Discussion

Based on the experiment that we have been conducted we achieved the objectives
which are identify the principles of tensile machine and observed the stress-strain
relationship for several standard materials

1) Based on the stress-strain graph, the Young’s Modulus for aluminium is

9.91x10^15 Pa for mild steel is 1.20x10^15 Pa, this shows that mild steel have higher
strain reading of Young’s Modulus than Aluminium. The yield strength of mild steel
is 565MPa whereas the aluminium yield strength is 238MPa. And also the ultimate
tensile strength for mild steel is 665MPa and for aluminium is 30MPa. From this
value that we obtained mild steel has the advantage in all monomer than aluminium
and also this shows Aluminium has low energy in plastic deformation and low density
which concludes that it is not very stiff and strong compare to mild steel which have
high ultimate tensile strength and also very stiff and strong which makes a very high
used in industrial in wide range in civil applications.

2) All possible errors;

 Instrumental errors:- All the instruments have finite precision that limits the
ability to resolve small measurement differences. For instance, a meter stick in a
distinguish distances to a precision much better than about half of its smallest scale
division (0.5mm in this case).One of the best way to obtain more precise
measurement is to use a null difference method instead of measuring a quantity
directly.Null or balance method involve using instrumentation to measure the
differences between two similar quantities; one which known very accurate and
adjustable. The adjustable references quantity is varied until the differences turns
zero.

 Incomplete definition:- One reason that is impossible to make exact

measurement is that the measurement is not always clearly defined. For example, if
two different people measure the length of the same rope, they would probably got
different results because each person may stretch the rope with different tension he
applied.· The finest way to minimize description errors is to carefully evaluate and
define the condition that could reflect the calculation.
Conclusion

Tensile test is useful in gathering certain mechanical properties of materials. The

graph of applied force vs elongation is generated by the measuring device which
enable the yield strength , tensile strength and modulus of elasticity to be
determined by plotting a shear-strain curve. From the plotted curve, it can be seen
that that mild steel has a larger elastic deformation region than Aluminum. Also,
mild steel has a higher modulus of elasticity and yield strength than Aluminium.
Mild steel has a Young Modulus’s of 14.98GPa and yield strength of 640MPa
whereas Aluminium has a modulus of elasticity of 10.20GPa and yield strength of
230MPa. Therefore, this explains that mild steel is stiffer than aluminium.

Besides, due to its larger elastic deformation region in mild steel and
aluminium, the percentage of elongation (EL) and the percentage of reduction in
Area (RA) in mild steel is smaller than aluminium.The percentage of reduction in
Area (RA) for mild steel and aluminium are 43.28% and 54.14% respectively.
Whereas the percentage of elongation (EL) for mild steel and aluminium are 7.21%
and 14.02% respectively. Moreover, mild steel has a higher ultimate tensile
strength , 680.82MPa than aluminium which is 310MPa. In short, mild steel is
tougher than aluminium .

A problem faced throughout the test, the gage length measured by the
measuring device after fracturing and measured by the vernier caliper, has a slight
difference of 1 to 4 mm. This inconsistency is due to the difficulty in measuring
the specimen's gage length after it fractured..In order to overcome this problem, a
special holder should be prepared to maintain the specimen in a fixed position so
that the measuring length of the specimen can be independently verified