An Industrial Training Report

On

Hydro Turbine Manufacturing

BHEL, Bhopal
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of bachelor’s degree

Submitted by Supervised By

Name: Aadip Kushwaha Name: Mr. Ravindra kirar

Er. No. 161E001 Designation: Sr. Eng. (BEX)

(VT/28/2019-485)

Submitted To

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology
A-B Road, Raghogarh, Guna, MP
 ABSTRACT
This industrial training is comprising of seven chapter. Chapter 1 consists of an overview of
the overview of the BHEL, Bhopal.Chapter-2 consists about the layout of the plant.Chapter-3
consists of the areas and scope of hydro turbine manufacturing and classification of turbines
on the basis of head.Chapter-4 give the overview of the hydro power plant.Chapter-5 explains
about learning outcome from six weeks of Industrial Training.
Last but not the least,the knowledge,skills and experience gain during the Industrial training
is the best method in order to prepare student to expose to the real working environment and
also to be a good and better Mechanical Engineer in Future.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my profound gratitude and thanks to my project guide Mr. Ravindra
kirar, senior engineer (BEX) at BHEL, Bhopal for introducing the present topic, for providing
intellectual support and inspiring guidance. His invaluable suggestions cooperation and
encouragement helped me for the successful completion of my project work.

I am also thankful to Mr. Anurag Shukla who is AGM in BEX at the plant for providing
necessary information and guidance regarding the project.

I wish to express my appreciation to my teach under whom I worked interacted and whose
insights and thoughts helped not only incompletion of my report but also in enhancing my
knowledge. I am highly indebted to them for their generous help and guidance through the
preparation of this project.

Finally, I would likely heartily thank to all the persons concerned. It is my pleasure and an
opportunity for me to express my feelings of thanks and respect to the people have at Bharat
Heavy Electricals Limited who have always helped and guided me in understanding various

concepts .
Aadip Kushwaha

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CERTIFICATE

iii
 CONTENT
Page No.

Abstract……………………………………………………………… i

Acknowledgment ……………………………………………………. ii

Certificate……………………………………………………………. iii

List of figures………………………………………………………… v

CHAPTER

1 BHEL-AN OVERVIEW 1

2 BHEL, BHOPAL 3

3 HYDRO TURBINE 5
3.1 Introduction

3.2 Hydro Turbines in BHEL, Bhopal

3.3 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines

3.5 Pelton Turbine

3.6 Francis Turbine

3.7 Kaplan Turbine

3.8 Model Testing

4 HYDRO POWER PLANT 20

5 CONCLUSION 22

REFERENCES 23

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES AND LIST
Fi g 2.1 BHEL PLANT

Fig.3.1: Different types of water turbines.

Fig.3.2: Nozzles

Fig.3.3: A runner with casted buckets.

Fig.3.4: Cross section of a Francis turbine

Fig3.5: Inside of a Francis Turbine

Fig.3.6: Kaplan Turbine

Fig3.7: Scheme of test loop (BHEL test stand)

Fig. 4.1 Hydro Power Plan

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 Chapter 1
BHEL-AN OVERVIEW
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) owned and founded by the Government of
India, is an engineering and manufacturing company based in New Delhi, India. Established
in 1964, BHEL is India's largest power generation equipment manufacturer.

BHEL was established in 1964 ushering in the indigenous Heavy Electrical Equipment
industry in India. Heavy Electricals (India) Limited was merged with BHEL in 1974.In 1991,
BHEL was converted into a public limited company. Over time, it developed the capability to
produce a variety of electrical, electronic and mechanical equipment’s for all sectors,
including transmission, transportation, oil and gas and other allied industries. However, the
bulk of the revenue of the company is derived from sale of equipment for power generation
such as turbines, boilers, etc. As of 2017, BHEL supplied equipment contributed to about
55% of the total installed power generation capacity of India. The company has also supplied
thousands of Electric Locomotives to Indian Railway, as well as defense equipment such as
the Super Rapid Gun Mount (SRGM) naval guns and Defense Simulators to the Indian
Armed Forces.
BHEL - AN OVERVIEW BHEL is an integrated power plant equipment manufacturer
and one of the largest engineering and manufacturing companies in India in terms of
turnover. It was established in 1964, ushering in the indigenous Heavy Electrical Equipment
industry in India - a dream that has been more than realized with a well-recognized track
record of performance. The company has been earning profits continuously since 1971-72
and paying dividends since 1976-77
It is engaged in the design, engineering, manufacture, construction, testing, commissioning
and servicing of a wide range of products and services for the core sectors of the economy,
viz. Power, Transmission, Industry. Transportation (Railway), Renewable Energy, Oil & Gas
and Defense. It has 15 manufacturing divisions, two repair units, four regional offices, eight
service centers and 15 regional centers and currently operate at more than 150 project sites
across India and abroad. It places strong emphasis on innovation and creative development of
new technologies. Its research and development (R&D) efforts are aimed not only at
improving the performance and efficiency of our existing products, but also at using state-of-
the-art technologies and processes to develop new products. This enables it to have a strong
customer orientation, to be sensitive to their needs and respond quickly to the changes in the
market.
The high level of quality & reliability of its products is due to adherence to international
standards by acquiring and adapting some of the best technologies from leading companies in

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the world including General Electric Company, Alstom SA, Siemens AG and Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries Ltd., together with technologies developed in our own R&D centers.

Most of its manufacturing units and other entities have been accredited to Quality
Management Systems (ISO 9001:2008), Environmental Management Systems (ISO
14001:2004) and Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems (OHSAS 18001:2007)
It has been exporting our power and industry segment products and services for over 40
years. BHEL's global references are spread across 75 countries. The cumulative overseas
installed capacity of BHEL manufactured power plants exceeds 9,000 MW across 21
countries including Malaysia, Oman, Iraq, the UAE, Bhutan, Egypt and New Zealand. Our
physical exports range from turnkey projects to after sales services,

It works with a vision of becoming a global engineering enterprise providing solutions for
a better tomorrow.

It has been exporting our power and industry segment products and services for over 40
years. BHEL's global references are spread across 75 countries. The cumulative overseas
installed capacity of BHEL manufactured power plants exceeds 9,000 MW across 21
countries including Malaysia, Oman, Iraq, the UAE, Bhutan, Egypt and New Zealand. Our
physical exports range from turnkey projects to after sales services.
BHEL has over five decades of Hydrogenator supply experience with a total solution
approach. More than 400 sets totaling to more than 20000 MW have been supplied and
commissioned, which registers its presence all over the country. Hydrogenator sets with very
few MW to 220 MW are in operation with voltage rating from 6.6 kV to 15.75 kV and speed
125 to 750 rpm, and BHEL has capacity to design & manufacture even higher capacity
machines.
BHEL has presence on global arena with its Hydro sets working in more than 10 countries
like Taiwan, New Zealand, Malaysia, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Tajikistan, Rwanda,
Afghanistan, etc.
Reversible Generator Motor sets, Bulb generating sets, Synchronous motor for lift
irrigation projects have also been supplied by BHEL.

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 Chapter-2
BHEL, BHOPAL
BHEL, Bhopal is the mother plant of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, the largest
engineering and manufacturing enterprise in India in the energy-related and infrastructure
sector, today. With technical assistance from Associated Electricals (India) Ltd., a UK based
company, it came into existence on 29h of August 1956. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime
minister of India dedicated this plant to the nation on 6th of November 1960.
BHEL, Bhopal with state-of-the-art facilities, manufactures wide range of electrical
equipment’s. Its product range includes Hydro, Steam, Marine & Nuclear Turbines, Heat
Exchangers, Hydro & Turbo Generators, Transformers, Switchgears, Control gears,
Transportation Equipment, Capacitors, Bushings, Electrical Motors, Rectifiers, Oil Drilling
Rig Equipment’s and Diesel Generating sets.

BHEL, Bhopal certified to ISO: 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001, is moving towards
excellence by adopting TQM as per EFQM/CII model of Business Excellence. Heat
Exchanger Division is accredited with ASME ‘U’S tamp. With the slogan of “Kadam kadam
milana hai, grahak safal banana hai”, it is committed to the customers.
BHEL Bhopal has its own Laboratories for material testing and instrument calibration
which are accredited with ISO 17025 by NABL. The Hydro Laboratory, Ultra High Voltage
laboratory and Centre for Electric Transportation are the only laboratories of it’s in this part
of the world.

Fi g 2.1 BHEL PLANT

BHEL, BHOPAL BHEL Bhopal is divided into 12 blocks and produces a wide range of
products for different product groups.

Block 1:
A. PFM- Pre-Fabrication Manufacturing
B. HCM- Hydro Condenser Manufacturing (Hydro, Water Turbines)

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Block 2:
A. EM- Electrical Motors
B. IMM-Industrial Machines Manufacturing division
C. LEM-Large Electrical Motors
D. TAM-Traction Alternator and Auxiliary Machines
E. TXM- Traction motors Manufacturing division

Block 3:
A. TCB - Transformer, Capacitor and Bushings

Block 4:
A. SCR - Switch gear, Control gear and Rectifiers

Block 5:
A. FYM -Foundry Manufacturing Division

Block 6:
A. STM - Steel Turbine Manufacturing

Block 7:
A. MOD & WEX - Modernization & Work Engineering

Block 8
A. CIM - Coil Insulation Manufacturing

Block 9:
A. TXM - Traction Motors

Block 10:
A. PRM - Pressure Rectifier Manufacturing

Block 11:
A. TGM - Tool and Gauge Manufacturing

Block 12:
A. NTV - 12KV Transformer manufacturing
B. UHV - Ultra High Voltage

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 Chapter-3
Water Turbines
3.1 Introduction
The Water Turbine, also known as a Hydro Turbine, is a simple machine that produces a
rotary turning action at a medium to high rotational speed. A hydraulic turbine is a prime
mover that uses the energy of flowing water and converts it into the mechanical energy. This
mechanical energy is used in running an electric generator which is directly coupled to the
shaft of the hydraulic turbine; from this electric generator, we get electric power which can be
transmitted over long distances by means of transmission lines and transmission towers.

Hydro turbines are devices used in hydroelectric generation plants that transfer the energy
from moving water to a rotating shaft to generate electricity. These turbines rotate or spin as a
response to water being introduced to their blades. These turbines are essential in the area of
hydropower - the process of generating power from water.

Generally, the construction of turbines is the same. A row of blades is fitted to some
rotating shaft or plate. Water is then passed through the turbine over the blades, causing the
inner shaft to rotate. This rotational motion is then transferred to a generator where electricity
is generated. There are a variety of different types of turbines that are best used in different
situations. Each type of turbine is created to provide maximum output for the situation it is
used in.

The type of turbine selected for any given hydropower project is based on the height of the
water storage - known as the hydraulic head - and the volume of water that flows known as
the hydroelectric discharge. Efficiency and cost are also factors to be considered.

3.2 Hydro Turbines in BHEL, Bhopal

BHEL is leading engineering enterprise which supplies all types of equipment for hydro
power generation. Its installed manufacturing capacity: 20 turbines/annum. It's been in the
market for more than three decades. It has a dedicated shop area of over 100000 sq. meters. It
has ultramodern model development and testing facilities. It also has sophisticated
CAD/CAM facilities and ISO 9001 Certification. Its Manufacturing facility has been installed
with latest CNC machine tool, being set up exclusively for Hydro.

3.3 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines

3.3.1 Based on the Turbine Flow
Hydro turbines can be classified based on how water flows through the turbine itself.
When passed through a turbine, water can take a variety of different paths. This leads to three
categories of water flow through turbines:

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Axial Flow: Water flows through the turbine parallel to the axis of rotation.
Radial Flow: Water flows through the turbine perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

Mixed Flow: Water flows through in a combination of both radial and axial flows. For
example, in a Francis turbine water flows in radially but exits axially.

Most hydro turbines tend to have mixed flows.

3.3.2 Based on pressure change

There are two main types of hydro turbines: impulse and reaction. The type of hydropower
turbine selected for a project is based on the height of standing water referred to as "head"
and the flow, or volume of water, at the site. Other deciding factors include how deep the
turbine must be set, efficiency, and cost.

REACTION TURBINE
A reaction turbine develops power from the combined action of pressure and moving
water. The runner is placed directly in the water stream flowing over the blades rather than
striking each individually. Reaction turbines are generally used for sites with lower head and
higher flows than compared with the impulse turbines. In reaction turbines, the pressure of
the water changes as it moves through the blades of the turbine. The reaction turbine directly
uses water pressure to move blades instead of relying on a conversion of water pressure to
kinetic energy. This means that reaction turbines need to be submersed in water.
Additionally, components of these turbines must be able to handle high pressure levels inside
the turbine. Here, the fluid velocity and reduction in water pressure causes a reaction on the
turbine blades, moving them. Types of reaction turbines include Kaplan turbines and Francis
turbines.

IMPULSE TURBINE
The impulse turbine generally uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and
discharges to atmospheric pressure. The water stream hits each bucket on the runner. There is
no suction on the downside of the turbine, and the water flows out the bottom of the turbine
housing after hitting the runner. An impulse turbine is generally suitable for high head, low
flow applications. In impulse turbines, the pressure of the liquid doesn't change in the turbine
itself. Instead, pressure changes occur only in the nozzles that direct water flow to the turbine,
while the turbine itself operates at atmospheric pressure. These turbines are composed of a jet
nozzle or series of nozzles that direct water to the blades of a turbine. Multiple nozzles are
usually used where a large wheel isn't feasible. When the water strikes the blades, it changes
velocity. This leads to a change in momentum, exerting a force on the turbine blades. These
turbines rely on the ability to take all kinetic energy from the water to have high efficiencies.

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Impulse turbines do not need to be submerged. Types of impulse turbines include Pelton
turbines, Turgo turbines, and Crossflow turbines.

Fig.3.1: Different types of water turbines.

3.5 Pelton Turbine

Pelton turbine or wheel is an impulsive turbine used mainly for high head hydroelectric
schemes. The Pelton wheel is among the most efficient types of water turbines. The fluid
power is converted into kinetic energy in the nozzles. The total pressure drop occurs in the
nozzle. The resulting jet of water is directed tangentially at buckets on the wheel producing
impulsive force on them.

3.5.1 Components
1.Nozzle
Nozzle of a Pelton wheel is a circular guide mechanism which guides the water to flow at
the desired directions. It also regulates the flow of water. The main purpose of the nozzle is to
regulate the flow of water through nozzle. When the needle is pushed forward into the nozzle,
it reduces area if jet. As a result, the quantity of water through the jet is also reduced.
Similarly, if the spear is pushed back out of nozzle, it increases the area of nozzle an
discharge increases.

Fig.3.2: Nozzle and Flow Arrangement

2.Runner and buckets

The runner is a circular disk carrying number of cup-shaped buckets which are placed at
equal spacing around its circumference. Runner is generally mounted on the horizontal shaft

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with bearings and the buckets are either casted integrally with the disk or fastened separately.
Buckets are made up of cast iron, bronze or stainless steel. Inner surface of the buckets is
polished to reduce frictional resistance to the water jet.

Fig.3.3: A runner with casted buckets.

3.Casing
Steel coverings provided over the runner of Pelton wheel is known as casing. It does not
play any hydraulic function but is necessary to provide the runner against accident. It has the
following functions:

 It prevents accidents.
 Minimize the wind losses.
 stops splashing of water.
 Facilitates to collect water.
 Transmission of water to the tail race.

4.Breaking jet
Whenever the turbine must be brought to rest the nozzle is completely closed. But the
runner of Pelton wheel goes on revolving due to inertia. To bring the runner to rest in short
time, a small nozzle is provided in such a way that it will direct the jet of water on the back of
buckets. It acts as a brake for reducing the speed of the runner.

3.5.2 Working Principle of Pelton Turbine

he high speed water jets emerging form the nozzles strike the buckets at splitters, placed at
the middle of a bucket, from where jets are divided into two equal streams. These stream flow
along the inner curve of the bucket and leave it in the direction opposite to that of incoming
jet. The highspeed water jets running the Pelton Wheel Turbine are obtained by expanding
the high-pressure water through nozzles to the atmospheric pressure. The high-pressure water

8
can be obtained from any water body situated at some height or streams of water flowing
down the hills.

The change in momentum (direction as well as speed) of water stream produces an

impulse on the blades of the wheel of Pelton Turbine. This impulse generates the torque and
rotation in the shaft of Pelton Turbine. To obtain the optimum output from the Pelton Turbine
the impulse received by the blades should be maximum. For that, change in momentum of the
water stream should be maximum possible. That is obtained when the water stream is
deflected in the direction opposite to which it strikes the buckets and with the same speed
relative to the buckets.
In BHEL: - Unit Rating (MW) = 1.5-300

Head = 200-1500
Runner diameter(mm) = 1000-5000

3.6 Francis Turbine

The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine where water changes pressure as it moves through
the turbine, transferring its energy. A watertight casement is needed to contain the water
flow. Generally, such turbines are suitable for sites such as dams where they are located
between the high-pressure water source and the low-pressure water exit. Francis turbines are
the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a water head from 40 to 600 m
(130 to 2,000 ft) and are primarily used for electrical power production.

Fig.3.4: cross section of a Francis turbine

3.6.1 Components
1.Spiral casing
The spiral casing is the water conduit between the penstock and the regulating mechanism.
The cross section through the spiral casing is continuously decreasing, the retardation in cross

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section causes an equal distribution of water into the guide vane cascade. For vertical axis
Francis turbines, the spiral casing is usually embedded in concrete for increased support.

2.Stayring and stay vanes

The stay ring consists of an upper and lower ring connected by welded stay vanes. The
stay vanes purpose is to absorb the axial forces on the inside of the spiral casing. The vanes
are given a favorable hydraulic shape to affect the water flow minimally.

Fig3.5: Inside of a Francis Turbine

3. Runner
The runner consists of a hub, a shroud and runner blades connecting them. The runner
converts the energy in the water to rotating motion and torque. The torque is transferred to
the turbine shaft through a bolted friction joint or a combined friction/shear joint. The runner
can either be casted or welded. For a welded design the hub and shroud are usually cast and
welded together with hot pressed plate vanes. The number of blades depends upon the
operating head. Runners with higher head will require a higher number of blades, this is
mainly because of strength consideration. Increasing the number of blades reduce the
pressure loading on the blade which will help to avoid cavitation and also prevent separation
at the runner inlet during low loads. The thickness of the runner blades has to be large enough
to withstand the hydraulic forces the blade is exposed to. It is therefore usual to have an
increased thickness of the blade near the inlet and let the blade get thinner towards the outlet.

4. Draft tube
The draft tube is the water conduit from the runner to the outlet gate. Its purpose is to
convert the kinetic energy at the runner outlet to pressure energy at the draft tube outlet. This
is possible by leading the water through a channel with increasing cross section. The draft
tube consists of a cone and a plate shroud. The draft tube cone is of welded plate design and
normally consist of two parts, upper and lower cone. The upper part of the cone is mounted to

10
the lower cover. The lower cone is normally designed as a dismantling piece. This is
connected to the draft tube shroud by a flange.

3.6.2 Working of Francis Turbine

Francis Turbines are generally installed with their axis vertical. Water with high head
(pressure) enters the turbine through the spiral casing surrounding the guide vanes. The water
loses a part of its pressure in the volute (spiral casing) to maintain its speed. Then water
passes through guide vanes where it is directed to strike the blades on the runner at optimum
angles. As the water flows through the runner its pressure and angular momentum reduces.
This reduction imparts reaction on the runner and power is transferred to the turbine shaft.
The turbine is operating at the design conditions the water leaves the runner in axial direction.
Water exits the turbine through the draft tube, which acts as a diffuser and reduces the exit
velocity of the flow to recover maximum energy from the flowing water.

In BHEL: - Unit Rating (MW) = 5-300

Head = 30-600
Runner diameter(mm) = 1000-7500

3.7 Kaplan Turbine

Kaplan turbine is the axial flow reaction machine named in honour of prof. Dr. Victer
Kaplan of Brennerian (1876-1934). This is suited for low heads and large quantities of flow
and where turbine must run on part loads too.

Fig.3.6: Kaplan Turbine

like an airplane propeller. The difference between the Propeller and Kaplan turbines is that
the Propeller turbine has fixed runner blades while the Kaplan turbine has adjustable runner
blades. It is a pure axial flow turbine uses basic aero foil theory. The Kaplan's blades are
adjustable for pitch and will handle a great variation of flow very efficiently. They are 90%
or better in efficiency and are used in place of the old (but great) Francis types in a good

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many of installations. They are very expensive and are used principally in large installations.
The Kaplan turbine, unlike all other turbines, the runner's blades were movable.

In BHEL: - Unit Rating (MW) = 2-150

Head = 10-80

Runner diameter(mm) = 1200-8500

3.8 Model Testing

BHEL India has setup hydro machinery development station (HMD) for model testing and
development of any hydro turbine model which is capable of delivering various turbine
profile meeting international standard. Scheme of test loop is shown in fig 3.7 lab layout
A scaled down model of the complete turbine, which is hydraulically homologous &
accurate, is tested. Pressure, discharge, velocity, torque, head, speed & other relevant
parameters are measured, and data acquired on-line through a DAS and computer. The
performance parameters are displayed instantaneously on-screen as well as sent to printer.
Contractual tests are performed in the presence of customer's representative to verify the
guaranteed values and other mutually agreed parameters like weighted average efficiency,
maximum output at rated, maximum, and minimum heads etc. The test results can be given in
standard speed factor, discharge factor as well as speed coefficient, discharge coefficient, or
any other unit quantity as desired by customer.

Fig3.7: Scheme of test loop(BHEL test stand)

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 Chapter 4
HYDRO POWER PLANT
Hydropower plants harness water's energy and use simple mechanics to come into
electricity. Hydropower plants are based on a rather simple concept - water flowing through a
dam turns a turbine, which turns a generator.
The most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an impoundment facility. An
impoundment facility, typically a large hydropower system, uses a dam to store river water in
a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in
turn activates a generator to produce electricity.
The water in the reservoir is considered stored energy. When the gates open, the water
flowing through the penstock becomes kinetic energy because it's in motion. The amount of
electricity that is generated is determined by several factors. Two of those factors are the
volume of water flow and the amount of hydraulic head. The head refers to the distance
between the water surface and the turbines. As the head and flow increase, so does the
electricity generate. The head is usually dependent upon the amount of water in the reservoir.

Fig:4.1 Hydropower Plant

4.1 Typical View of a Hydro Power Plant
Here are the basic components of a conventional hydropower plant:
4.1.1 Dam
Most hydropower plants rely on a dam that holds back water, creating a large reservoir.
Often, this reservoir is used as a recreational lake, such as Lake Roosevelt at the Grand
Coulee Dam in Washington State.
4.1.2 Intake
Gates on the dam open and gravity pulls the water through the penstock, a pipeline that leads
to the turbine. Water builds up pressure as it flows through this pipe.

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4.1.3 Turbine
The water strikes and turns the large blades of a turbine, which is attached to a generator
above it by way of a shaft. The most common type of turbine for hydropower plants is the
Francis Turbine, which looks like a big disc with curved blades. A turbine can weigh as much
as 172 tons and turn at a rate of 90 revolutions per minute (rpm), according to the Foundation
for Water & Energy Education (FWEE).
4.1.4 Generators
As the turbine blades turn, so do a series of magnets inside the generator. Giant magnets
rotate past copper coils, producing alternating current (AC) by moving electrons.
4.1.5 Transformer
The transformer inside the powerhouse takes the AC and converts it to higher-voltage
current.
4.1.6 Power lines
Out of every power plant come four wires: the three phases of power being produced
simultaneously plus a neutral or ground common to all three.
4.1.7 Outflow
Used water is carried through pipelines, called tailraces, and re-enters the river downstream.

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 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
Training at B.H.E.L has proved to be quite faithful. It proved an opportunity for encounter
with such huge machines like Hydro Generators. The architecture of B.H.E.L, the way
various units are linked and the way working of whole plant is controlled make the students
realize that engineering is not just structural description, but greater part is planning and a lot
of labour. management. It provides an opportunity to learn tech. Used at proper place and
time can save
Training has proved to be satisfactory. It has allowed us an opportunity to get an exposure
of the practical implementation of theoretical fundamentals.

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 REFERENCES
1. C Elanchezhian, Power Plant Engineering, I.K International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
2. SK. Som, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines, Tata McGraw-Hill
Education

3. R.K. Bansal, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, Lakshmi Publications Pvt. Ltd.
4. R.S Khurmi, J.K. Gupta, A Textbook of Machine Design, S. Chand.

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