GROSS ANATOMY

LAB: Heart and Great Blood Vessels

2022-1C
EXTERNAL SURFACE OF THE HEART
 HEART
• Muscular organ responsible for pumping
blood
• Normal heart
• pyramidal, hollow, apex pointing antero-inferiorly
• Visible surface structures:
• Ventricles
• Atria and their auricles
• Great vessels
• Sulci
• Arterial supply
• coronary arteries & branches
• Venous drainage
• cardiac veins & coronary sinus
PERICARDIUM
COMPONENTS:
• Fibrous pericardium
• Strong, fibrous part
• Firmly attached to the central
tendon of the diaphragm
• Fuses with the outer coats of the
great blood vessels
• Attached to the sternum via the
sternopericardial ligaments
PERICARDIUM
COMPONENTS:
• Serous pericardium
- has 2 layers:
➢ Parietal layer
▪ Or simply parietal pericardium
▪ Lines the inside surface of the fibrous
pericardium
▪ Continuous with the visceral layer
➢ Visceral layer
▪ Or simply visceral pericardium aka the
epicardium
▪ Lines the surface of the heart
PERICARDIUM

• (red arrow)- Fibrous pericardium • (red arrow)- Parietal pericardium

• (black arrow)- fibrous pericardium is firmly • (pointer)- Visceral pericardium is the lining of
attached to the central tendon of the the heart (but here fats are seen)
diaphragm
PERICARDIUM
INNERVATIONS:
• Fibrous & parietal serous
pericardium
➢ Phrenic nerves
• Visceral pericardium
➢ Branches of sympathetic trunk &
Vagus nerves
SURFACES OF THE HEART
The heart has three surfaces:
• Sternocostal surface (anterior):
➢ Right atrium & Right ventricle with atrioventricular groove (sulcus) in between
• Right border: Right atrium
• Left border: Left ventricle
• Between ventricles: anterior interventricular groove
• Diaphragmatic surface (inferior)
➢ Right ventricle & Left ventricle with posterior interventricular groove (sulcus) in
between
• Inferior surface of right atrium near inferior VC may also be part of the inferior surface
• Base of the heart (posterior):
➢ mainly by the left atrium
➢ apex of the heart which is formed by the left ventricle can also be considered
SURFACES OF THE HEART
SURFACES OF
THE HEART
RECALL:
Heart is “pyramidal”
External Heart (Anterior View)
Sternocostal surface:
Specimen[Snell]
 SUPERIOR

Superior vena cava

Ascending aorta

Right atrium

RIGHT
Auricle of
Right atrium

Coronary sulcus

Right ventricle
apex
Anterior
interventricular
sulcus
 SUPERIOR

Sternocostal surface:
Heart model
Arch of the aorta

Left pulmonary
Superior vena cava artery
Ascending aorta Pulmonary
trunk
Right atrium

RIGHT
Auricle of the
Left atrium

Auricle of
Right atrium

Coronary sulcus Left ventricle

Right ventricle
apex Anterior
interventricular sulcus
 SUPERIOR
Left common carotid artery

Heart model Left subclavian artery

Arch of the aorta

Descending aorta
Superior vena cava
Left pulmonary artery
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk

Auricle of the

RIGHT
Left atrium

Auricle of
Right atrium

Left ventricle

Right ventricle
Anterior
interventricular sulcus
apex
 Left Internal Jugular Vein

Heart model

Zoom for labels

on the other
structures ☺
 SUPERIOR
Lateral view (left side): Brachiocephalic artery Left common carotid artery

Heart model Superior vena cava

Left subclavian artery

Arch of
the aorta

Descending aorta
Ascending aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk

ANTERIOR
Left superior pulmonary vein

Left atrium
Left inferior pulmonary vein

Left ventricle

apex
 SUPERIOR
Basal surface: Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

Brachiocephalic artery

Heart model
Superior vena cava
Arch of
the aorta

Descending aorta

Left pulmonary
artery Right pulmonary
arteries

LEFT
Left superior pulmonary vein
Right superior pulmonary vein
Left inferior pulmonary vein
Right inferior pulmonary vein

Inferior vena cava

Left ventricle
Great Blood Vessels
(add ko lang pics from me pero not my part)
Pulmonary
arteries
• Delivers O2 poor blood from
right ventricle to the lungs
• Originate from a pulmonary
trunk at T5-T6
Pulmonary
veins
• Receives O2 rich blood from
lungs to the left atrium
• There are superior and
inferior veins for each
corresponding lobe of the
lung.
• Left superior PV
• Left inferior PV
• Right superior PV
• Right inferior PV
Superior and
Inferior vena cava
• Veins that receive blood
from the upper and lower
body.
• Tributaries are the
brachiocephalic veins and
common iliac veins,
respectively.
Superior and
Inferior vena cava
• Veins that receive blood
from the upper and lower
body.
• Tributaries are the
brachiocephalic veins and
common iliac veins,
respectively.
Superior and
Inferior vena cava
• Veins that receive blood
from the upper and lower
body.
• Tributaries are the
brachiocephalic veins and
common iliac veins,
respectively.
Aorta
• Largest artery
• Originates at the aortic orifice on the left
ventricle, begins as ‘ascending aorta’
before branching and descending as the
‘descending aorta’. As whole, this
structure is called the arch of the aorta.
• Brachiocephalic – largest branch that
divides into:
• Right common carotid
• Right subclavian
• Supplies the right side of head and neck
and right upper extremity
• Left common carotid
• Supplies left side of head and neck
• Left subclavian artery
• Supplies left upper extremity
Aorta
• Largest artery
• Originates at the aortic orifice on the left
ventricle, begins as ‘ascending aorta’
before branching and descending as the
‘descending aorta’. As whole, this
structure is called the arch of the aorta.
• Brachiocephalic – largest branch that
divides into:
• Right common carotid
• Right subclavian
• Supplies the right side of head and neck
and right upper extremity
• Left common carotid
• Supplies left side of head and neck
• Left subclavian artery
• Supplies left upper extremity
 SUPERIOR
Sternocostal surface: Left common carotid artery

Heart model Right Brachiocephalic vein

Left subclavian artery

Left Brachiocephalic vein Arch of the aorta

Left pulmonary
Superior vena cava artery
Ascending aorta Pulmonary
trunk
Right atrium

RIGHT
Auricle of the
Left atrium

Auricle of
Right atrium

Coronary sulcus Left ventricle

Right ventricle
apex Anterior
interventricular sulcus
 SUPERIOR
Lateral view (left side): Brachiocephalic artery Left common carotid artery

Heart model Left Brachiocephalic vein

Left subclavian artery

Arch of
the aorta

Descending aorta
Ascending aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk

ANTERIOR
Left superior pulmonary vein

Left atrium
Left inferior pulmonary vein

Left ventricle

apex
Lateral view (left side):
Heart model Brachiocephalic artery

Left common carotid

SUPERIOR

Right Brachiocephalic vein

artery

Left subclavian artery

Superior vena cava

Descending aorta
Ascending aorta
Azygos vein

Right Pulmonary arteries

POSTERIOR
Right atrium

Right superior pulmonary vein

Right inferior pulmonary vein

Inferior vena cava
 SUPERIOR
Basal surface: Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

Brachiocephalic artery

Heart model
Superior vena cava
Arch of
the aorta

Descending aorta Azygos vein

Left pulmonary
artery Right pulmonary
arteries

LEFT
Left superior pulmonary vein
Right superior pulmonary vein
Left inferior pulmonary vein
Right inferior pulmonary vein

Inferior vena cava

Left ventricle
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
Overview
HEART
• divided into 4 chambers
• Right and left atria
• Right and left ventricles
• Chambers are separated
by
• Atrioventricular groove/coronary
sulcus
• Separates atrium from the ventricles on
the outside surface
• Interatrial septum
• Separates the right and left atrium
• Interventricular septum
• Separates the right and left ventricles
• Interventricular groove: separation on
the outside
 Left Atrium Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Ventricle
Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Interventricular septum
 Pericardium
(red highlight)

Left Atrium
Right Atrium

Conus arteriosus Left Ventricle

Right Ventricle Interventricular septum

Zoom for labels

on the other
structures ☺
Other Parts
#27 – Pulmonary Valve Aortic Arch
#30 - Aortic Valve

Superior Vena
Cava
Pulmonary Trunk

Conus arteriosus

Left Atrium
Right Atrium

Left Ventricle

Right Ventricle Interventricular septum

Apex
Heart
Model 1

Left
Right Atrium Atrium Right
Atrium

Right
Left Ventricle
Ventricle Left
Ventricle
Right
Ventricle
Heart
Model 2

Right
Atrium
Left
Left
Atrium
Right Atrium Atrium

Right
Left Ventricle
Ventricle
Right
Ventricle
Left
Ventricle

Moderator
band?
Other Parts
#33 – Brachiocephalic Trunk
#36 – Ascending Aorta
#37 – Aortic Arch
#38 – Pulmonary Trunk
#42 – Right Brachiocephalic Vein
#43 – Left Brachiocephalic Vein
#44 – Superior Vena Cava
#63 – Anterior Papillary Muscle*
#64 – Anterior Papillary Muscle*

Right Atrium Left Atrium

Conus arteriosus
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle

Interventricular Septum
RIGHT ATRIUM
Right Atrium
• Sinus venarum – main cavity with small outpouching
(auricle)
• Sulcus terminalis – found at the junction between the right
atrium and auricle (which forms a ridge inside: crista
terminalis)
• Musculi pectinati – runs from the crista terminalis to the
auricle roughened part in front of the ridge
• Openings of the right atrium
• Superior Vena Cava
• Inferior Vena Cava
• Coronary Sinus
• Right Atrioventricular Orifice (guided by the Tricuspid Valve)
Right Atrium
Posterior Half
• Sinus venarum – main cavity of RA
• Fossa ovalis – remnant of the
foramen ovale
• Coronary sinus – drains the heart Sinus venarum
wall Fossa ovalis

Opening of the coronary

sinus

Site of the tricuspid vallve

Right Atrium
Anterior Half
• Crista terminalis – separates the sinus venarum
(smooth posterior portion) from the musculi
pectinati (rough anterior portion)

Right Auricle

Musculi pectinati
Right Atrium
Crista terminalis
Right Atrium
Site of tricuspid
valve
 Musculi pectinati

Crista terminalis

Fossa ovalis

Site of Tricuspid
valve

Opening of
coronary sinus
RIGHT VENTRICLE
Right Ventricle
• As the chamber approaches the
pulmonary orifice, it becomes funnel-
shaped (infundibulum)
• Trabeculae Carnae – projecting
ridges
• 1st Type: Papillary Muscles
• Apices connected to the chordae tendinae to the
cusps of the tricuspid valve
• 2nd Type: Moderator band
• Conveys the right branch of the atrioventricular
bundle
• 3rd Type: Prominent ridges
Right Ventricle
• Pulmonary Valve
• Guards the pulmonary orifice
• 3 cusps (Posterior [left], Anterior [left &
right])
• Tricuspid Valve
• guards the atrioventricular orifice
• 3 cusps (Anterior, Septal, Inferior)
Right
Ventricle
Posterior
Half

Pulmonary valve

Conus arteriosus

Site of tricuspid valve

Anterior Trabeculae carnae

Papillary
muscle
Interventricular septum
Right Ventricle
Anterior Half

Site of tricuspid
Right Ventricle valve

Trabeculae
carnae Right Ventricle

Interventricular
septum
 Anterior cusp of
tricuspid valve

Moderator Band

Chordae tendinae

Papillary muscle
LEFT ATRIUM
Left Atrium
• With smooth main cavity and an auricle (rough
with musculi pectinati
• Openings of the Left Atrium
• 4 Pulmonary Veins (no valves)
• Left atrioventricular orifice (guided by the Mitral Valve)
Left
Atrium
Posterior
Half

Left Superior and

inferior Pulmonary Veins

Smooth Main Cavity

Site of Mitral Valve

Left Atrium
Anterior Half

Left Auricle

Musculi pectinati

Left Atrium
Site of mitral Left Atrium
valve
LEFT VENTRICLE
Left Ventricle
• Well-developed trabeculae carnae and 2 large
papillary muscles
• No moderator band
• Mitral Valve
• Guards the left atrioventricular orifice
• 2 cusps (anterior [larger] & posterior)
• Aortic Valve
• guards the aortic orifice
• 3 cusps (Right [on anterior wall], Left & posterior [both on posterior wall])
• Aortic sinuses are bulging in the aortic wall behind each cusps
• Left posterior sinus - origin of the left coronary artery
• Anterior posterior sinus – origin of the right coronary artery
Left
Ventricle
Posterior
Half

Aortic valve Site of mitral valve

Aortic vestibule

Trabeculae
carnae
Interventricular Aortic Vestbule
- Counterpart of the the conus
septum
arteriosus (in RV) for the LV
- Have smooth walls like the
conus arteriosus
- Continuous with the
ascending aorta
immediately
Left
Ventricle
Posterior
Half

Aortic valve Site of mitral valve

Aortic vestibule

Trabeculae
carnae
Aortic Vestbule
Papillary - Counterpart of the the conus
Interventricular arteriosus (in RV) for the LV
Muscles
septum - Have smooth walls like the
conus arteriosus
- Continuous with the
ascending aorta
immediately
Left Ventricle
Anterior Half

Site of mitral
valve Left Ventricle

Left Ventricle Trabeculae

carnae

Interventricular
septum
 Aorta
Pulmonary valve

Mitral valve

Chordae
tendinae

Postermedial
papillary
muscles
REMEMBER!
Number of cusps = number of papillary muscles

Left ventricle:
mitral valve → 2 cusps = 2 papillary muscles (anterior & posterior)

Right ventricle
tricuspid valve → 3 cusps = 3 papillary muscles (anterior, posterior, septal)
 Heart Lab Specimen

Right Atrium

Left Ventricle
Left Ventricle Right Left Auricle
Ventricle
Heart Lab Specimen

Right Atrium
Right Atrium
Interatrial
septum
Right Ventricle

Left Atrium

Right Ventricle Interventricular

septum
Interventricular septum
Left Ventricle
Left Ventricle

Left ventricle
• bigger area (more muscular
area) than the right ventricle
• more posterior in orientation
(when heart is on the chest)
Heart Lab Specimen

Cusp of Tricuspid Valve

Chordae tendinae

Papillary muscle

Trabeculae carnae
Heart Lab
Specimen

Interventricular
septum

Right Atrium
Aortic Valve
Cusp of Tricuspid Valve

Trabeculae carnae

Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle

Trabeculae carnae
ARTERIAL SUPPLY
RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY: OVERVIEW
• Arises from anterior aortic sinus of the
ascending aorta
• Runs forward between the pulmonary
trunk and the right auricle
• Descends almost vertically in the right
Right
atrioventricular groove coronary
• Posteriorly, anastomose with left artery
coronary artery in the posterior
interventricular groove
RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY: OVERVIEW
Branches:
- Right Conus Artery
- Supplies the anterior surface of the
pulmonary conus (infundibulum) and the upper surface
of the anterior wall of the right ventricle
- Anterior Ventricular Branches
- Supplies the anterior surface of the
right ventricle
- Marginal branch
- Runs along the lower
margin of the costal surface
- Posterior Ventricular Branches
- Supplies the diaphragmatic surface Atrial
of the right ventricle branches
- Posterior Interventricular Artery
- Atrial Branches
- Supplies the anterior and lateral
surface of the right atrium Right
marginal Right
branch conus Ventricular
artery branches
RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY: OVERVIEW
Branches:
- Right Conus Artery
- Anterior Ventricular Branches
- Marginal branch
- Posterior Ventricular Branches
- Posterior Interventricular Artery
- Supplies the posterior part of the
ventricular septum
- Atrial Branches

Posterior interventricular artery

Right Coronary Artery (Anterior View)

Right
coronary
artery
Right Coronary Artery (Anterior View)

Right
coronary
artery
BRANCHES of Right Coronary Artery (Anterior View)

Right
conus
artery
BRANCHES of Right Coronary Artery (Anterior View)

Right
conus
artery
BRANCHES of Right Coronary Artery (Anterior View)

Anterior
ventricular
branch
BRANCHES of Right Coronary Artery (Anterior View)

Anterior
ventricular
branch
BRANCHES of Right Coronary Artery (Anterior View)

Right
marginal
branch
BRANCHES of Right Coronary Artery (Posterior View)
Posterior
interventricular
branch
LEFT CORONARY ARTERY: OVERVIEW
• Larger than right coronary artery
• Arises from left posterior aortic sinus of
Left
the ascending aorta coronary
• Runs forward between the pulmonary artery
trunk and the left auricle
• Supplies the greater part of left atrium,
left ventricle, and ventricular septum
LEFT CORONARY ARTERY: OVERVIEW
Branches:
- Anterior interventricular branch
- Supplies the right and left Circumflex
ventricles and the anterior part of the artery
ventricular septum
- Circumflex artery
- Winds around the left
margin of the heart in the atrioventricular
groove Anterior
interventricular
branch
Left Coronary Artery (Anterior View)

Left
coronary
artery
Left Coronary Artery (Anterior View)

Left
coronary
artery
Left Coronary Artery (Anterior View)

Left
coronary
artery
Left Coronary Artery (Anterior View)

Circumflex
artery
Left Coronary Artery (Anterior View)

Circumflex
artery
VENOUS DRAINAGE
CORONARY SINUS
Tributaries:
- Great cardiac vein
- Middle cardiac vein
- Small cardiac vein
- Oblique vein of the left atrium
- Anterior cardiac veins
- Smallest cardiac veins

Coronary
sinus
CORONARY SINUS
Tributaries:
- Great cardiac vein
- Middle cardiac vein
- Small cardiac vein
- Oblique vein of the left atrium
- Anterior cardiac veins
- Smallest cardiac veins
CORONARY SINUS
Tributaries:
- Great cardiac vein
- Middle cardiac vein
- Small cardiac vein
- Oblique vein of the left atrium
- Anterior cardiac veins
- Smallest cardiac veins
Coronary Sinus (Posterior View)

Coronary
sinus
TRIBUTARIES of Coronary Sinus (Anterior View)
Great
cardiac
vein
TRIBUTARIES of Coronary Sinus (Anterior View)
Great
cardiac
vein
TRIBUTARIES of Coronary Sinus (Anterior View)
Great
cardiac
vein
TRIBUTARIES of Coronary Sinus (Anterior View)
Small
cardiac
vein
TRIBUTARIES of Coronary Sinus (Posterior View)
Small
cardiac
vein
TRIBUTARIES of Coronary Sinus (Posterior View)
Middle
cardiac
vein
TRIBUTARIES of Coronary Sinus (Posterior View)
Anterior
cardiac
vein
LAB VIDEO:
*uploaded in Acads Google Drive
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1V2Bq36ySE58vUwSIp-
9SyBzYpj7CVA1v/view?usp=sharing

VIDEO FROM YOUTUBE

*uploaded in Acads Google Drive
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dGCALPeGTBRjJj0xbzx6H9pEhm6EH
W9S/view?usp=sharing