHQKHDWHGWRIXOO
RSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUH
3LVWRQWDSHULVDOVRXVHGWRPDLQWDLQWKH
FRUUHFWSLVWRQWRF\OLQGHUFOHDUDQFH7KH
WRSRIWKHSLVWRQLVPDFKLQHGVOLJKWO\
VPDOOHUWKDQWKHERWWRP6LQFHWKHSLVWRQ
KHDGJHWVKRWWHUWKDQWKHVNLUWLWH[SDQGV
PRUH7KHSLVWRQWDSHUPDNHVWKHSLVWRQ
DOPRVWHTXDOLQVL]HDWWKHWRSDQGERWWRP
DWRSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUH
3LVWRQVKDSHJHQHUDOO\UHIHUVWRWKHFRQWRXU )LJXUH±&DPJURXQGSLVWRQ
RIWKHSLVWRQKHDG8VXDOO\DSLVWRQKHDGLV
VKDSHGWRPDWFKWKHVKDSHRIWKHKHDG$IODWWRSSLVWRQLPSOLHVLWKDVDIODWKHDGWKDWLW
LVSDUDOOHOWRWKHGHFNRIWKHKHDG9DOYHUHOLHIVDUHFXWLQWRWKHKHDGRIWKHVHW\SHVRI
SLVWRQV
$GLVKHGSLVWRQKDVDKHDGWKDWLVVXQNHQ7KLVW\SHRISLVWRQFDQEHXVHGWRORZHU
FRPSUHVVLRQOLNHLQDVXSHUFKDUJHGHQJLQH
$GRPHGSLVWRQRUSRSXSSLVWRQKDVDKHDGWKDWLVFRQYH[RUFXUYHGXSZDUG7KLV
W\SHRISLVWRQLVQRUPDOO\XVHGZLWKDKHPLW\SHF\OLQGHUKHDGDQGVRPHIRXUYDOYH
KHDGV
'LHVHOHQJLQHSLVWRQVKDYHFRPEXVWLRQFXSVPDFKLQHGLQWRWKHLUKHDGV7KH
FRPEXVWLRQFXSVKDSHFDXVHVWKHIXHOWRPRYHLQDWXUEXOHQWSDWWHUQDVLWHQWHUVWKH
FRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHUDOORZLQJDPRUHWKRURXJKPL[WXUHIRUHIILFLHQWFRPEXVWLRQ7ZR
W\SLFDOFRPEXVWLRQFXSGHVLJQVDUHWKHVRPEUHURFXSDQGWKHWXUEXOHQFHFXS
7KHSLVWRQULQJVVHDOWKHFOHDUDQFHEHWZHHQWKHRXWVLGHRIWKHSLVWRQDQGF\OLQGHUZDOO
7KH\PXVWNHHSFRPEXVWLRQSUHVVXUHIURPHQWHULQJWKHFUDQNFDVH7KH\PXVWDOVR
NHHSRLOIURPHQWHULQJWKHFRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHU
0RVWSLVWRQVXVHWKUHHULQJVWZRXSSHUFRPSUHVVLRQULQJVDQGRQHRLOULQJRQWKH
ERWWRP7KHFRPSUHVVLRQULQJVSUHYHQWEORZE\ FRPEXVWLRQSUHVVXUHOHDNLQJLQWRWKH
HQJLQHFUDQNFDVH 7KHRLOULQJVSUHYHQWRLOIURPHQWHULQJWKHFRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHU
'LHVHOHQJLQHSLVWRQVW\SLFDOO\XVHDIRXUULQJGHVLJQEHFDXVHWKH\DUHPRUHSURQHWR
EORZE\7KHIRXUULQJSLVWRQKDVWKUHHFRPSUHVVLRQULQJVIURPWKHWRSIROORZHGE\RQH
RLOFRQWUROULQJ7KLVLVGXHWRWKHPXFKKLJKHUSUHVVXUHVJHQHUDWHGGXULQJWKHSRZHU
VWURNH.

&RQQHFWLQJ5RGV
&RQQHFWLQJURGVFRQQHFWWKHSLVWRQVWRWKHFUDQNVKDIWWRFRQYHUWreciprocating motion
LQWRrotary motion.7KH\PXVWEHVWURQJHQRXJKWRWUDQVPLWWKHWKUXVWRIWKHSLVWRQVWR
WKHFUDQNVKDIWDQGWRZLWKVWDQGWKHLQWHUQDOIRUFHVRIWKHGLUHFWLRQDOFKDQJHVRIWKH

Dr. V S Yadav 


SLVWRQV7KHFRQQHFWLQJURGV Figure 3-16 DUHLQWKHIRUPRIDQ,EHDP7KLVGHVLJQ
JLYHVWKHKLJKHVWRYHUDOOVWUHQJWKDQGORZHVWZHLJKW7KH\DUHPDGHRIIRUJHGVWHHOEXW
PD\DOVREHPDGHRIDOXPLQXPLQVPDOOHU
HQJLQHV
7KHXSSHUHQGRIWKHFRQQHFWLQJURGLV
FRQQHFWHGWRWKHSLVWRQE\WKHSLVWRQSLQ
7KHSLVWRQSLQLVORFNHGLQWKHSLQERVVHV
RULWIORDWVLQERWKSLVWRQDQGFRQQHFWLQJ
URG7KHXSSHUKROHRIWKHFRQQHFWLQJURG
KDVDVROLGEHDULQJ EXVKLQJ RIEURQ]HRU
VLPLODUPDWHULDO$VWKHORZHUHQGRIWKH
FRQQHFWLQJURGUHYROYHVZLWKWKHFUDQNVKDIW
WKHXSSHUHQGLVIRUFHGWRWXUQEDFNDQG
IRUWKRQWKHSLVWRQSLQ$OWKRXJKWKH
PRYHPHQWLVVOLJKWWKHEXVKLQJLV
QHFHVVDU\EHFDXVHWKHWHPSHUDWXUHVDQG
SUHVVXUHVDUHKLJK,IWKHSLVWRQSLQLVVHPL
IORDWLQJDEXVKLQJLVQRWQHHGHG
7KHORZHUKROHLQWKHFRQQHFWLQJURGLVVSOLW
VRLWFDQEHFODPSHGDURXQGWKHFUDQNVKDIW )LJXUH±&RQQHFWLQJURG
7KHERWWRPSDUWRUFDSLVPDGHRIWKH
VDPHW\SHRIPDWHULDODVWKHURGDQGLVDWWDFKHGE\WZRRUPRUHEROWV7KHVXUIDFHWKDW
EHDUVRQWKHFUDQNVKDIWLVJHQHUDOO\DEHDULQJPDWHULDOLQWKHIRUPRIDVSOLWVKHOO
DOWKRXJKLQDIHZFDVHVLWPD\EHVSXQRUGLHFDVWLQWKHLQVLGHRIWKHURGDQGFDS
GXULQJPDQXIDFWXUH7KHWZRSDUWVRIWKHVHSDUDWHEHDULQJDUHSRVLWLRQHGLQWKHURGDQG
FDSE\GRZHOSLQVDQGSURMHFWLRQVRUE\DVKRUWEUDVVVFUHZ7KHVKHOOPD\EHRI
%DEELWWPHWDOWKDWLVGLHFDVWRQDEDFNLQJRIEURQ]HRUVWHHO
7KHFRQQHFWLQJURGEHDULQJVDUHIHGDFRQVWDQWVXSSO\RIRLOWKURXJKDKROHLQWKH
FUDQNVKDIWMRXUQDO$KROHLQWKHXSSHUEHDULQJKDOIIHHGVDSDVVDJHLQWKHFRQQHFWLQJ
URGWRSURYLGHRLOWRWKHSLVWRQSLQ
&RQQHFWLQJURGQXPEHUVDUHXVHGWRDVVXUHDSURSHUORFDWLRQRIHDFKFRQQHFWLQJURGLQ
WKHHQJLQH7KH\DOODVVXUHWKDWWKHURGFDSLVLQVWDOOHGRQWKHURGERG\FRUUHFWO\:KHQ
FRQQHFWLQJURGFDSVDUHEHLQJPDQXIDFWXUHGWKH\DUHEROWHGWRWKHFRQQHFWLQJURGV
7KHQWKHORZHUHQGKROHVDUHPDFKLQHGLQWKHURGV6LQFHWKHKROHVPD\QRWEH
SHUIHFWO\FHQWHUHGURGFDSVPXVW127EHPL[HGXSRUWXUQHGDURXQG,IWKHFDSLV
LQVWDOOHGZLWKRXWWKHURGQXPEHUVLQDOLJQPHQWWKHERUHZLOO127EHSHUIHFWO\URXQG
&RQQHFWLQJURGFDSVFUDQNVKDIWDQGEHDULQJGDPDJHZLOOUHVXOW
,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHSURSHUILWRIWKHFRQQHFWLQJURGEHDULQJVDQGWKHSURSHUSRVLWLRQRIWKH
FRQQHFWLQJURGWKHDOLJQPHQWRIWKHURGLWVHOIPXVWEHFRQVLGHUHG7KDWLVWRVD\WKH
KROHIRUWKHSLVWRQSLQDQGWKHFUDQNSLQPXVWEHSUHFLVHO\SDUDOOHO(9(5<FRQQHFWLQJ
URGVKRXOGEHFKHFNHGIRUSURSHUDOLJQPHQWMXVWEHIRUHLWLVLQVWDOOHGLQWKHHQJLQH
0LVDOLJQPHQWRIFRQQHFWLQJURGVFDXVHVPDQ\KDUGWRORFDWHQRLVHVLQWKHHQJLQH

&UDQNVKDIW
$VWKHSLVWRQVFROOHFWLYHO\PLJKWEHUHJDUGHGDVWKHKHDUWRIWKHHQJLQHVRWKH
FUDQNVKDIW Figure 3-17 PD\EHFRQVLGHUHGLWVEDFNERQH7KHFUDQNVKDIWLVORFDWHGLQ
WKHERWWRPRIWKHHQJLQHDQGLVWKHSDUWRIWKHHQJLQHWKDWWUDQVIRUPVWKHUHFLSURFDWLQJ
PRWLRQRIWKHSLVWRQWRURWDU\PRWLRQ,WWUDQVPLWVSRZHUWKURXJKWKHIO\ZKHHOWKHFOXWFK
WKHWUDQVPLVVLRQDQGWKHGLIIHUHQWLDOWRGULYH\RXUYHKLFOH
Dr. V S Yadav 
&UDQNVKDIWVDUHXVXDOO\PDGHRIFDVWLURQRUIRUJHGVWHHO)RUJHGVWHHOFUDQNVKDIWVDUH
QHHGHGIRUKHDY\GXW\DSSOLFDWLRQVVXFKDVWXUERFKDUJHGRUGLHVHOHQJLQHV$VWHHO
FUDQNVKDIWLVVWLIIHUDQGVWURQJHUWKDQDFDVWLURQFUDQNVKDIW,WZLOOZLWKVWDQGJUHDWHU
IRUFHVZLWKRXWIOH[LQJWZLVWLQJRUEUHDNLQJ
2LOSDVVDJHVOHDGLQJWRWKHURGDQGPDLQEHDULQJVDUHHLWKHUFDVWRUGULOOHGLQWKH
FUDQNVKDIW2LOHQWHUVWKHFUDQNVKDIWDWWKHPDLQEHDULQJVDQGSDVVHVWKURXJKKROHVLQ
WKHPDLQMRXUQDOV,WWKHQIORZVWKURXJKSDVVDJHVLQWKHFUDQNVKDIWDQGRXWWRWKH
FRQQHFWLQJURGEHDULQJV
:LWKDQLQOLQHHQJLQHRQO\RQHFRQQHFWLQJURGIDVWHQVWRHDFKURGMRXUQDO:LWKD9
W\SHHQJLQHWZRFRQQHFWLQJURGVEROWWRHDFKURGMRXUQDO7KHDPRXQWRIURGMRXUQDO
RIIVHWFRQWUROVWKHVWURNHRIWKHSLVWRQ7KHMRXUQDOVXUIDFHVDUHSUHFLVLRQPDFKLQHGDQG
SROLVKHGWRYHU\DFFXUDWHWROHUDQFHV,WLVFRPPRQWRKDYHUHGXFHGMRXUQDORUFUDQNSLQ
GLDPHWHUVLQRUGHUWRUHGXFHIULFWLRQLQWKHEHDULQJV
$IXOO\FRXQWHUZHLJKWHGFUDQNVKDIWKDVZHLJKWVIRUPHGRSSRVLWHHYHU\FUDQNSLQ$
SDUWLDOO\FRXQWHUZHLJKWHGFUDQNVKDIWRQO\KDVZHLJKWVIRUPHGRQWKHFHQWHUDUHD$IXOO\
FRXQWHUZHLJKWHGFUDQNVKDIWZLOORSHUDWHZLWKOHVVYLEUDWLRQWKDQDSDUWLDOO\
FRXQWHUZHLJKWHGFUDQNVKDIW
7KHFUDQNVKDIWLVVXSSRUWHGLQWKHFUDQNFDVHDQGURWDWHVLQWKHPDLQEHDULQJV Figure
3-17 7KHFRQQHFWLQJURGVDUHVXSSRUWHGRQWKHFUDQNVKDIWE\WKHURGEHDULQJV
&UDQNVKDIWEHDULQJVDUHPDGHDVSUHFLVLRQLQVHUWVWKDWFRQVLVWRIDKDUGVKHOORIVWHHORU
EURQ]HZLWKDWKLQOLQLQJRIDQWLIULFWLRQDOPHWDORUEHDULQJDOOR\%HDULQJVPXVWEHDEOHWR
VXSSRUWWKHFUDQNVKDIWURWDWLRQDQGGHOLYHUSRZHUVWURNHWKUXVWXQGHUWKHPRVWDGYHUVH
FRQGLWLRQV

)LJXUH²&UDQNVKDIW

7KHFUDQNVKDIWURWDWHVLQWKHPDLQEHDULQJVORFDWHGDWERWKHQGVRIWKHFUDQNVKDIWDQG
DWFHUWDLQLQWHUPHGLDWHSRLQWV7KHXSSHUKDOYHVRIWKHEHDULQJILWULJKWLQWRWKH
FUDQNFDVHDQGWKHORZHUKDOYHVILWLQWRWKHFDSVWKDWKROGWKHFUDQNVKDIWLQSODFH Figure
3-17 7KHVHEHDULQJVRIWHQDUHFKDQQHOHGIRURLOGLVWULEXWLRQDQGPD\EHOXEULFDWHGZLWK
FUDQNFDVHRLOE\SUHVVXUHWKURXJKGULOOHGSDVVDJHVRUE\VSODVK6RPHPDLQEHDULQJV
KDYHDQLQWHJUDOWKUXVWIDFHWKDWHOLPLQDWHVFUDQNVKDIWHQGSOD\7RSUHYHQWWKHORVVRI
Dr. V S Yadav 
RLOSODFHWKHVHDOVDWERWKHQGVRIWKHFUDQNVKDIWZKHUHLWH[WHQGVWKURXJKWKH
FUDQNFDVH:KHQUHSODFLQJPDLQEHDULQJVWLJKWHQWKHEHDULQJFDSWRWKHSURSHUWHQVLRQ
ZLWKDWRUTXHZUHQFKDQGORFNWKHPLQSODFHZLWKDFRWWHUSLQRUVDIHW\ZLUHDIWHUWKH\
DUHLQSODFH
9LEUDWLRQGXHWRLPEDODQFHLVDQLQKHUHQWSUREOHPZLWKDFUDQNVKDIWWKDWLVPDGHZLWK
RIIVHWWKURZV7KHZHLJKWRIWKHWKURZVWHQGVWRPDNHWKHFUDQNVKDIWURWDWHHOOLSWLFDOO\
7KLVLVDJJUDYDWHGIXUWKHUE\WKHZHLJKWRIWKHSLVWRQDQGWKHFRQQHFWLQJURG7R
HOLPLQDWHWKHSUREOHPSRVLWLRQWKHZHLJKWVDORQJWKHFUDQNVKDIWSODFLQJRQHZHLJKW
GHJUHHVDZD\IURPHDFKWKURZ7KH\DUHFDOOHGFRXQWHUZHLJKWVDQGDUHXVXDOO\SDUWRI
WKHFUDQNVKDIWEXWPD\EHDVHSDUDWHEROWRQLWHPVRQVPDOOHQJLQHV
7KHFUDQNVKDIWKDVDWHQGHQF\WREHQGVOLJKWO\ZKHQVXEMHFWHGWRWUHPHQGRXVWKUXVW
IURPWKHSLVWRQ7KLVGHIOHFWLRQRIWKHURWDWLQJPHPEHUFDXVHVYLEUDWLRQ7KLVYLEUDWLRQ
GXHWRGHIOHFWLRQLVPLQLPL]HGE\KHDY\FUDQNVKDIWFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGVXIILFLHQWVXSSRUW
DORQJLWVOHQJWKE\EHDULQJV
7RUVLRQDOYLEUDWLRQRFFXUVZKHQWKHFUDQNVKDIWWZLVWVEHFDXVHRIWKHSRZHUVWURNH
WKUXVWV,WLVFDXVHGE\WKHF\OLQGHUVIDUWKHVWDZD\IURPWKHFUDQNVKDIWRXWSXW$VWKHVH
F\OLQGHUVDSSO\WKUXVWWRWKHFUDQNVKDIWLWWZLVWVDQGWKHWKUXVWGHFUHDVHV7KHWZLVWLQJ
DQGXQZLQGLQJRIWKHFUDQNVKDIWSURGXFHVDYLEUDWLRQ7KHXVHRIDYLEUDWLRQGDPSHUDW
WKHHQGRIWKHFUDQNVKDIWRSSRVLWHWKHRXWSXWDFWVWRDEVRUEWRUVLRQDOYLEUDWLRQ

&DPVKDIW
7KHFDPVKDIWLVDOVRSDUWRIWKHYDOYHWUDLQDQGZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGODWHULQWKLVFKDSWHU

9DOYH7UDLQ
$YDOYHWUDLQLVDVHULHVRISDUWVXVHGWRRSHQDQGFORVHWKHLQWDNHDQGH[KDXVWSRUWV$
YDOYHLVDPRYDEOHSDUWWKDWRSHQVDQGFORVHVDSDVVDJHZD\$FDPVKDIWFRQWUROVWKH
PRYHPHQWRIWKHYDOYHVFDXVLQJWKHPWRRSHQDQGFORVHDWWKHSURSHUWLPH6SULQJV
DUHXVHGWRFORVHWKHYDOYHV

9LEUDWLRQ'DPSHU
$KLJKIUHTXHQF\PRYHPHQWUHVXOWLQJIURPWZLVWLQJDQGXQWZLVWLQJRIWKHFUDQNVKDIWLV
FDOOHGKDUPRQLFYLEUDWLRQ(DFKSLVWRQDQG
URGDVVHPEO\FDQH[HUWRYHUDWRQRI
GRZQZDUGIRUFHRQLWVMRXUQDO7KLVFDQ
DFWXDOO\IOH[WKHFUDQNWKURZVLQUHODWLRQWR
HDFKRWKHU,I\RXGRQRWFRQWUROWKH
YLEUDWLRQVHULRXVGDPDJHFDQRFFXU$
YLEUDWLRQGDPSHURUKDUPRQLFEDODQFHU
(Figure 3-18)LVXVHGWRFRQWUROWKLV
YLEUDWLRQ7KHGDPSHUDOVRFXWVORDG
YDULDWLRQRQWKHHQJLQHWLPLQJEHOWFKDLQ
RUJHDUVVRWKH\ODVWORQJHU
7KHYLEUDWLRQGDPSHULVDKHDY\ZKHHO
PRXQWHGRQDUXEEHUULQJWRFRQWURO
KDUPRQLFYLEUDWLRQ,WFRQVLVWVRIWZRPHWDO
ULQJVWKHRXWHULQHUWLDULQJDQGWKHLQQHU
VOHHYHVHSDUDWHGE\DULQJRIUXEEHU7KH
EDODQFHULVNH\HGWRWKHFUDQNVKDIWVQRXW
7KLVPDNHVWKHGDPSHUVSLQZLWKWKH )LJXUH±9LEUDWLRQGDPSHU
Dr. V S Yadav 
FUDQNVKDIW7KHLQHUWLDULQJDQGWKHUXEEHUULQJVHWXSDGDPSLQJDFWLRQRQWKH
FUDQNVKDIWDVLWWULHVWRWZLVWDQGXQWZLVW7KLVGHDGHQVYLEUDWLRQDFWLRQ7KHUHLVDOVRD
GXDOPDVVKDUPRQLFEDODQFHUZKLFKKDVRQHZHLJKWPRXQWHGRQWKHRXWVLGHRIWKH
FUDQNVKDIWSXOOH\DQGDQRWKHURQWKHLQVLGH7KHH[WUDUXEEHUPRXQWHGZHLJKWKHOSV
UHGXFHYLEUDWLRQDWKLJKHQJLQHVSHHGV

)O\ZKHHO
7KHIO\ZKHHO Figure 3-19 VWRUHVHQHUJ\
IURPWKHSRZHUVWURNHVDQGVPRRWKO\
GHOLYHUVLWWRWKHGULYHWUDLQRIWKHYHKLFOH
EHWZHHQWKHHQJLQHDQGWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQ
,WUHOHDVHVWKLVHQHUJ\EHWZHHQSRZHU
LPSXOVHVDVVXULQJIHZHUIOXFWXDWLRQVLQ
VSHHGDQGVPRRWKHUHQJLQHRSHUDWLRQ
7KHIO\ZKHHOLVPRXQWHGDWWKHUHDURIWKH
FUDQNVKDIWQHDUWKHUHDUPDLQEHDULQJ
7KLVLVXVXDOO\WKHORQJHVWDQGKHDYLHVW
PDLQEHDULQJLQWKHHQJLQHDVLWPXVW
VXSSRUWWKHZHLJKWRIWKHIO\ZKHHO
7KHIO\ZKHHORQODUJHORZVSHHGHQJLQHV
LVXVXDOO\PDGHRIFDVWLURQ7KLVLV
GHVLUDEOHEHFDXVHWKHKHDY\ZHLJKWRIWKH
FDVWLURQKHOSVWKHHQJLQHPDLQWDLQD
VWHDG\VSHHG6PDOOKLJKVSHHGHQJLQHV
XVXDOO\XVHDIRUJHGVWHHORUIRUJHG )LJXUH±)O\ZKHHO
DOXPLQXPIO\ZKHHOIRUWKHIROORZLQJ
UHDVRQV
x 7KHFDVWLURQLVWRRKHDY\JLYLQJLWWRRPXFKLQHUWLDIRUVSHHGYDULDWLRQV
QHFHVVDU\RQVPDOOHQJLQHV
x &DVWLURQEHFDXVHRILWVZHLJKWSXOOVLWVHOIDSDUWDWKLJKVSHHGVGXHWR
FHQWULIXJDOIRUFH
2QDYHKLFOHZLWKDPDQXDOWUDQVPLVVLRQWKHIO\ZKHHOVHUYHVWRPRXQWWKHFOXWFK:LWK
DYHKLFOHWKDWLVHTXLSSHGZLWKDQDXWRPDWLFWUDQVPLVVLRQWKHIO\ZKHHOVXSSRUWVWKH
IURQWRIWKHWRUTXHFRQYHUWHU,QVRPHFRQILJXUDWLRQVWKHIO\ZKHHOLVFRPELQHGZLWKWKH
WRUTXHFRQYHUWHU7KHRXWHUHGJHRIWKHIO\ZKHHOFDUULHVWKHULQJJHDUHLWKHULQWHJUDO
ZLWKWKHIO\ZKHHORUVKUXQNRQ7KHULQJJHDULVXVHGWRHQJDJHWKHGULYHJHDURQWKH
VWDUWHUPRWRUIRUFUDQNLQJWKHHQJLQH

9DOYHDQG9DOYH0HFKDQLVPV
7KHUHDUHWZRYDOYHVIRUHDFKF\OLQGHULQPRVWHQJLQHV²RQHLQWDNHDQGRQHH[KDXVW
6LQFHWKHVHYDOYHVRSHUDWHDWGLIIHUHQWWLPHVLWLVQHFHVVDU\WKDWDVHSDUDWHRSHUDWLQJ
PHFKDQLVPEHSURYLGHGIRUHDFKYDOYH9DOYHVDUHKHOGFORVHGE\KHDY\VSULQJVDQGE\
FRPSUHVVLRQLQWKHFRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHU7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHYDOYHDFWXDWLQJ
PHFKDQLVPLVWRRYHUFRPHVSULQJSUHVVXUHDQGRSHQWKHYDOYHDWWKHSURSHUWLPH7KH
YDOYHDFWXDWLQJPHFKDQLVPLQFOXGHVWKHHQJLQHFDPVKDIWWKHFDPVKDIWIROORZHUV
WDSSHWV WKHSXVKURGVDQGWKHURFNHUDUPV

Dr. V S Yadav 


&DPVKDIW
7KHFDPVKDIWSURYLGHVIRUWKHRSHQLQJDQGFORVLQJRIWKHHQJLQHYDOYHV7KHFDPVKDIW
Figure 3-20 LVHQFORVHGLQWKHHQJLQHEORFN,WKDVHFFHQWULFOREHV FDPV JURXQGRQLW
IRUHDFKYDOYHLQWKHHQJLQH$VWKHFDPVKDIWURWDWHVWKHFDPOREHPRYHVXSXQGHUWKH
YDOYHWDSSHWH[HUWLQJDQXSZDUGWKUXVWWKURXJKWKHWDSSHWDJDLQVWWKHYDOYHVWHPRUWKH
SXVKURG7KLVWKUXVWRYHUFRPHVWKHYDOYHVSULQJSUHVVXUHDVZHOODVWKHJDVSUHVVXUHLQ
WKHF\OLQGHUFDXVLQJWKHYDOYHWRRSHQ:KHQWKHOREHPRYHVIURPXQGHUWKHWDSSHW
WKHYDOYHVSULQJSUHVVXUHUHVHDWVWKHYDOYH
2Q/)RU,KHDGHQJLQHVWKHFDPVKDIWLVORFDWHGWRRQHVLGHDQGDERYHWKH
FUDQNVKDIWZKLOHLQ9W\SHHQJLQHVLWLVORFDWHGGLUHFWO\DERYHWKHFUDQNVKDIW2QWKH
RYHUKHDGFDPVKDIWHQJLQHWKHFDPVKDIWLVORFDWHGDERYHWKHF\OLQGHUKHDG
7KHFDPVKDIWRIDIRXUVWURNHF\FOHHQJLQHWXUQVDWRQHKDOIRIHQJLQHVSHHG,WLVGULYHQ
RIIWKHFUDQNVKDIWWKURXJKWLPLQJJHDUVRUDWLPLQJFKDLQ 7KHV\VWHPRIFDPVKDIWGULYH
LVGLVFXVVHGODWHULQWKLVFKDSWHU ,QDWZRVWURNHF\FOHHQJLQHWKHFDPVKDIWPXVWWXUQ
DWWKHVDPHVSHHGDVWKHFUDQNVKDIWVRHDFKYDOYHRSHQVDQGFORVHVRQFHLQHDFK
UHYROXWLRQRIWKHHQJLQH
,QPRVWFDVHVWKHFDPVKDIWGRHVPRUH
WKDQRSHUDWHWKHYDOYHPHFKDQLVP,WPD\
KDYHH[WHUQDOFDPVRUJHDUVWKDWRSHUDWH
WKHIXHOSXPSVWKHIXHOLQMHFWRUVWKH
LJQLWLRQGLVWULEXWRURUWKHOXEULFDWLRQSXPS
&DPVKDIWVDUHVXSSRUWHGLQWKHHQJLQH
EORFNE\MRXUQDOVLQEHDULQJV&DPVKDIW
EHDULQJMRXUQDOVDUHWKHODUJHVWPDFKLQHG
VXUIDFHVRQWKHVKDIW7KHEHDULQJVDUH
PDGHRIEURQ]HDQGDUHEXVKLQJVUDWKHU
WKDQVSOLWEHDULQJV7KHEXVKLQJVDUH
OXEULFDWHGE\RLOFLUFXODWLQJWKURXJKGULOOHG
SDVVDJHVIURPWKHFUDQNFDVH7KHVWUHVVHV
RQWKHFDPVKDIWDUHVPDOOWKHUHIRUHWKH
EXVKLQJVDUHQRWDGMXVWDEOHDQGUHTXLUH
OLWWOHDWWHQWLRQ7KHFDPVKDIWEXVKLQJVDUH )LJXUH±&DPVKDIW
UHSODFHGRQO\ZKHQWKHHQJLQHUHTXLUHVD
FRPSOHWHRYHUKDXO

)ROORZHUV
&DPVKDIWIROORZHUVDUHSDUWRIWKHYDOYH
DFWXDWLQJPHFKDQLVPWKDWFRQWDFWVWKH
FDPVKDIW<RXZLOOKHDUWKHPFDOOHGYDOYH
WDSSHWVRUYDOYHOLIWHUV7KHERWWRPVXUIDFH
LVKDUGHQHGDQGPDFKLQHGWREHFRPSDWLEOH
ZLWKWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHFDPVKDIWOREH7KHUH
DUHIRXUW\SHVRIIROORZHUV²K\GUDXOLF
PHFKDQLFDOUROOHUDQGWKH2+&IROORZHU
+\GUDXOLFYDOYHOLIWHUV Figure 3-21) DUH
FRPPRQEHFDXVHWKH\RSHUDWHTXLHWO\E\
PDLQWDLQLQJ]HURYDOYHFOHDUDQFH=HUR
YDOYHFOHDUDQFHPHDQVWKDWWKHUHLVQR
VSDFHEHWZHHQYDOYHWUDLQSDUWV:LWK]HUR
)LJXUH±+\GUDXOLFOLIWHUV
Dr. V S Yadav 
FOHDUDQFHWKHYDOYHWUDLQGRHVQRWFODWWHUZKHQWKHHQJLQHLVUXQQLQJ7KHK\GUDXOLF
OLIWHUDGMXVWVDXWRPDWLFDOO\ZLWKWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHVDQGSDUWZHDU'XULQJHQJLQH
RSHUDWLRQRLOSUHVVXUHILOOVWKHLQVLGHRIWKH
K\GUDXOLFOLIWHUZLWKPRWRURLO7KHSUHVVXUH
SXVKHVWKHOLIWHUSOXQJHUXSLQLWVERUHXQWLODOO
WKHSOD\LVRXWRIWKHYDOYHWUDLQ$VWKH
FDPVKDIWSXVKHVRQWKHOLIWHUWKHOLIWHUFKHFN
YDOYHFORVHVWRVHDORLOLQVLGHWKHOLIWHU6LQFH
RLOLVQRWFRPSUHVVLEOHWKHOLIWHUDFWVDVD
VROLGXQLWWRRSHQWKHYDOYH
0HFKDQLFDOOLIWHUV Figure 3-22 DOVRFDOOHG
VROLGOLIWHUVGRQRWFRQWDLQRLO7KH\VLPSO\
WUDQVIHUFDPOREHDFWLRQWRWKHSXVKURG
0HFKDQLFDOOLIWHUVDUHQRWVHOIDGMXVWLQJDQG
UHTXLUHSHULRGLFVHWWLQJ$VFUHZDGMXVWPHQW
LVQRUPDOO\SURYLGHGDWWKHURFNHUDUPZKHQ
VROLGOLIWHUVDUHXVHG7XUQLQJWKHDGMXVWPHQW
VFUHZGRZQUHGXFHVDQ\³SOD\´LQWKHYDOYH
WUDLQ8QVFUHZLQJRUEDFNLQJRIIWKHURFNHU
DUPDGMXVWPHQWLQFUHDVHVFOHDUDQFH$ )LJXUH±0HFKDQLFDOOLIWHUV
FODWWHULQJRUFOLFNLQJQRLVHLVSURGXFHGDVWKH
YDOYHVRSHQDQGFORVH
$UROOHUOLIWHU Figure 3-23) KDVDVPDOOUROOHUWKDWULGHVRQWKHFDPVKDIWOREH7KLVW\SHRI
OLIWHUFDQEHHLWKHUPHFKDQLFDORUK\GUDXOLF7KHSRLQWZKHUHWKHOLIWHUWRXFKHVWKH
FDPVKDIWLVRQHRIWKHKLJKHVWIULFWLRQSRLQWVLQWKHHQJLQH7KHUROOHUKHOSVUHGXFHWKLV
IULFWLRQDQGZHDU$UROOHUOLIWHULVDOVRXVHGWRUHGXFHIULFWLRQDOORVVHVRISRZHU
$Q2+&IROORZHU Figure 3-24) ILWVEHWZHHQWKHFDPVKDIWDQGYDOYH7KHIROORZHUVOLGHV
XSDQGGRZQLQDERUHPDFKLQHGLQWKHKHDG(LWKHUDQDGMXVWLQJVFUHZLQWKHIROORZHU
RUVKLPVRIGLIIHUHQWWKLFNQHVVHVFDQEHXVHGWRDGMXVWYDOYHFOHDUDQFH

)LJXUH±5ROOHUOLIWHUV )LJXUH±2+&OLIWHUV

Dr. V S Yadav 


9DOYHDQG9DOYH6HDWV
(DFKF\OLQGHULQDIRXUVWURNHF\FOHHQJLQH
PXVWKDYHRQHLQWDNHDQGRQHH[KDXVW
YDOYH Figure 3-25 7KHYDOYHGHVLJQWKDWLV
FRPPRQO\XVHGLVWKHSRSSHWDZRUG
GHULYHGIURPWKHSRSSLQJDFWLRQRIWKH
YDOYH
&RQVWUXFWLRQDQGGHVLJQFRQVLGHUDWLRQVDUH
YHU\GLIIHUHQWIRULQWDNHDQGH[KDXVWYDOYHV
7KHGLIIHUHQFHLVEDVHGRQWKHLU
WHPSHUDWXUHRSHUDWLQJUDQJHV,QWDNH
YDOYHVDUHNHSWFRROE\WKHLQFRPLQJLQWDNH
PL[WXUH([KDXVWYDOYHVDUHVXEMHFWWR
LQWHQVHKHDWIURPWKHEXUQWJDVHVWKDWSDVV
E\LW7KHWHPSHUDWXUHRIDQH[KDXVWYDOYH
FDQEHLQH[FHVVRIƒ),QWDNHYDOYHV
DUHPDGHRIQLFNHOFKURPLXPDOOR\
ZKHUHDVH[KDXVWYDOYHVDUHPDGHIURP )LJXUH±9DOYHV
VLOLFKURPHDOOR\,QFHUWDLQKHDY\GXW\DQG
PRVWDLUFRROHGHQJLQHVWKHH[KDXVWYDOYHVDUHVRGLXPILOOHG'XULQJHQJLQHRSHUDWLRQ
WKHVRGLXPLQVLGHWKHKROORZYDOYHPHOWV:KHQWKHYDOYHRSHQVWKHVRGLXPVSODVKHV
GRZQLQWRWKHYDOYHKHDGDQGFROOHFWVKHDW7KHQZKHQWKHYDOYHFORVHVWKHVRGLXP
VSODVKHVXSLQWRWKHYDOYHVWHP+HDWWUDQVIHUVRXWRIWKHVRGLXPLQWRWKHVWHPYDOYH
JXLGHDQGHQJLQHFRRODQW,QWKLVZD\WKHYDOYHLVFRROHG6RGLXPILOOHGYDOYHVDUHOLJKW
DQGDOORZKLJKHQJLQHUSPIRUSURORQJHGSHULRGV
,QYHKLFOHVWKDWXVHXQOHDGHGIXHODVWHOOLWHYDOYHLVSUHIHUUHG$VWHOOLWHYDOYHKDVD
VSHFLDOKDUGPHWDOFRDWLQJRQLWVIDFH/HDGDGGLWLYHVLQJDVROLQHRWKHUWKDQLQFUHDVLQJ
RFWDQHDFWDVDOXEULFDQW7KHOHDGFRDWVWKHYDOYHIDFHDQGVHDWWRUHGXFHZHDU:LWK
XQOHDGHGIXHOWKHZHDURIWKHYDOYHVHDWDQGYDOYHIDFHLVDFFHOHUDWHG$VWHOOLWHYDOYH
SUHYHQWVWKLVDQGSURORQJVYDOYHVHUYLFHOLIH
9DOYHVHDWV Figure 3-26 DUHLPSRUWDQWDV
WKH\PXVWPDWFKWKHIDFHRIWKHYDOYHKHDG
WRIRUPDSHUIHFWVHDO7KHVHDWVDUHPDGH
VRWKH\DUHFRQFHQWULFZLWKWKHYDOYH
JXLGHVWKDWLVWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHVHDWLVDQ
HTXDOGLVWDQFHIURPWKHFHQWHURIWKHJXLGH
DOODURXQG$OWKRXJKVRPHHDUOLHUHQJLQHV
ZHUHGHVLJQHGZLWKIODWFRQWDFWVXUIDFHIRU
WKHYDOYHDQGYDOYHVHDWPRVWDUHQRZ
GHVLJQHGZLWKYDOYHVHDWDQJOHVRIWR
GHJUHHV7KLVDQJOHKHOSVSUHYHQW
H[FHVVLYHDFFXPXODWLRQRIFDUERQRQWKH
FRQWDFWVXUIDFHRIWKHVHDW²DFRQGLWLRQ
WKDWNHHSVWKHYDOYHIURPFORVLQJSURSHUO\
7RIXUWKHUUHGXFHFDUERQEXLOGXSWKHUHLV
DQLQWHUIHUHQFHDQJOH XVXDOO\GHJUHH 
EHWZHHQWKHYDOYHDQGVHDW,QVRPHFDVHV )LJXUH±9DOYHVHDWV
DVPDOOSRUWLRQRIWKHYDOYHVHDWKDVDQ
Dr. V S Yadav 
DGGLWLRQDOGHJUHHDQJOHJURXQGLQWRLWWRQDUURZWKHFRQWDFWDUHDRIWKHYDOYHIDFH
DQGVHDW:KHQ\RXUHGXFHWKHFRQWDFWDUHDWKHSUHVVXUHEHWZHHQWKHPDWLQJSDUWVLV
LQFUHDVHGWKHUHE\IRUPLQJDEHWWHUVHDO
7KHYDOYHVHDWVPD\EHDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIWKHF\OLQGHUKHDGRUDQLQVHUWSUHVVHGLQWR
WKHF\OLQGHUKHDG9DOYHVHDWLQVHUWVDUHFRPPRQO\XVHGLQDOXPLQXPF\OLQGHUKHDGV
6WHHOLQVHUWVDUHQHHGHGWRZLWKVWDQGWKHH[WUHPHKHDW:KHQDYDOYHVHDWLQVHUWLV
EDGO\ZRUQIURPJULQGLQJRUSLWWLQJLWPXVWEHUHSODFHG

9DOYH*XLGHV
7KHYDOYHJXLGHV Figure 3-27 DUHWKH
SDUWVWKDWVXSSRUWWKHYDOYHVLQWKHF\OLQGHU
KHDG7KH\DUHPDFKLQHGWRILWDIHZ
WKRXVDQGWKVRIDQLQFKFOHDUDQFHZLWKD
YDOYHVWHP7KLVFORVHFOHDUDQFHLV
LPSRUWDQWIRUWKHIROORZLQJUHDVRQV
x ,WNHHSVOXEULFDWLQJRLOIURPJHWWLQJ
VXFNHGLQWRWKHFRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHU
SDVWWKHLQWDNHYDOYHVWHPGXULQJWKH
LQWDNHVWURNH
x ,WNHHSVH[KDXVWJDVHVIURPJHWWLQJ
LQWRWKHFUDQNFDVHDUHDSDVWWKH
H[KDXVWYDOYHVWHPGXULQJWKH
H[KDXVWVWURNH
x ,WNHHSVWKHYDOYHIDFHLQSHUIHFW
DOLJQPHQWZLWKWKHYDOYHVHDW )LJXUH±9DOYHJXLGHV
9DOYHJXLGHVPD\EHFDVWLQWHJUDOO\ZLWKWKHKHDGRUWKH\PD\EHUHPRYDEOH
5HPRYDEOHJXLGHVDUHSUHVVILWLQWRWKHF\OLQGHUKHDG

9DOYH*XLGH6HUYLFH
6HUYLFLQJRIYDOYHJXLGHVLVDQLPSRUWDQWEXWRIWHQQHJOHFWHGSDUWRIDJRRGYDOYHMRE
7KHJXLGHPXVWEHFOHDQDQGLQJRRGFRQGLWLRQEHIRUHDJRRGYDOYHVHDWFDQEHPDGH
9DOYHJXLGHZHDULVDFRPPRQSUREOHPLWDOORZVWKHYDOYHWRPRYHVLGHZD\VLQLWV
JXLGHGXULQJRSHUDWLRQ7KLVFDQFDXVHRLOFRQVXPSWLRQ RLOOHDNVSDVWWKHYDOYHVHDO
DQGWKURXJKWKHJXLGH EXUQHGYDOYHV SRRUVHDWWRYDOYHIDFHVHDO RUYDOYHEUHDNDJH
7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOVDWLVIDFWRU\PHWKRGVRIFKHFNLQJIRUYDOYHJXLGHZHDU2QHLVWRVOLGH
WKHYDOYHLQWRLWVJXLGHSXOOLWRSHQDSSUR[LPDWHO\LQFKWKHQWU\DQGZLJJOHWKHYDOYH
VLGHZD\V,IWKHYDOYHPRYHVVLGHZD\VLQDQ\GLUHFWLRQWKHJXLGHRUVWHPLVZRUQ
$QRWKHUFKHFNLQJSURFHGXUHLQYROYHVWKHXVHRIDVPDOOKROHJDXJHWRPHDVXUHWKH
LQVLGHRIWKHJXLGHDQGDPLFURPHWHUWRPHDVXUHWKHYDOYHVWHPWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKH
UHDGLQJVLVWKHFOHDUDQFH&KHFNWKHPDQXIDFWXUHU
VPDQXDOIRUWKHPD[LPXPDOORZDEOH
FOHDUDQFH:KHQWKHPD[LPXPFOHDUDQFHLVH[FHHGHGWKHYDOYHJXLGHQHHGVIXUWKHU
VHUYLFLQJEHIRUH\RXSURFHHGZLWKWKHUHVWRIWKHMRE
6HUYLFLQJSURFHGXUHVGHSHQGRQZKHWKHUWKHJXLGHLVRIWKHLQWHJUDORUUHSODFHDEOH
W\SH,ILWLVWKHLQWHJUDOW\SHLWPXVWEHUHDPHGWRDODUJHUVL]HDQGDYDOYHZLWKDQ
RYHUVL]HVWHPLQVWDOOHG%XWLILWLVUHSODFHDEOHLWVKRXOGEHUHPRYHGDQGDQHZJXLGH
LQVWDOOHG

Dr V S Yadav 
9DOYH6HDW6HUYLFH
9DOYHVHDWVHUYLFHUHTXLUHVHLWKHUUHSODFHPHQWRIWKHVHDWRUUHFRQGLWLRQLQJRIWKHVHDW
E\JULQGLQJRUFXWWLQJ9DOYHVHDWUHSODFHPHQWLVUHTXLUHGZKHQDYDOYHVHDWLVFUDFNHG
EXUQHGRUUHFHVVHG VXQN LQWKHF\OLQGHUKHDG1RUPDOO\YDOYHVHDWVFDQEHPDFKLQHG
DQGUHWXUQHGWRVHUYLFH
7RUHPRYHDUHSODFHDEOHSUHVVHGLQVHDWVSOLWWKHROGVHDWZLWKDVKDUSFKLVHO7KHQSU\
RXWWKHROGVHDW1HZVHDWLQVHUWVVKRXOGEHFKLOOHGLQGU\LFHIRUDERXWPLQXWHVWR
VKULQNWKHPVRWKH\FDQEHGULYHQLQWRSODFHHDVLO\7KHVHDWH[SDQGVZKHQUHWXUQHGWR
URRPWHPSHUDWXUHZKLFKORFNVWKHVHDWLQSODFH
,QPRVWFDVHVWKHYDOYHVHDWVDUHQRWUHSODFHDEOHVRWKH\PXVWEHJURXQG%HIRUH
RSHUDWLQJWKHYDOYHVHDWJULQGLQJHTXLSPHQWLQ\RXUVKRSEHVXUHWRVWXG\WKH
PDQXIDFWXUHU¶VPDQXDOIRUVSHFLILFLQVWUXFWLRQV7KHIROORZLQJSURFHGXUHLVW\SLFDOIRU
JULQGLQJYDOYHVHDWV
 6HOHFWDQGLQVWDOOWKHFRUUHFWVL]HSLORW PHWDOVKDIWWKDWILWVLQWRWKHJXLGHDQG
VXSSRUWVFXWWLQJVWRQHRUFDUELGHFXWWHU 7KHSLORWVKRXOGILWVQXJO\LQWKHYDOYH
JXLGHDQGQRWZLJJOH
 6HOHFWWKHFRUUHFWVWRQHIRUWKHYDOYHVHDW,WPXVWEHVOLJKWO\ODUJHULQGLDPHWHU
WKDQWKHVHDWDQGPXVWKDYHWKHFRUUHFWIDFHDQJOH6OLSWKHVWRQHDQGVOHHYH
DVVHPEO\RYHUWKHSLORW
 ,QVHUWWKHSRZHUKHDGLQWRWKHVOHHYHDVVHPEO\6XSSRUWWKHZHLJKWRIWKHSRZHU
KHDG*ULQGRQO\ORQJHQRXJKWRFOHDQXSSLWVLQWKHVHDW&KHFNWKHSURJUHVV
RIWHQWRHQVXUHWKDW\RXGRQRWUHPRYHPRUHPDWHULDOWKDQQHFHVVDU\WRJHWD
JRRGVHDW
$IWHUJULQGLQJYDOYHVHDWVLWLVUHFRPPHQGHGWKDW\RXODSWKHFRQWDFWVXUIDFHVRIWKH
YDOYHDQGYDOYHVHDWLQRUGHUWRFKHFNWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHYDOYHWRVHDWFRQWDFWSRLQWDQG
WRVPRRWKWKHPDWLQJVXUIDFHV
7RODSWKHYDOYHGDEJULQGLQJFRPSRXQG DEUDVLYHSDVWH RQWKHYDOYHIDFH,QVWDOOWKH
YDOYHLQWRWKHF\OLQGHUKHDGDQGURWDWHZLWKDODSSLQJVWLFN DZRRGHQVWLFNZLWKDUXEEHU
SOXQJHUIRUKROGLQJWKHYDOYHKHDG 5XE\RXUKDQGVEDFNDQGIRUWKRQWKHODSSLQJVWLFN
WRVSLQWKHYDOYHRQLWVVHDW7KLVUXEVWKHJULQGLQJFRPSRXQGEHWZHHQWKHYDOYHIDFH
DQGWKHVHDW5HPRYHWKHYDOYHDQGFKHFNWKHFRQWDFWSRLQW$GXOOJUD\VWULSHDURXQG
WKHVHDWDQGIDFHRIWKHYDOYHLQGLFDWHVWKHYDOYHWRVHDWFRQWDFWSRLQW7KLVKHOSV\RX
QDUURZRUPRYHWKHYDOYHVHDW$IHZPDQXIDFWXUHUVGR127UHFRPPHQGYDOYHODSSLQJ
5HIHUWRWKHPDQXIDFWXUHU¶VVHUYLFHPDQXDOIRUGHWDLOV

&$87,21
0DNHVXUH\RXFOHDQDOORIWKHYDOYHJULQGLQJFRPSRXQGRIIWKHYDOYHDQGF\OLQGHU
KHDG7KHFRPSRXQGFDQFDXVHUDSLGSDUWZHDU
$QRWKHUZD\WRFKHFNYDOYHWRVHDWFRQWDFWLVE\VSUHDGLQJDWKLQFRDWRIprussian blue
RQWKHYDOYHIDFHRUSXWWLQJOHDGSHQFLOPDUNVRQWKHYDOYHVHDW,IZKHQWXUQLQJWKH
YDOYHRQLWVVHDW\RXVHHDQHYHQGHSRVLWRIFRORULQJRQWKHYDOYHVHDWRUWKHSHQFLO
OLQHVDUHUHPRYHGWKHVHDWLQJLVSHUIHFW'R127URWDWHWKHYDOYHPRUHWKDQRQHHLJKWK
WXUQDVDKLJKVSRWFRXOGJLYHDIDOVHLQGLFDWLRQLIWXUQHGRQHIXOOUHYROXWLRQ
7KHVHDWVKRXOGWRXFKQHDUWKHFHQWHURIWKHYDOYHIDFHZLWKWKHFRUUHFWFRQWDFWZLGWK
7\SLFDOO\DQLQWDNHYDOYHVKRXOGKDYHDYDOYHWRVHDWFRQWDFWZLGWKRIDERXWRIDQ
LQFK$QH[KDXVWYDOYHVKRXOGKDYHDYDOYHWRVHDWFRQWDFWZLGWKRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\
RIDQLQFK&KHFNWKHPDQXIDFWXUHU¶VVHUYLFHPDQXDOIRUH[DFWYDOXHV

Dr V S Yadav 
:KHQWKHYDOYHVHDWGRHV127WRXFKWKHYDOYHIDFHSURSHUO\ ZURQJZLGWKRUORFDWLRQ
RQWKHYDOYH UHJULQGWKHVHDWXVLQJGLIIHUHQWDQJOHVXVXDOO\GHJUHHDQGGHJUHH
VWRQHV7KLVLVNQRZQDVQDUURZLQJRUSRVLWLRQLQJDYDOYH
7RPRYHWKHVHDWLQDQGQDUURZLWJULQGWKHYDOYHVHDWZLWKDGHJUHHVWRQH7KLV
UHPRYHVPHWDOIURPDURXQGWKHWRSRIWKHVHDW7KHVHDWIDFHPRYHVFORVHUWRWKHYDOYH
VWHP
7RPRYHWKHVHDWRXWDQGQDUURZLWJULQGWKHYDOYHVHDWZLWKDGHJUHHVWRQH7KLV
FXWVDZD\PHWDOIURPWKHLQQHUHGJHRIWKHVHDW7KHVHDWFRQWDFWSRLQWPRYHVWRZDUG
WKHPDUJLQRURXWHUHGJHRIWKHYDOYH

9DOYH6SULQJ6HUYLFH
$IWHUSURORQJHGXVHYDOYHVSULQJVWHQGWRZHDNHQORVHWHQVLRQRUHYHQEUHDN'XULQJ
HQJLQHVHUYLFHDOZD\VWHVWYDOYHVSULQJVWRPDNHVXUHWKH\DUHXVDEOH9DOYHVSULQJV
VKRXOGEHWHVWHGIRUXQLIRUPLW\DQGVWUHQJWK7KHWKUHHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWRFKHFNDUH
YDOYHVSULQJVTXDUHQHVVYDOYHVSULQJIUHHKHLJKWDQGYDOYHVSULQJWHQVLRQ
9DOYHVSULQJVTXDUHQHVVLVHDVLO\FKHFNHGZLWKDFRPELQDWLRQVTXDUH3ODFHHDFK
VSULQJQH[WWRWKHVTXDUHRQDIODWVXUIDFH5RWDWHWKHVSULQJZKLOHFKHFNLQJIRUDJDS
EHWZHHQWKHVLGHRIWKHVSULQJDQGWKHVTXDUH5HSODFHDQ\VSULQJWKDWLVQRWVTXDUH
9DOYHVSULQJIUHHKHLJKWFDQDOVREHPHDVXUHGZLWKDFRPELQDWLRQVTXDUHRUDYDOYH
VSULQJWHVWHU6LPSO\PHDVXUHWKHOHQJWKRIHDFKVSULQJLQQRUPDOXQFRPSUHVVHG
FRQGLWLRQ,ILWLVWRRORQJRUWRRVKRUWUHSODFHWKHVSULQJ
9DOYHVSULQJWHQVLRQRUSUHVVXUHLVPHDVXUHGE\XVLQJDVSULQJWHVWHU&RPSUHVVWKH
VSULQJWRVSHFLILFDWLRQKHLJKWDQGUHDGWKHVFDOHRQWKHWHVWHU6SULQJSUHVVXUHPXVWEH
ZLWKLQVSHFLILFDWLRQV,IWKHUHDGLQJLVWRRORZWKHVSULQJKDVZHDNHQHGDQGPXVWEH
UHSODFHG

7LPLQJ*HDUV
7LPLQJJHDUV Figure 3-28 DUHFRPPRQLQ
HQJLQHVXVHGIRUKHDY\GXW\DSSOLFDWLRQV
VXFKDVWD[LFDEVRUWUXFNV7KH\DUHYHU\
GHSHQGDEOHDQGORQJODVWLQJ+RZHYHUWKH\
DUHQRLVLHUWKDQDFKDLQRUEHOWGULYH*HDUV
DUHSULPDULO\XVHGIRUFDPLQEORFNHQJLQHV
ZKHUHWKHFUDQNVKDIWLVFORVHWRWKH
FDPVKDIW
7ZRWLPLQJJHDUVDUHXVHGWRGULYHWKH
HQJLQHFDPVKDIW$FUDQNJHDULVNH\HGWR
WKHFUDQNVKDIWVQRXW,WWXUQVDFDPJHDURQ
WKHHQGRIWKHFDPVKDIW7KHFDPJHDULV
WZLFHWKHVL]HRIWKHFUDQNJHDU7KLVUHVXOWV
LQWKHGHVLUHGUHGXFWLRQ
7LPLQJPDUNVRQWKHWZRJHDUVVKRZWKH
WHFKQLFLDQKRZWRLQVWDOOWKHJHDUVSURSHUO\
7KHPDUNVPD\EHFLUFOHVLQGHQWDWLRQVRU )LJXUH±7LPLQJJHDUV
OLQHVRQWKHJHDUV7KHWLPLQJPDUNVPXVW
OLQHXSIRUWKHFDPVKDIWWREHLQWLPHZLWKWKHFUDQNVKDIW

Dr V S Yadav 
(QJLQH%HDULQJV
%HDULQJV Figure 3-29 DUHLQVWDOOHGLQDQHQJLQHZKHUHWKHUHLVUHODWLYHPRWLRQEHWZHHQ
SDUWV&DPVKDIWEHDULQJVDUHFDOOHGVOHHYHEHDULQJVEHFDXVHWKH\DUHLQWKHVKDSHRID
VOHHYHWKDWILWVDURXQGWKHURWDWLQJMRXUQDORUVKDIWDVVKRZQLQFigure 3-29, View A
&RQQHFWLQJURGRUFUDQNVKDIW PDLQ EHDULQJVDUHRIWKHVSOLWRUKDOIW\SHDVVKRZQLQ
Figure 3-29, View B2QPDLQEHDULQJVDVVKRZQLQFigure 3-29, View CWKHXSSHUKDOI
LVLQVWDOOHGLQWKHFRXQWHUERUHLQWKHF\OLQGHUEORFN7KHORZHUEHDULQJKDOILVKHOGLQ
SODFHE\WKHEHDULQJFDS2QFRQQHFWLQJURGEHDULQJVWKHXSSHUEHDULQJKDOILV
LQVWDOOHGLQWKHURGDQGWKHORZHUKDOILVSODFHGLQWKHURGFDS7KHSLVWRQSLQEHDULQJLQ
WKHFRQQHFWLQJURGLVRIWKHIXOOURXQGRUEXVKLQJW\SH

)LJXUH±(QJLQHEHDULQJV

%HDULQJ/XEULFDWLRQ
7KHOXEULFDWLRQRIEHDULQJVLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWRHQJLQHVHUYLFHOLIHEHFDXVHLWIRUFHVRLO
WRKLJKIULFWLRQSRLQWVZLWKLQWKHHQJLQH:LWKRXWOXEULFDWLRQEHWZHHQSDUWVEHDULQJV
RYHUKHDWDQGVFRUHIURPIULFWLRQ
7KHMRXUQDORUVKDIWPXVWEHVPDOOHULQGLDPHWHUWKDQWKHEHDULQJVRWKHUHLVFOHDUDQFH
FDOOHGRLOFOHDUDQFH EHWZHHQWKHWZRSDUWVRLOFLUFXODWHVWKURXJKWKHFOHDUDQFH7KHRLO
HQWHUVWKURXJKWKHRLOKROHDQGILOOVWKHRLOJURRYHLQWKHEHDULQJ)URPWKHUHWKHURWDWLQJ
MRXUQDOFDUULHVWKHRLODURXQGWRDOOPRYLQJSDUWVRIWKHEHDULQJ7KHRLOZRUNVLWVZD\WR
WKHRXWHUHGJHVRIWKHEHDULQJ)URPWKHUHLWLVWKURZQRIIDQGGURSVEDFNLQWRWKHRLO
SDQ7KHRLOWKURZQRIIKHOSVWROXEULFDWHRWKHUHQJLQHSDUWVVXFKDVWKHF\OLQGHUZDOOV
WKHSLVWRQVDQGWKHSLVWRQULQJV
$VWKHRLOPRYHVDFURVVWKHIDFHVRIWKHEHDULQJVLWQRWRQO\OXEULFDWHVWKHPEXWDOVR
KHOSVNHHSWKHPFRRO7KHRLOLVUHODWLYHO\FRRODVLWOHDYHVWKHRLOSDQ,WSLFNVXSKHDWLQ
LWVSDVVDJHWKURXJKWKHEHDULQJ7KLVKHDWLVFDUULHGGRZQWRWKHRLOSDQDQGUHOHDVHGWR
WKHDLUSDVVLQJDURXQGWKHRLOSDQ7KHRLODOVRIOXVKHVDQGFOHDQVWKHEHDULQJV,WWHQGV
WRIOXVKRXWSDUWLFOHVRIJULWDQGGLUWWKDWPD\KDYHZRUNHGLQWRWKHEHDULQJ7KHSDUWLFOHV
DUHFDUULHGEDFNWRWKHRLOSDQE\WKHFLUFXODWLQJRLO7KHSDUWLFOHVWKHQGURSWRWKH
ERWWRPRIWKHRLOSDQRUDUHUHPRYHGIURPWKHRLOE\WKHRLOVFUHHQRUILOWHU
7KHJUHDWHUWKHRLOFOHDUDQFHWKHIDVWHUWKHRLOIORZVWKURXJKWKHEHDULQJKRZHYHU
H[FHVVLYHRLOFOHDUDQFHFDXVHVVRPHEHDULQJVWRIDLOIURPRLOVWDUYDWLRQ+HUH¶VWKH
UHDVRQ,IRLOFOHDUDQFHVDUHH[FHVVLYHPRVWRIWKHRLOSDVVHVWKURXJKWKHQHDUHVW
EHDULQJV7KHUHLVQRWHQRXJKRLOIRUWKHPRVWGLVWDQWEHDULQJVWKHVHEHDULQJV
HYHQWXDOO\IDLOIURPODFNRIRLO$QHQJLQHZLWKH[FHVVLYH EHDULQJRLOFOHDUDQFHXVXDOO\
Dr V S Yadav 
KDVORZRLOSUHVVXUHWKHRLOSXPSFDQQRWEXLOGXSQRUPDOSUHVVXUHEHFDXVHRIWKH
H[FHVVLYHRLOFOHDUDQFHLQWKHEHDULQJV
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGZKHQWKHEHDULQJVKDYHLQVXIILFLHQWRLOFOHDUDQFHVWKHUHLVPHWDOWR
PHWDOFRQWDFWEHWZHHQWKHEHDULQJVDQGWKHMRXUQDO([WUHPHO\UDSLGZHDUDQGTXLFN
IDLOXUHLVWKHHQGUHVXOW$OVRWKHUHLVQRWHQRXJKWKURZRIIIRUDGHTXDWHOXEULFDWLRQRI
F\OLQGHUZDOOVSLVWRQVDQGULQJV

%HDULQJ&KDUDFWHULVWLFV
(QJLQHEHDULQJVPXVWRSHUDWHXQGHUWUHPHQGRXVORDGVVHYHUHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQV
DEUDVLYHDFWLRQDQGFRUURVLYHVXUURXQGLQJV(VVHQWLDOEHDULQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQFOXGH
WKHIROORZLQJ
x %HDULQJORDGVWUHQJWKLVWKHDELOLW\RIDEHDULQJWRZLWKVWDQGSRXQGLQJDQG
FUXVKLQJGXULQJHQJLQHRSHUDWLRQV7KHSLVWRQDQGURGFDQSURGXFHVHYHUDO
7216RIGRZQZDUGIRUFH7KHEHDULQJPXVWQRWIDWLJXHIODWWHQRUVSOLWXQGHU
WKHVHORDGV,IWKHEHDULQJORDGUHVLVWDQFHLVWRRORZWKHEHDULQJFDQVPDVKIDLO
DQGVSLQLQLWVERUH7KLVUXLQVWKHERUHRUWKHMRXUQDO
x %HDULQJFRQIRUPDELOLW\LVWKHDELOLW\RIDEHDULQJWRPRYHVKLIWFRQIRUPWR
YDULDWLRQVLQVKDIWDOLJQPHQWDQGDGMXVWWRLPSHUIHFWLRQVLQWKHVXUIDFHRIWKH
MRXUQDO8VXDOO\DVRIWPHWDOLVSODFHGRYHUKDUGVWHHO7KLVOHWVWKHEHDULQJ
FRQIRUPWRWKHGHIHFWVLQWKHMRXUQDO
x %HDULQJHPEHGDELOLW\UHIHUVWRWKHDELOLW\RIDEHDULQJWRSHUPLWIRUHLJQSDUWLFOHVWR
EHFRPHHPEHGGHGLQLW'LUWDQGPHWDODUHVRPHWLPHVFDUULHGLQWRWKHEHDULQJV
7KHEHDULQJVKRXOGDOORZWKHSDUWLFOHVWRVLQNEHQHDWKWKHVXUIDFHLQWRWKH
EHDULQJPDWHULDO7KLVSUHYHQWVWKHSDUWLFOHVIURPVFUDWFKLQJZHDULQJDQG
GDPDJLQJWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHFUDQNVKDIWRUFDPVKDIWMRXUQDOV
x %HDULQJFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHLVWKHDELOLW\RIDEHDULQJWRUHVLVWFRUURVLRQIURP
DFLGZDWHUDQGRWKHULPSXULWLHVLQWKHHQJLQHRLO&RPEXVWLRQEORZE\JDVHV
FDXVHHQJLQHRLOFRQWDPLQDWLRQWKDWFDQDOVRFRUURGHHQJLQHEHDULQJV
$OXPLQXPOHDGDQGRWKHUDOOR\VDUHFRPPRQO\EHLQJXVHGEHFDXVHRIWKHLU
H[FHOOHQWFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFH

%HDULQJ0DWHULDOV
$VGLVFXVVHGHDUOLHUWKHUHDUHWKUHHEDVLFW\SHVRIHQJLQHEHDULQJV²FRQQHFWLQJURG
EHDULQJVFUDQNVKDIWPDLQEHDULQJVDQGFDPVKDIWEHDULQJV7KHEDFNLQJPDWHULDO ERG\
RIWKHEHDULQJWKDWFRQWDFWVVWDWLRQDU\SDUWV IRUHQJLQHEHDULQJVLVQRUPDOO\VWHHO
6RIWHUDOOR\VDUHERQGHGRYHUWKHEDFNLQJWRIRUPWKHEHDULQJVXUIDFH$Q\RQHRIWKUHH
EDVLFW\SHVRIPHWDODOOR\VFDQEHSODWHGRYHUWKHWRSRIWKHVWHHOEDFNLQJ²%DEELWW
OHDGWLQDOOR\ FRSSHURUDOXPLQXP7KHVHWKUHHPHWDOVPD\EHXVHGLQGLIIHUHQW
FRPELQDWLRQVWRGHVLJQEHDULQJVIRUOLJKWPHGLXPRUKHDY\GXW\DSSOLFDWLRQV7KH
HQJLQHGHVLJQHUVHOHFWVWKHFRPELQDWLRQRILQJUHGLHQWVWKDWZLOOEHVWVXLWWKHHQJLQH

Dr V S Yadav 
(1*,1($'-8670(17DQG7(67,1*
9DOYH$GMXVWPHQW
9DOYHDGMXVWPHQWDOVRFDOOHGWDSSHWFOHDUDQFHDGMXVWPHQWRUURFNHUDGMXVWPHQWLV
FULWLFDOWRWKHSHUIRUPDQFHDQGVHUYLFHOLIHRIDQHQJLQH,IWKHYDOYHWUDLQLVWRRORRVH
KDVWRRPXFKFOHDUDQFH LWFDQFDXVHYDOYHWUDLQQRLVH WDSSLQJRUFODWWHULQJIURPWKH
URFNHUVWULNLQJWKHYDOYHVWHPV 7KLVFDQLQFUHDVHSDUWZHDUDQGFDXVHSDUWEUHDNDJH
9DOYHVWKDWDUHDGMXVWHGWRRWLJKW ZLWKLQDGHTXDWHFOHDUDQFH PD\EHKHOGRSHQRUPD\
QRWFORVHFRPSOHWHO\7KLVFDQDOORZFRPEXVWLRQKHDWWREORZRYHUDQGEXUQWKHYDOYH
1RQDGMXVWDEOHURFNHUDUPVDUHXVHGRQPDQ\SXVKURGHQJLQHVZLWKK\GUDXOLF VHOI
DGMXVWLQJ OLIWHUV+\GUDXOLFOLIWHUVDXWRPDWLFDOO\FRPSHQVDWHIRUFKDQJHVLQYDOYHWUDLQ
FOHDUDQFHDQGPDLQWDLQ]HURYDOYHODVK7KH\DGMXVWYDOYHWUDLQFOHDUDQFHDVSDUWV
ZHDUWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHVRURLOWKLFNQHVVFKDQJHV
,IDGMXVWPHQWLVQHHGHGEHFDXVHRIYDOYHJULQGLQJKHDGPLOOLQJRURWKHUFRQGLWLRQV
VKRUWHURUORQJHUSXVKURGVFDQEHLQVWDOOHGZLWKQRQDGMXVWDEOHURFNHUDUPV5HIHUWR
VHUYLFHPDQXDOIRUGHWDLOV

/LIWHU$GMXVWPHQW
0HFKDQLFDOOLIWHUVDOVRFDOOHGVROLGOLIWHUVDUHDGMXVWHGWRHQVXUHSURSHUYDOYHWUDLQ
FOHDUDQFH6LQFHPHFKDQLFDOOLIWHUVFDQQRWDXWRPDWLFDOO\FRPSHQVDWHIRUFKDQJHVLQ
YDOYHWUDLQFOHDUDQFHWKH\PXVWEHDGMXVWHGSHULRGLFDOO\&KHFNWKHYHKLFOH¶VVHUYLFH
PDQXDOIRUDGMXVWPHQWLQWHUYDOVDQGFOHDUDQFHVSHFLILFDWLRQV7\SLFDOFOHDUDQFHLV
DSSUR[LPDWHO\´IRUWKHLQWDNHYDOYHVDQG´IRUWKHH[KDXVWYDOYHV
8QOLNHK\GUDXOLFOLIWHUVPHFKDQLFDOOLIWHUVPDNHDFODWWHULQJRUSHFNLQJVRXQGGXULQJ
HQJLQHRSHUDWLRQ7KLVLVQRUPDO0HFKDQLFDOOLIWHUVDUHXVHGRQKHDY\GXW\DQGKLJK
SHUIRUPDQFHHQJLQHV
7RDGMXVWDPHFKDQLFDOOLIWHUSRVLWLRQWKHOLIWHURQLWVEDVHFLUFOH YDOYHIXOO\FORVHG 7KLV
FDQEHGRQHE\FUDQNLQJWKHHQJLQHXQWLOWKHSLVWRQLQWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJF\OLQGHULVDW
7'&RQLWVFRPSUHVVLRQVWURNH:LWKWKHSLVWRQDW7'&RQWKHFRPSUHVVLRQVWURNHDOO
YDOYHVLQWKHF\OLQGHUFDQEHDGMXVWHG
6OLGHDIODWIHHOHUJDXJHRIWKHFRUUHFWWKLFNQHVVEHWZHHQWKHURFNHUDUPDQGWKHYDOYH
VWHP:KHQYDOYHFOHDUDQFHLVSURSHUO\DGMXVWHGWKHIHHOHUJDXJHZLOOVOLGHEHWZHHQ
WKHYDOYHDQGWKHURFNHUDUPZLWKDVOLJKWGUDJ

Dr V S Yadav 
,IQHHGHGDGMXVWWKHURFNHUWRREWDLQWKHVSHFLILHGYDOYHFOHDUDQFH<RXZLOOQRUPDOO\
KDYHWRORRVHQDORFNQXWDQGWXUQDQDGMXVWLQJVFUHZ7KHQWLJKWHQWKHORFNQXWDQG
UHFKHFNWKHFOHDUDQFH5HSHDWWKLVSURFHGXUHRQWKHRWKHUOLIWHUV

2YHUKHDG&DP$GMXVWPHQW
7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOGLIIHUHQWPHWKRGVRIDGMXVWLQJWKHYDOYHVRQDQRYHUKHDGFDPHQJLQH
,QPDQ\RYHUKHDGFDPGHVLJQVWKHYDOYHVDUHDGMXVWHGOLNHWKHPHFKDQLFDOOLIWHUVLQD
SXVKURGHQJLQH$URFNHUDUPDGMXVWPHQWVFUHZLVWXUQHGXQWLOWKHFRUUHFWVL]HIHHOHU
JDXJHILWVEHWZHHQWKHFDPOREHDQGWKHIROORZHUYDOYHVKLPRUYDOYHVWHP
9DOYHDGMXVWLQJVKLPVPD\DOVREHXVHGRQPRGHUQ2+&HQJLQHVWRDOORZYDOYH
FOHDUDQFHDGMXVWPHQW0HDVXUHYDOYHFOHDUDQFHZLWKDIHHOHUJDXJH7KHQLIQHHGHG
UHPRYHDQGFKDQJHVKLPWKLFNQHVV

+\GUDXOLFDOO\2SHUDWHG9DOYHV
+\GUDXOLFOLIWHUDGMXVWPHQWLVGRQHWRFHQWHUWKHOLIWHUSOXQJHULQLWVERUH7KLVZLOOOHWWKH
OLIWHUDXWRPDWLFDOO\WDNHXSRUDOORZPRUHYDOYHWUDLQFOHDUDQFH6RPHPDQXDOV
UHFRPPHQGDGMXVWPHQWZLWKWKHHQJLQHRII+RZHYHUPDQ\WHFKQLFLDQVDGMXVWK\GUDXOLF
OLIWHUVZLWKWKHHQJLQHUXQQLQJ
7RDGMXVWOLIWHUVZLWKWKHHQJLQHRIIWXUQWKHFUDQNVKDIWXQWLOWKHOLIWHULVRQWKHFDPVKDIW
EDVHFLUFOH QRWWKHOREH 7KHYDOYHPXVWEHIXOO\FORVHG
/RRVHQWKHURFNHUDGMXVWLQJQXWXQWLO\RXFDQZLJJOHWKHSXVKURGXSDQGGRZQ7KHQ
VORZO\WLJKWHQWKHDGMXVWLQJQXWXQWLODOOSOD\LVRXWRIWKHYDOYHWUDLQ \RXFDQQRWZLJJOH
WKHSXVKURG 
7RFHQWHUWKHOLIWHUSOXQJHUWLJKWHQWKHDGMXVWLQJQXWDERXWRQHPRUHWXUQ5HIHUWR
VHUYLFHPDQXDOIRUH[DFWGHWDLOV7KHDGMXVWPHQWSURFHGXUHFDQYDU\ZLWKHQJLQH
GHVLJQ5HSHDWDGMXVWPHQWSURFHGXUHRQWKHRWKHUURFNHUV
7RDGMXVWK\GUDXOLFOLIWHUVZLWKWKHHQJLQHUXQQLQJLQVWDOOVSHFLDORLOVKURXGV
FORWKHVSLQVRURWKHUGHYLFHVWRFDWFKRLOVSUD\RIIWKHURFNHUV6WDUWWKHHQJLQHDQG
DOORZLWWRUHDFKRSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUH
7LJKWHQDOOURFNHUVXQWLOWKH\DUHTXLHW2QHDWDWLPHORRVHQDURFNHUXQWLOLWFODWWHUV
7KHQWLJKWHQWKHURFNHUVORZO\XQWLOLWTXLHWVGRZQ7KLVZLOOEH]HURYDOYHODVK
7RVHWWKHOLIWHUSOXQJHUKDOIZD\GRZQLQLWVERUHWLJKWHQWKHURFNHUDERXWRQHKDOIWR
RQHPRUHWXUQ7LJKWHQWKHURFNHUVORZO\WRJLYHWKHOLIWHUWLPHWROHDNGRZQDQGSUHYHQW
HQJLQHPLVVLQJRUVWDOOLQJ5HSHDWWKHDGMXVWPHQWRQWKHRWKHUURFNHUV
2WKHUDGMXVWPHQWPHWKRGVPD\DOVREHUHFRPPHQGHG&KHFNWKHVHUYLFHPDQXDOIRU
GHWDLOHGLQIRUPDWLRQ

2+&(QJLQH9DOYHV
7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOGLIIHUHQWPHWKRGVRIDGMXVWLQJWKHYDOYHVRQDQRYHUKHDGFDP 2+& 
HQJLQH6RPH2+&HQJLQHVKDYHDQDGMXVWLQJVFUHZLQHDFKFDPIROORZHU7XUQLQJWKH
VFUHZFKDQJHVYDOYHFOHDUDQFH$OZD\VUHIHUWRDVKRSPDQXDOIRUGHWDLOHGGLUHFWLRQV

Dr V S Yadav 
&RPSUHVVLRQ7HVW
$FRPSUHVVLRQWHVWLVXVHGWRPHDVXUHWKH
DPRXQWRISUHVVXUHGHYHORSHGGXULQJWKH
HQJLQHFRPSUHVVLRQVWURNH,WSURYLGHVD
PHDQVRIWHVWLQJWKHPHFKDQLFDOFRQGLWLRQRI
WKHHQJLQH,WVKRXOGEHGRQHZKHQ
V\PSWRPV HQJLQHPLVVURXJKLGOHSXIILQJ
QRLVHLQLQGXFWLRQRUH[KDXVW SRLQWWRPDMRU
HQJLQHSUREOHPV0HDVXUHFRPSUHVVLRQ
SUHVVXUHVRIDOOF\OLQGHUVZLWKD
FRPSUHVVLRQJDXJH Figure 3-30 7KHQ
FRPSDUHWKHPZLWKHDFKRWKHUDQGZLWKWKH
PDQXIDFWXUHU
VVSHFLILFDWLRQVIRUDQHZ
HQJLQH7KLVSURYLGHVDQDFFXUDWHLQGLFDWLRQ
RIHQJLQHFRQGLWLRQ
:KHQJDXJHSUHVVXUHLVORZHUWKDQQRUPDO
SUHVVXUHLVOHDNLQJRXWRIWKHFRPEXVWLRQ
FKDPEHU/RZHQJLQHFRPSUHVVLRQFDQEH
FDXVHGE\WKHIROORZLQJFRQGLWLRQV )LJXUH±&RPSUHVVLRQ
JDXJH
x %ORZQKHDGJDVNHW KHDGJDVNHW
UXSWXUHG
x 3K\VLFDOHQJLQHGDPDJH KROHLQSLVWRQEURNHQYDOYHHWF
x %XUQHGYDOYHGVHDW F\OLQGHUKHDGVHDWGDPDJHGE\FRPEXVWLRQ
x %XUQHGYDOYH YDOYHIDFHGDPDJHGE\FRPEXVWLRQKHDW
x :RUQULQJVRUF\OLQGHUV SDUWZHDUWKDWSUHYHQWVDULQJWRF\OLQGHUVHDO
x 9DOYHWUDLQWURXEOHV YDOYHDGMXVWHGZLWKLQVXIILFLHQWFOHDUDQFHNHHSLQJWKHYDOYH
IURPIXOO\FORVLQJDOVREURNHQYDOYHVSULQJVHDORUUHWDLQHU
x -XPSHGWLPLQJFKDLQRUEHOW ORRVHRUZRUQFKDLQRUEHOWWKDWKDVMXPSHGRYHU
WHHWKXSVHWWLQJYDOYHWLPLQJ

*DVROLQH(QJLQH&RPSUHVVLRQ7HVW
7RSHUIRUPDFRPSUHVVLRQWHVWRQDJDVROLQHHQJLQHXVHWKHIROORZLQJSURFHGXUH
 5HPRYHDOOVSDUNSOXJVVRWKHHQJLQHFDQURWDWHHDVLO\%ORFNRSHQWKH
FDUEXUHWRURUIXHOLQMHFWLRQSXPSWKURWWOHSODWH7KLVSUHYHQWVUHVWULFWHGDLUIORZ
LQWRWKHHQJLQH
 'LVDEOHWKHLJQLWLRQV\VWHPWRSUHYHQWVSDUNVIURPDUFLQJRXWRIWKHGLVFRQQHFWHG
VSDUNSOXJZLUHV8VXDOO\WKHIHHGZLUHJRLQJWRWKHLJQLWLRQFRLOFDQEHUHPRYHG
WRGLVDEOHWKHV\VWHP
 ,IWKHHQJLQHLVHTXLSSHGZLWKHOHFWURQLFIXHOLQMHFWLRQGLVDEOHLWDVZHOOWRSUHYHQW
IXHOIURPVSUD\LQJLQWRWKHHQJLQH&KHFNWKHPDQXIDFWXUHU¶VPDQXDOIRUVSHFLILF
GLUHFWLRQV
 6FUHZWKHFRPSUHVVLRQJDXJHLQWRRQHRIWKHVSDUNSOXJKROHV6RPHJDXJHV
KDYHDWDSHUHGUXEEHUHQGSOXJDQGPXVWEHKHOGE\KDQGVHFXUHO\LQWKHVSDUN
SOXJRSHQLQJXQWLOWKHKLJKHVWUHDGLQJLVREWDLQHG
 &UDQNWKHHQJLQHDQGOHWWKHHQJLQHURWDWHIRUDERXWIRXUWRVL[FRPSUHVVLRQ
VWURNHV FRPSUHVVLRQJDXJHQHHGOHPRYHVIRXUWRVL[WLPHV :ULWHGRZQWKH

Dr V S Yadav 
JDXJHUHDGLQJVIRUHDFKF\OLQGHUDQGFRPSDUHWKHPWRWKHPDQXIDFWXUHU¶V
VSHFLILFDWLRQV

'LHVHO(QJLQH&RPSUHVVLRQ7HVW
7KHFRPSUHVVLRQWHVWIRUDGLHVHOHQJLQHLVVLPLODUWRWKDWRIDJDVROLQHHQJLQH
KRZHYHUGRQRWXVHWKHFRPSUHVVLRQJDXJHLQWHQGHGIRUDJDVROLQHHQJLQH,WFDQEH
GDPDJHGE\WKHKLJKFRPSUHVVLRQVWURNHSUHVVXUH8VHDGLHVHOJDXJHWKDWUHDGVXSWR
DSSUR[LPDWHO\SVL
7RSHUIRUPDGLHVHOFRPSUHVVLRQWHVWXVHWKHIROORZLQJSURFHGXUH
 5HPRYHDOOLQMHFWRUVRUJORZSOXJV5HIHUWRWKHPDQXIDFWXUHU¶VPDQXDOIRU
LQVWUXFWLRQV
 ,QVWDOOWKHFRPSUHVVLRQJDXJHLQWKHUHFRPPHQGHGRSHQLQJ
 8VHDKHDWVKLHOGWRVHDOWKHJDXJHZKHQLWLVLQVWDOOHGLQSODFHRIWKHLQMHFWRU
 'LVFRQQHFWWKHIXHOVKXWRIIVROHQRLGWRGLVDEOHWKHIXHOLQMHFWLRQSXPS
 &UDQNWKHHQJLQHDQGQRWHWKHKLJKHVWUHDGLQJRQWKHJDXJH

:HW&RPSUHVVLRQ7HVWLQJ
$ZHWFRPSUHVVLRQWHVWVKRXOGEHXVHGZKHQWKHF\OLQGHUSUHVVXUHUHDGVEHORZWKH
PDQXIDFWXUHU
VVSHFLILFDWLRQV,WKHOSV\RXWRGHWHUPLQHZKDWHQJLQHSDUWVDUHFDXVLQJ
WKHSUREOHP3RXUDSSUR[LPDWHO\WDEOHVSRRQRIZHLJKWPRWRURLOLQWRWKHF\OLQGHU
WKURXJKWKHVSDUNSOXJRULQMHFWRURSHQLQJDQGWKHQUHWHVWWKHFRPSUHVVLRQSUHVVXUH
,IWKHFRPSUHVVLRQUHDGLQJGOES UP ZLWKRLOLQWKHF\OLQGHUWKHSLVWRQULQJVDQG
F\OLQGHUVPD\EHZRUQDQGOHDNLQJSUHVVXUH7KHRLOZLOOWHPSRUDULO\FRDWDQGVHDOEDG
FRPSUHVVLRQULQJVWRLQFUHDVHSUHVVXUHKRZHYHULIWKHFRPSUHVVLRQUHDGLQJSTAYS
ABOUT THE SAME, WKHQHQJLQHYDOYHVRUKHDGJDVNHWVPD\EHOHDNLQJ7KHHQJLQHRLO
VHDOVWKHULQJVEXWGRHV127VHDODEXUQHGYDOYHRUDEORZQKHDGJDVNHW,QWKLVZD\
DZHWFRPSUHVVLRQWHVWKHOSVGLDJQRVHORZFRPSUHVVLRQSUREOHPV
'R127SXWWRRPXFKRLOLQWRWKHF\OLQGHUGXULQJDZHWFRPSUHVVLRQWHVWRUDIDOVH
UHDGLQJPD\UHVXOW:LWKH[FHVVLYHRLOLQWKHF\OLQGHUFRPSUHVVLRQUHDGLQJVJRXSHYHQ
LIWKHFRPSUHVVLRQULQJVDQGF\OLQGHUVDUHLQJRRGFRQGLWLRQ

&$87,21
6RPHPDQXIDFWXUHUVZDUQDJDLQVWSHUIRUPLQJDZHWFRPSUHVVLRQWHVWRQGLHVHO
HQJLQHV,IWRRPXFKRLOLVVTXLUWHGLQWRWKHF\OLQGHUK\GUDXOLFORFNDQGSDUWGDPDJH
PD\UHVXOWEHFDXVHRLOGRHV127FRPSUHVVLQWKHVPDOOF\OLQGHUYROXPH
&RPSUHVVLRQUHDGLQJVIRUDJDVROLQHHQJLQHVKRXOGUXQDURXQGWRSVL7KH
FRPSUHVVLRQVKRXOGQRWYDU\RYHUWRSVLIURPWKHKLJKHVWWRWKHORZHVWF\OLQGHU
5HDGLQJVPXVWEHZLWKLQWRSHUFHQWRIHDFKRWKHU'LHVHOHQJLQHFRPSUHVVLRQ
UHDGLQJVDYHUDJHDSSUR[LPDWHO\WRSVLGHSHQGLQJRQWKHGHVLJQDQG
FRPSUHVVLRQUDWLR&RPSUHVVLRQOHYHOVPXVWQRWYDU\PRUHWKDQDERXWWRSHUFHQW
WRSVL /RRNIRUF\OLQGHUYDULDWLRQGXULQJDQHQJLQHFRPSUHVVLRQFKHFN,IVRPH
F\OLQGHUVKDYHQRUPDOSUHVVXUHUHDGLQJVDQGRQHRUWZRKDYHORZUHDGLQJVHQJLQH
SHUIRUPDQFHLVUHGXFHG,IWZRDGMDFHQWF\OLQGHUVUHDGORZLW PLJKWSRLQWWRDEORZQ
KHDGJDVNHWEHWZHHQWKHWZRF\OLQGHUV,IWKHFRPSUHVVLRQSUHVVXUHRIDF\OLQGHULVORZ
IRUWKHILUVWIHZSLVWRQVWURNHVDQGWKHQLQFUHDVHVWRQHDUQRUPDODVWLFNLQJYDOYHLV
LQGLFDWHG,QGLFDWLRQVRIYDOYHWURXEOHVE\FRPSUHVVLRQWHVWPD\EHFRQILUPHGE\WDNLQJ
YDFXXPJDXJHUHDGLQJV

Dr V S Yadav 
9DFXXP*DXJH7HVW
:KHQDQHQJLQHKDVDQDEQRUPDOFRPSUHVVLRQUHDGLQJLWLVOLNHO\WKDWWKHF\OLQGHUKHDG
PXVWEHUHPRYHGWRUHSDLUWKHWURXEOH1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHWHFKQLFLDQVVKRXOGWHVWWKH
YDFXXPRIWKHHQJLQHZLWKDJDXJH7KHYDFXXPJDXJHSURYLGHVDPHDQVRIWHVWLQJ
LQWDNHPDQLIROGYDFXXPFUDQNLQJYDFXXPIXHOSXPSYDFXXPDQGERRVWHUSXPS
YDFXXP7KHYDFXXPJDXJHGRHV127UHSODFHRWKHUWHVWHTXLSPHQWEXWUDWKHU
VXSSOHPHQWVLWDQGGLDJQRVHVHQJLQHWURXEOHPRUHFRQFOXVLYHO\
9DFXXPJDXJHUHDGLQJVDUHWDNHQZLWKWKHHQJLQHUXQQLQJDQGPXVWEHDFFXUDWHWREH
RIDQ\YDOXHWKHUHIRUHWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHJDXJHDQGWKHLQWDNHPDQLIROGPXVW
EHOHDNSURRI$OVREHIRUHWKHFRQQHFWLRQLVPDGHVHHWKDWWKHRSHQLQJVWRWKHJDXJH
DQGWKHLQWDNHPDQLIROGDUHIUHHRIGLUWRURWKHUUHVWULFWLRQV
:KHQDWHVWLVPDGHDWDQHOHYDWLRQRIIHHWRUOHVVDQHQJLQHLQJRRGFRQGLWLRQ
LGOLQJDWDVSHHGRIDERXWUSPVKRXOGJLYHDVWHDG\UHDGLQJIURPWRLQFKHV
RQWKHYDFXXPJDXJH7KHDYHUDJHUHDGLQJZLOOGURSDSSUR[LPDWHO\LQFKRIYDFXXP
SHUIHHWDWDOWLWXGHVRIIHHWRUKLJKHUDERYHVHDOHYHO
:KHQWKHWKURWWOHLVRSHQHGDQGFORVHGVXGGHQO\WKHYDFXXPUHDGLQJVKRXOGILUVWGURS
DERXWLQFKHVZLWKWKHWKURWWOHRSHQDQGWKHQFRPHEDFNWRDKLJKRIDERXWLQFKHV
EHIRUHVHWWOLQJEDFNWRDVWHDG\UHDGLQJDVWKHHQJLQHLGOHV7KLVLVQRUPDOIRUDQHQJLQH
LQJRRGRSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQ
,IWKHJDXJHUHDGLQJGURSVWRDERXWLQFKHVDQGUHPDLQVWKHUHLWLQGLFDWHV
FRPSUHVVLRQOHDNVEHWZHHQWKHF\OLQGHUZDOOVDQGWKHSLVWRQULQJVRUSRZHUORVVFDXVHG
E\LQFRUUHFWLJQLWLRQWLPLQJ$YDFXXPJDXJHSRLQWHULQGLFDWLQJDVWHDG\LQFKHVIRU
H[DPSOHXVXDOO\PHDQVWKDWYDOYHWLPLQJRIWKHHQJLQHLVLQFRUUHFW%HORZQRUPDO
UHDGLQJVWKDWFKDQJHVORZO\EHWZHHQWZROLPLWVVXFKDVDQGLQFKHVFRXOG
LQGLFDWHDQXPEHURISUREOHPVDPRQJWKHPLPSURSHUFDUEXUHWRULGOLQJDGMXVWPHQW
PDODGMXVWHGRUEXUQHGEUHDNHUSRLQWVDQGVSDUNSOXJVZLWKWKHHOHFWURGHVVHWWRR
FORVHO\
$VWLFNLQJYDOYHFRXOGFDXVHWKHJDXJHSRLQWHUWRERXQFHIURPDQRUPDOVWHDG\UHDGLQJ
WRDORZHUUHDGLQJDQGWKHQERXQFHEDFNWRQRUPDO$EURNHQRUZHDNYDOYHVSULQJFDQ
FDXVHWKHSRLQWHUWRVZLQJZLGHO\DVWKHHQJLQHLVDFFHOHUDWHG$ORRVHLQWDNHPDQLIROG
RUOHDNLQJJDVNHWEHWZHHQWKHFDUEXUHWRUDQGPDQLIROGVKRZVDVWHDG\ORZUHDGLQJRQ
WKHYDFXXPJDXJH
$YDFXXPJDXJHWHVWRQO\KHOSVWRORFDWHWKHWURXEOH,WLVQRWFRQFOXVLYHEXWDV\RX
JDLQH[SHULHQFHLQLQWHUSUHWLQJWKHUHDGLQJV\RXFDQXVXDOO\GLDJQRVHHQJLQHEHKDYLRU

&\OLQGHU/HDNDJH7HVW
$QRWKHUDLGLQORFDWLQJFRPSUHVVLRQOHDNVLVWKHF\OLQGHUOHDNDJHWHVWHU7KHSULQFLSOH
LQYROYHGLVWKDWRIVLPXODWLQJWKHFRPSUHVVLRQWKDWGHYHORSVLQWKHF\OLQGHUGXULQJ
RSHUDWLRQ&RPSUHVVHGDLULVLQWURGXFHGLQWRWKHF\OLQGHUWKURXJKWKHVSDUNSOXJRU
LQMHFWRUKROHDQGE\OLVWHQLQJDQGREVHUYLQJDWFHUWDLQNH\SRLQWV\RXFDQPDNHVRPH
EDVLFGHGXFWLRQV
,QPDNLQJDF\OLQGHUOHDNDJHWHVWUHPRYHDOOVSDUNSOXJVVRHDFKSLVWRQFDQEH
SRVLWLRQHGZLWKRXWWKHUHVLVWDQFHRIFRPSUHVVLRQRIWKHUHPDLQLQJF\OLQGHUV1H[WSODFH
WKHSLVWRQDW7'&EHWZHHQWKHFRPSUHVVLRQDQGSRZHUVWURNHV7KHQ\RXFDQLQWURGXFH
WKHFRPSUHVVHGDLULQWRWKHF\OLQGHU1RWHWKDWWKHHQJLQHWHQGVWRVSLQ%\OLVWHQLQJDW
WKHFDUEXUHWRUWKHH[KDXVWSLSHDQGWKHRLOILOOHUSLSH FUDQNFDVH DQGE\REVHUYLQJWKH
FRRODQWLQWKHUDGLDWRUZKHQDSSOLFDEOH\RXFDQSLQSRLQWWKHDUHDRIDLUORVV$ORXG
KLVVLQJRIDLUDWWKHFDUEXUHWRULQGLFDWHVDOHDNLQJLQWDNHYDOYHRUYDOYHV([FHVVLYH
Dr V S Yadav 
KLVVLQJRIDLUDWWKHRLOILOOHUWXEH FUDQNFDVH LQGLFDWHVDQH[FHVVLYHDLUOHDNSDVWWKH
SLVWRQULQJV%XEEOHVREVHUYHGLQWKHFRRODQWDWWKHUDGLDWRULQGLFDWHDOHDNLQJKHDG
JDVNHW
$VLQYDFXXPWHVWLQJLQGLFDWLRQVDUHQRWFRQFOXVLYH)RULQVWDQFHDOHDNLQJKHDG
JDVNHWPD\SURYHWREHDFUDFNHGKHDGRUEDGULQJVPD\EHDVFRUHGF\OLQGHUZDOO
7KHLPSRUWDQWWKLQJLVWKDW\RXKDYHSLQSRLQWHGWKHVRXUFHRIWKHWURXEOHWRDVSHFLILF
DUHDDQGFDQPDNHDIDLUO\EURDGDFFXUDWHHVWLPDWHRIUHSDLUVRUDGMXVWPHQWVUHTXLUHG
ZLWKRXWGLVPDQWOLQJWKHHQJLQH

6XPPDU\
<RXUNQRZOHGJHRIWKHLQWHUQDOFRPEXVWLRQHQJLQHDQGLWVPDQ\SDUWVZLOOHQDEOH\RXWR
EHFRPHDEHWWHUPHFKDQLF<RXUDELOLW\WRLGHQWLI\WKHVWDWLRQDU\DQGPRYLQJSDUWVRIDQ
LQWHUQDOFRPEXVWLRQHQJLQHWRNQRZWKHEDVLFWHVWLQJSURFHGXUHVXVHGLQLWV
FRQVWUXFWLRQDQGWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHRSHUDWLQJSULQFLSOHVRIVWDWLRQDU\DQGPRYLQJSDUWV
ZLOOKHOS\RXWKURXJKRXW\RXUFDUHHUDVDPHFKDQLF%DVLFWHFKQLTXHVLQYROYHGZLWKWKH
LQVWDOODWLRQRIFHUWDLQSDUWVDUHDYDOXDEOHVNLOO\RXZLOOILQHO\WXQHZKLOHZRUNLQJRQ
GLIIHUHQWW\SHVRILQWHUQDOFRPEXVWLRQHQJLQHV'XULQJ\RXUFDUHHUDVD&RQVWUXFWLRQ
0HFKDQLF\RXZLOODSSO\WKHVHDQGRWKHUVNLOOVHYHU\GD\

Dr V S Yadav 

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi