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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.2
The Requirements for Growth: The Requirements for Growth: The Requirements for Growth:
Physical Requirements Physical Requirements Physical Requirements
pH Osmotic pressure
Most bacteria grow between pH 6.5 and 7.5 Hypertonic environments, increase salt or sugar,
Molds and yeasts grow between pH 5 and 6 cause plasmolysis
Acidophiles grow in acidic environments Extreme or obligate halophiles require high osmotic
pressure
Facultative halophiles tolerate high osmotic pressure
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The Requirements for Growth: The Requirements for Growth: The Requirements for Growth:
Chemical Requirements Chemical Requirements Chemical Requirements
Nitrogen
Carbon In amino acids and proteins Trace elements
Structural organic molecules, energy source Most bacteria decompose proteins Inorganic elements required in small amounts
Some bacteria use NH4+ or NO3–
Chemoheterotrophs use organic carbon sources Usually as enzyme cofactors
A few bacteria use N2 in nitrogen fixation
Autotrophs use CO2
Sulfur
In amino acids, thiamine and biotin
Most bacteria decompose proteins
Some bacteria use SO42– or H2S
Phosphorus
In DNA, RNA, ATP, and membranes
PO43– is a source of phosphorus
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Culture medium: Nutrients prepared for microbial Complex polysaccharide Chemically defined media: Exact chemical composition
growth Used as solidifying agent for culture media in Petri is known
Sterile: No living microbes plates, slants, and deeps Complex media: Extracts and digests of yeasts, meat,
Inoculum: Introduction of microbes into medium Generally not metabolized by microbes or plants
Culture: Microbes growing in/on culture medium Liquefies at 100°C Nutrient broth
Solidifies ~40°C Nutrient agar
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tables 6.2, 6.4 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.5
CO2-packet
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.10a–b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Binary Fission
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.16 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.15 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.17
Direct Measurements of Microbial Growth Direct Measurements of Microbial Growth Direct Measurements of Microbial Growth
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Microbial
characteristics
(vegetative or
endospore)
Actions of Microbial Control Agents Physical Methods of Microbial Control
(denaturation by chemicals and heating) which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 min.
Damage to nucleic acids Thermal death time (TDT): Time to kill all cells in a
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Chemical Methods of Microbial Control Chemical Methods of Microbial Control Chemical Methods of Microbial Control
A common problem is that no single disinfectant is appropriate • Evaluating a disinfectant
For all circumstances
Evaluating a disinfectant • Disk-diffusion method
Principles of effective disinfection (list the factors Use-dilution test
related to effective disinfection) 1. Metal rings dipped in test bacteria are dried
Concentration of disinfectant 2. Dried cultures placed in disinfectant for 10
Organic matter (protects organisms against its min at 20°C
action) 3. Rings transferred to culture media to
pH determine whether bacteria survived
Time treatment
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 7.6 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chemical Food Preservatives Aldehydes (effective antimicrobial action) Gaseous Sterilants (large items or items destroyed by heat such as
Organic Acids Petri dishes, mattresses)
Inactivate proteins by cross-linking with functional
Inhibit metabolism The proteins’ labile hydrogens are replaced by alkyl groups
Sulfur dioxide in wine (Homer’s Odyssey mentions its use)
groups (–NH2, –OH, –COOH, —SH) Denature proteins
Sorbic acid, benzoic acid, calcium propionate Glutaraldehyde (respiratory equipment –used as 2% Ethylene oxide kills all microbes and endospores but requires a
Control molds and bacteria in foods and cosmetics lengthy exposure period of 4 to 18 hours—toxic and explosive in its
solution-Cidex) bactericidal, tuberculocidal, virucidal
Nitrite prevents endospore germination such as botulism pure form so usually mixed with a nonflamable gas such as
in 10 min and sporicidal in 3 to 10 hours)—one of
(nitrite + amino acids= carcinogen?) nitrogen; highly penetrating (used to sterilize spacecraft send to land
Antibiotics. Nisin (bacteriocin) and natamycin (antifungal) prevent the few agents that is sterilizing on the moon and Mars)
spoilage of cheese Formaldehyde-embalming agent Disadvantage –suspected carcinogen
Types of Disinfectants Microbial Characteristics and Microbial Microbial Characteristics and Microbial
Control Sodium hydroxide and 136C
Control
Peroxygens Autoclaving for 60 min
Oxidizing agents
O3, H2O2, peracetic acid Chemical agent Effectiveness against
Ozone is often used to supplement chlorine in the disinfection of Endospores Mycobacteria
water because it helps neutralize tastes and odors
Phenolics Poor Good
Hydrogen peroxide may slow wound healing; effectively disinfects
Outer membrane-resistant Quats None None
objects such as packing materials and contact lens
To biocides Chlorines Fair Fair
Benzoyl peroxide- works against anaerobic bacteria
Alcohols Poor Good
Peracetic acid-sterilant, sporicide within 30min—disinfect food
Glutaraldehyde Fair Good
processing and medical equipment
Lipid envelopes >
Sensitivity to lipid-
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Soluble Figure 7.11 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings