Manufacturing Technology

5. Lathe & Drilling

Lathe

Speed, Feed and Depth of Cut:

Cutting Speed in Lathe
In Lathe, cutting speed (v) is the linear movement of the circumference of the workpiece at
the tool tip.
Cutting Speed, v = (π.d.n) / 1000 m/min
Where ; d – Diameter of the workpiece, mm
n – Spindle speed, rpm

Feed

 Feed is the Lateral movement of the tool, parallel to the workpiece, per revolution.
 A higher feed rate reduces the machining time but reduces the life of the tool.
 To achieve the maximum tool life, an optimum feed rate must be selected.
 The feed rate depends on factors like material of work, size, shape and method of
holding the workpiece, tool and spindle speed, rigidity of machine and power input
to the machine.
 Coarser feeds are used for roughing while finer feeds are used for finishing
operations.

Depth of Cut
Depth of cut (t) in a Lathe machine refers to the perpendicular distance moved by the tool
from the machined surface to the surface to be cut on a workpiece.
Depth of cut (t) = {(d1 – d2) / 2}
Where; d1 – diameter of the work at the machined/fresh surface
d2 – diameter of the work, to be machined

It is expressed in terms of mm. The Depth of cut for a material varies inversely as the cutting
speed.

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 Manufacturing Technology

Machining Time
It is the total time required to perform a given operation on a workpiece. It depends on
various factors like spindle speed, feed, diameter of work and depth of cut.
Machining time, T = { l / (f x n) } min.
Where; t – machining time, min
l – Length of job, mm
f – feed, mm / revolution
n – spindle speed, rpm.

Numerical
1. Estimate the actual machining time required for the component (C40 steel) shown in Fig. The
available spindle speeds are 70, 110, 176, 280, 440, 700, 1100, 1760 and 2800. Use a roughing speed
of 30 m/min and finish speed of 60 m/min. The feed for roughing is 0.24 mm/rev while that for
finishing is 0.10 mm/rev. The maximum depth of cut for roughing
is 2 mm. Finish allowance may be taken as 0.75 mm. Blank to be used for machining is 50 mm in
diameter.

Solution:
Stock to be removed = = 4 mm
Finish allowance = 0.75 min

Roughing:
Roughing stock available = 4 - 0.75 = 3.25 mm
Since max. depth of cut to be taken is 2 mm, there are 2 roughing passes.
Given cutting speed, V = 30 m/min

Average diameter = = 46 mm

Spindle speed, N = = 207.59 rpm

The nearest rpm available from the list is 176 rpm as 280 is very high compared to 207 as
calculated.
Machining time for one pass = = 2.898 minutes

Finishing:

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 Manufacturing Technology

Given cutting speed, V= 60 m/min

Spindle speed, N = = 439.05 rpm
The nearest rpm available from the list is 440 rpm.
Machining time for one pass = = 2.77 minutes

Total machining time 2 x 2.888 + 2.77 = 8.546 minutes

2. In Fig. below, a component to be machined from a stock of CRS C40 steel, 40mm in diameter and
75 mm long is shown. Calculate the machining times required for completing the part with (a) HSS
tool, and (b) carbide tool.

Pocket 2 Pocket 1

Solution: The machining is to be carried out in two stages as pockets marked in Fig. (b) as 1
and
Pocket 1: HSS tool
Assume cutting speed, V= 30 m/min
Feed rate, f = 0.30 mm/rev.
Depth of cut = 2 mm

Spindle speed = = 265.25 rpm ≈ 265 rpm

Time for machining one pass = = 0.9686 minutes

Number of passes required = =2

Carbide tool:
Assume cutting speed, V = 145 m/min
Feed rate, f= 0.38 mm/rev.
Depth of cut = 2 mm

Spindle speed = = 1282.05 RPM ≈ 1280 RPM

Time for machining one pass = = 0.158 minutes

Pocket 2: HSS Tool
Number of passes required = = 2.5 ≈ 3

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 Manufacturing Technology

Spindle speed = = 353.677 rpm ≈ 355 rpm

Time for machining one pass = = 0.394 minutes

Carbide tool:
Spindle speed = = 1709.44 rpm ≈ 1710 rpm

Time for machining one pass = = 0.065 minutes

Total machining time:

For HSS tool = 2 x 0.9686 + 3 x 0.394 = 3.1192 minutes
For carbide tool = 2 x 0.158 + 3 x 0.065 = 0.511 minutes

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