WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

In this era of modernization, electricity has become the cup of life. A moment without
electricity makes your thinking go dry. The major source of conventional form of electricity is
through wires. The continuous research and development have brought forward a major
breakthrough, which provides electricity without the medium of wires. This wonder baby is called
Witricity.
There are certain small but very useful discoveries made in history, which changed the world
forever, Newton‘s gravitational law, Watt‘s steam engine, Thomson‘s bulb and many more. But a
renaissance occurred with the invention of Electromagnetic Waves by Maxwell. Sir Jagdish
Chandra Bose successfully generated electromagnetic waves having wavelength in the range of
5mm to 25 mm. Thereafter an Italian scientist named Marconi succeeded in transmitting
electromagnetic waves up to a distance of several miles and with this there started a new era called
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY.

Today, as we can see the word wirelesses common in day today life. Wireless
communication has made the world smaller. Almost each and everything is wireless or cordless.
Cordless mouse, cordless keyboard, satellite communication, mobiles, cordless microphones and
headphones, wireless internet service i.e. WI-FI, etc. And these have definitely increased the
standard of living. In fact, it dates back to the 19th century, when Nikola Tesla used conduction-
based systems instead of resonance magnetic fields to transfer wireless power.
As it is in Radiative mode, most of the Power was wasted and has less efficiency. Further,
in 2005, Dave Girding coined the term Witricity which is being used by the MIT researchers today.
Moreover, we all are aware of the use of electromagnetic radiation (radio waves)
which is quite well known for wireless transfer of information. In addition, lasers have also been
used to transmit energy without wires. However, radio waves are not feasible for power
transmissions because the nature of the radiation is such that it spreads across the place, resulting

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into a large amount of radiations being wasted. And in the case of lasers, apart from requirement of
uninterrupted line of sight (obstacles hinder the transmission process). It is also very dangerous.
Witricity is nothing but wireless electricity. Transmission of electrical energy from one object to
another without the use of wires is called as Witricity.

Fig (1) Nikola Tesla was the first to experiment with wireless electricity

Witricity will ensure that the cell phones, laptops, iPods and other power-hungry devices
get charged on their own, eliminating the need of plugging them in. Even better, because of
Witricity some of the devices won't require batteries to operate. Nikola Tesla was the first to
experiment with wireless electricity, but ultimately failed after losing his key financial backing in the
late1800's.

The transmission of power without wires is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a
reality. The electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial
distance. Many researchers have established in numerous observations, experiments and

measurements, qualitative and quantitative. Dr.N.Tesla is the pioneer of this invention.

Wireless transmission of electricity have tremendous merits like high transmission integrity and
Low Loss (90 – 97 % efficient) and can be transmitted to anywhere in the globe and eliminate the
need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The
system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape
of wires, cables, and transmission towers. It has negligible demerits like reactive power which was
found insignificant and biologically compatible.

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CHAPTER 2
WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY

Witricity Technology is transferring electric energy or power over distance without wires,
with the basics of electricity and magnetism, and work our way up to the Witricity Technology.

2.0 ELECTRICITY
The flow of electrons (current) through a conductor (like a wire), or charges through the
atmosphere (like lightning). A convenient way for energy to get from one place to another.

2.1 MAGNETISM
A fundamental force of nature, which causes certain types of materials to attract or repel
each other. Permanent magnets, like the ones on your refrigerator and the earth‘s magnetic field,
are examples of objects having constant magnetic fields. Oscillating magnetic fields vary with time,
and can be generated by alternating current (AC) flowing on a wire. The strength, direction, and
extent of magnetic fields are often represented and visualized by drawings of the magnetic field
lines.

2.2 ELECTROMAGNETISM
A term for the interdependence of time-varying electric and magnetic fields. For example,
it turns out that an oscillating magnetic field produces an electric field and an oscillating electric
field produces a magnetic field.

2.3 MAGNETIC INDUCTION

A loop or coil of conductive material like copper, carrying an alternating current (AC), is a
very efficient structure for generating or capturing a magnetic field. If a conductive loop is
connected to an AC power source, it will generate an oscillating magnetic field in the vicinity of
the loop. A second conducting loop, brought close enough to the first, may ―capture‖ some portion
of that oscillating magnetic field, which in turn, generates or induces an electric current in the
second coil. The current generated in the second coil may be used to power devices. This type of
electrical power transfer from one loop or coil to another is well known and referred to as magnetic
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induction. Some common examples of devices based on magnetic induction are electric
transformers and electric generators.

Fig (2): Magnetic lines from a coil.

2.4 RESONANCE
Resonance is a property that exists in many different physical systems. It can be thought of
as the natural frequency at which energy can most efficiently be added to an oscillating system. A
playground swing is an example of an oscillating system involving potential energy and kinetic
energy. The child swings back and forth at a rate that is determined by the length of the swing. The
child can make the swing go higher if she properly coordinates her arm and leg action with the
motion of the swing. The swing is oscillating at its resonant frequency and the simple movements
of the child efficiently transfer energy to the system. Another example of resonance is the way in
which a singer can shatter a wine glass by singing a single loud, clear note. In this example, the
wine glass is the resonant oscillating system. Sound waves traveling through the air are captured
by the glass, and the sound energy is converted to mechanical vibrations of the glass itself. When
the singer hits the note that matches the resonant frequency of the glass, the glass absorbs energy,
begins vibrating, and can eventually even shatter. The resonant frequency of the glass depends on
the size, shape, thickness of the glass, and how much wine is in it.

2.5 RESONANT MAGNETIC COUPLING

Magnetic coupling occurs when two objects exchange energy through their varying or

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oscillating magnetic fields. Resonant coupling occurs when the natural frequencies of the two
objects are approximately the same. Witricity power sources and capture devices are specially
designed magnetic resonators that efficiently transfer power over large distances via the magnetic
near-field. The proprietary source and device designs and the electronic systems the control them
support efficient energy transfer over distances that are many times the size of the sources/devices
themselves. At first glance, Witricity technology for power transfer appears to be traditional
magnetic induction, such as is used in power transformers, where conductive coils transmit power
to each other wirelessly, over very short distances. In a transformer, an electric current running in
a sending coil (or―primary winding) induces another current in a receiving coil (or―secondary
winding). The two coils must be very close together, and may even overlap, but the coils do not
make direct electrical contact with each other. However, the efficiency of the power exchange in
traditional magnetic induction systems drops by orders of magnitude when the distance between
the coils becomes larger than their sizes. In addition to electric transformers, other devices based
on traditional magnetic induction include rechargeable electric toothbrushes, and inductive
charging pads which require that the object being charged be placed directly on top of, or very
close to, the base or pad supplying the power.

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CHAPTER 3
HOW WIRELESS POWER COULD WORK

Researchers have developed several techniques for moving electricity over long distances
without wires. Some exist only as theories or prototypes, but others are already in use. Magnetic
resonance was found a promising means of electricity transfer because magnetic fields travel freely
through air yet have little effect on the environment or, at the appropriate frequencies, on living
beings and hence is a leading technology for developing Witricity.

3.1 SHORT RANGE WIRELESS POWERTRANSMISSION

Power supply for portable electronic devices is considered, which receives ambient radio
frequency radiation (typically in an urban environment) and converts it to DC electricity that is
stored in a battery for use by the portable device. A Power transmission unit (PTU) is connected
to the electrical utility, typically in a domestic and office environment, and uses the electricity to
generate a beam of electromagnetic radiation.

This beam can take the form of visible light, microwave radiation, near infrared radiation
or any appropriate frequency or frequencies, depending on the technology chosen. The beam can
be focused and shaped using a focusing mechanism: for example, a parabola shape may be chosen
to focus light waves at a certain distance from the PTU.

A Power reception unit (PRU) receives power from one or several PTU's, and converts the
total power received to electricity, which is used to trickle charge a storage unit such as a battery
or transferred directly to the appliance for use, or both. If transferred to the storage unit, the output
of the storage unit can power the appliance. Similarly to the focusing of the transmitted power, it
is possible to concentrate the received power for conversion, using receiving arrays, antennas,
reflectors or similar means.

It is possible to construct power "relay units", consisting of PRU's powering PTU's, whose
function is to make the transmitted power available at further distances than would normally be
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possible.

Fig (4): A Schematic arrangement of Short range power transmission and reception

3.2 LONG DISTANCE WIRELESS POWERTRANSMISSION

Some plans for wireless power involve moving electricity over a span of miles. A few
proposals even involve sending power to the Earth from space. The Stationary High Altitude Relay
Platform (SHARP) unmanned plane could run off power beamed from the Earth. The secret to the
SHARP's long flight time was a large, ground-based microwave transmitter. A large, disc- shaped
rectifying antenna, or rectenna, near the system changed the microwave energy from the
transmitter into direct-current (DC) electricity.

Because of the microwaves' interaction with the rectenna, the system had a constant power
supply as long as it was in range of a functioning microwave array. Rectifying antennae are central
to many wireless power transmission theories. They are usually made of an array of dipole
antennae, which have positive and negative poles.
Microwaves, which are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, reach the dipole antenna.
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1. The antennae collect the microwave energy and transmit it to the diodes.
2. The diodes act like switches that are open or closed as well as turnstiles that let electrons flow
in only one direction. They direct the electrons to the rectenna circuitry.
3. The circuitry routes the electrons to the parts and systems that need them.

Fig (5): A Schematic arrangement of Long distance Wireless power transmission and reception

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CHAPTER 4
WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

William C. Brown, the pioneer in wireless power transmission technology, has designed,
developed a unit and demonstrated to show how power can be transferred through free space by
microwaves. The concept of Wireless Power Transmission System is explained with functional
block diagram shown in Fig (6). In the transmission side, the microwave power source generates
microwave power and the output power is controlled by electronic control circuits. The wave guide
ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected power is connected with the
microwave power source through the Coax – Waveguide Adaptor. The tuner matches the
impedance between the transmitting antenna and the microwave source. The attenuated signals will
be then separated based on the direction of signal propagation by Directional Coupler. The
transmitting antenna radiates the power uniformly through free space to the rectenna. In the
receiving side, a rectenna receives the transmitted power and converts the microwave power into
DC power. The impedance matching circuit and filter is provided to setting the output impedance
of a signal source equal to the rectifying circuit. The rectifying circuit consists of Schottky barrier
diodes converts the received microwave power into DC power.

Fig (6): Functional Block Diagram of Wireless Power Transmission System

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CHAPTER 5
COMPONENTS OF WPT SYSTEM

The Primary components of Wireless Power Transmission are Microwave Generator,

transmitting antenna and Receiving antenna (Rectenna).

5.1 MICROWAVE GENERATOR

The microwave transmitting devices are classified as Microwave Vacuum Tubes

(magnetron, klystron, Travelling Wave Tube (TWT), and Microwave Power Module (MPM)) and
Semiconductor Microwave transmitters (GaAs MESFET, GaN pHEMT, SiC MESFET,
AlGaN/GaN HFET, and InGaAS). Magnetron is widely used for experimentation of WPT. The
microwave transmission often uses 2.45GHz or 5.8GHz of ISM band. The other choices of
frequencies are 8.5 GHz, 10 GHz and 35 GHz. The highest efficiency over 90% is achieved at
2.45Hz among all the frequencies.

5.2 TRANSMITTING ANTENNA

The slotted wave guide antenna, micro strip patch antenna, and parabolic dish antenna are
the most popular type of transmitting antenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for power
transmission because of its high aperture efficiency (> 95%) and high power handling capability.

5.3 RECTENNA

The concept, the name rectenna and the rectenna was conceived by W.C. Brown of
Raytheon Company in the early of 1960s. The rectenna is a passive element consists of antenna,
rectifying circuit with a low pass filter between the antennas and rectifying diode. The antenna
used in rectenna may be dipole, Yagi – Uda, micro strip or parabolic dish antenna. The patch dipole
antenna achieved the highest efficiency among the all. The performance of various printed rectenna
is shown in Table I. Schottky barrier diodes (GaAs-W, Si, and GaAs) are usually used in the

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rectifying circuit due to the fast reverse recovery time and much lower forward voltage drop and
good RF characteristics. The rectenna efficiency for various diodes at different frequency is shown
in Table II.

Table 1. Performance of Printed Rectenna

Table 2. Rectenna Efficiency for Various Diodes at Different Frequency

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CHAPTER 6
A COST EFFECTIVE SYSTEMDESIGN

Wireless power transmission is still in its infancy as a topic. Although devices and
applications have been designed that transmit power over short distances, their price and design
complexity keep them out of the reach of ordinary users. There is a need for a simple, efficient and
cost- effective system which can create the changing electromagnetic field required to initiate
wireless power transfer. In addition, this can be used to heat vessels as an induction coil based stove.
By suitably replacing the induction coil element with an efficient antenna, the system can be applied
to deliver limited amounts of power wirelessly, for small applications like the charging of mobile
handsets, or laptops.

The aim is to design a system that can be constructed from easily available and low cost electronic
components, thus facilitating the transfer of this technology for the benefit of humanity. The
fundamental principle guiding this system is the use of a suitable inverter circuit to convert D.C
voltage into an alternating supply. Such an alternating voltage would create a rapidly changing
magnetic flux, as per the equation: φ = B * A *Cosθ

Where φ‘is the magnetic flux,

B‘is the magnetic field density,

A‘is the cross sectional area of the loop and

Θ‘is the angle between the magnetic field density and the surface of the loop.
This flux change induces an emf (electromotive force) in any wire loop or metal surface that cuts
the magnetic flux lines. Such an emf, if suitably tapped, can be used either wireless power transfer.

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CHAPTER 7
DIFFERENT WAVEFORMS IN THE CIRCUIT

Fig (17): Waveform across the load without snubber circuits

Fig (18): Waveform across the load with the snubber circuit

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Fig (19): Waveform at A inFig(11)

Fig (20): Waveform at B in Fig(11)

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A few observations were note

 On increasing the distance between the loop and the coil, the glow of the bulb gradually
diminishes.
 For a given distance, the intensity of the bulb‘s glow is maximum when the surface of the
wire loop is parallel to the surface of the coil. The intensity reduces when the loop is placed
at an angle to the coil.
 For a given distance, the intensity of the bulb‘s glow is maximum when the loop is placed
near the center of the coil, and reduces as the loop is moved away from the coil.
Thus, it is demonstrated that wireless power transmission is practically possible on such a
system. The system provides conclusive evidence that despite the absence of an antenna of suitable
directivity, a sizeable amount of power can be wirelessly transmitted over short distances. The next
step in the development of this system is to design and build a helical transmitter and receiver
antenna system of suitable dimensions, which can increase the distance of transmission by
improving directivity and gain. By increasing the operating voltage through repeated testing, the
Coil can be applied for use as a heating stove.

7.1 SYSTEM DESIGN

The goal is to develop a system capable of operating at a frequency of 100 KHz, with an

inverter supply voltage of 300V DC. This frequency is chosen because efficient low cost power

MOSFET switches can be operated efficiently at these frequencies. If the frequency of operation is

further increased, we will have to use expensive power devices which would not be readily available

and would increase the cost of the system. The system as designed by us can be partitioned into 4

functional blocks, as described in Figure6.

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Fig (7): Functional Diagram

7.2 DESIGN OF CONTROL SIGNALWAVEFORMS

It is required to produce two sets of non-overlapping pulses to drive the inverter circuit. The

SG3524 circuit manufactured by Philips semiconductor is ideal for this purpose. It allows for duty

ratio variation up to a maximum of 40%. In addition, a blanking pulse to both outputs rules out the

possibility of pulse overlap. The SG3524 is connected as shown in figure 2 with the output pulses

seen at pins 11 and 14.

Fig (8): Control Signal Pulse Generator

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The SG2524 and SG3524 incorporate on a single monolithic chip all the function required
for the construction of regulating power supplies inverters or switching regulators. They can also
be used as the control element for high power-output applications. The SG3524 family was
designed for switching regulators of either polarity, transformer- coupled dc-to-dc converters,
transformer less voltage doubles and polarity converter applications employing fixed-frequency,
pulse-width modulation techniques. The dual alternating outputs allows either single-ended or
push-pull applications. Each device includes an on-ship reference, error amplifier, programmable
oscillator, pulse-steering flip flop, two uncommitted output transistors, a high-gain comparator,
and current limiting and shut-down circuitry.

7.3 PHYSICALISOLATION

The H-bridge inverter employs high side and low side switches (four switches in all). The
pulses used to drive the high side switches are derived from the pulses used to drive the low side
switches. However, physical isolation using a suitable isolating technique needs to be implemented
before these pulses are used to drive the high side MOSFETs. This precaution is essential, for if the
same signal is used to drive both the high side and low side MOSFETs in the circuit without physical
isolation, a short circuit will result due to creation of a parasitic path between the ground and the
source of the high side MOSFET. This can result in serious damage to the MOSFET switches.
Physical isolation of the high side drive waveforms can be implemented using several methods.
One such method is to use a high side driver which is available from several manufacturers.
However, we have used pulse transformers to realize this function in the interests of simplicity, ease
of availability and low cost. A 1:1:1 pulse transformer is used.
The output of the SG3524 is used to drive the primary winding of the transformer after
suitable current amplification. Current amplification becomes necessary because the outputs of the
SG3524 are not designed to drive inductive loads directly. The drive waveform is replicated at the
two secondary windings which are physically isolated from the primary windings. A freewheeling
diode (BA 159) is connected across the primary winding of the transformer. A combination of a
resistor and a zener diode is used across the secondary windings of the transformer to obtain pulses
suitable for driving the MOSFET switches. These details are described in Fig (9).

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Fig (9): Pulse Transformer Arrangement

Fig (10): Driver Circuit

7.4 INVERTER CIRCUIT

The outputs from the secondary windings of the pulse transformers are sent to the H-bridge
inverter circuit detailed in Fig (11). One of the advantages of using an H-bridge inverter is that
the load experiences a peak-to-peak voltage of 2Vcc. The inverter works in the required manner

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i.e. when Q is high, M1 and M2 are turned ON and current flows from Vcc to Gnd via the Fig
(11): H-Bridge Inverter

path M1- - A -- Load -- B -- M2. At this stage, the other two MOSFETs will not be conducting
because their input Q' will be low. When Q becomes low turning Off M1 and M2, Q' becomes high

after sometime, which turns on M3 and M4. Now, the current flows from Vcc to Gnd via
the path M3 -- B - - Load -- A -- M4. The power MOSFETs used to build the inverter are of type
IRFPG50. The VDS=1000 V, ID (max) = 6.1 Amp and on resistance Ron =2ohms.

MOSFET, N, 1000V, 6.1A, TO-247AC; Transistor Type: MOSFET; Transistor Polarity; Voltage, Vds
Typ:1000V; Current, Id Cont:6A; Resistance, Rds On:2ohm; Voltage, Vgs Rds on Measurement:10V;
Voltage, Vgs 4V; Case Style:TO-247AC; Termination Type: Through Hole; Current, Idm Pulse:24A; Lead
Spacing:5.45mm; No. of Pins:3; Power Dissipation:180W; Power, Pd:180W; Temperature, Current:25°C;
Temperature, Full Power Rating:25°C; Thermal Resistance, Junction to Case A:0.65°C/W; Transistors,
No. of: 1; Voltage, Vds: 1000V; Voltage, VdsMax: 1000V

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Fig (12): MOSFET IRFPG50

Fig (13): PCB Design of H-Bridge inverter.

7.5 LOADDESIGN

(ii) Induction Coil Design:

A wide variety of coil designs are available for several applications. The choice of shape
depends on the nature of radiation pattern to be established (if the application is wireless power
transfer) and the shape of the vessel to be heated (if the system is also to be employed as an induction
cooking unit). We have found the pancake design to be most suitable for a wide range of
applications. Hence, we have designed and fabricated a pancake coil shown in Fig (13) for use in
this system. As a result of the pancake coil design, the energy is focused in the region of space
immediately above the surface of the coil. It is well known that the coupling efficiency increases
with frequency. The coupling efficiency of pancake coil with magnetic steel is 0.35 at a frequency
of 10 Hz and this figure increases to 0.5 at a frequency of 450 kHz. It is for this reason that we have
chosen an operating frequency of 100 kHz. The pancake coil is constructed out of enamel-coated
copper of size SWG 22. Giving a clearance of approx. 1.5 cm on each side, and the gap between
subsequent turns at 3mm, the length of wire required is estimated to be 20m before braiding. Nails
are placed on the board in perpendicular directions at the specified interval to keep the coil in place
while winding. After winding is completed, further nails are driven in to ensure no two consecutive
turns are touching each other. In order to make the coil permanent, the gaps are filled with Araldite
adhesive and allowed to set overnight, after which the nails are removed. On analyzing the coil
characteristics, its parameters were found to be: L = 60.2 μH.R = 0 .790 Ω.

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Fig (15): Pancake Induction coil

(iii) Snubbercircuit

Due to the high speed switching coupled with the presence of an inductive load, the switch
experiences a huge amount of back e.m.f during the turn off stage described by the equation:

E = -L*(di/dt).

Where ‗E‘ is the induced e.m.f, ‗L‘ is the inductance of the coil, and ‗di/dt‘ is the change
in current with respect to time. This leads to the spikes in voltage across the switches, which can
damage the device in the long term. In order to combat these spikes, turn-off snubber circuits have
been designed and put in place across every switch to absorb the back e.m.f and protect the device.
The value of Capacitance and Resistance are given by the following equations:

C = iL * tf / (2Vcc)

Vcc/ (Icm-iL) < R < Ton-min/5C

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Where iL is the load current at the collector, if is the fall time of the signal, Icm is the maximum
collector current rating of the MOSFET, and Ton-min is the minimum time during which the
MOSFET should remain ON so that the capacitor can fully discharge. Assuming iL to be 3A and
tf to be 0.12 μSec and since we are operating at a Vcc of 200V, C is found to be 1nF with 1 kV
rating. As per device characteristics, Icm and Ton-min were found to be8A and 4 μSec
respectively since the duty ratio is 40%. From these, we choose the resistance value to be 470Ω.
The addition of snubber circuits lead to signification suppression of spikes across the switching
devices as shown in fig (17) and Fig (18). On connecting the circuit to the Induction Coil in series
with a 60W bulb at an operating voltage of 60V, the waveforms listed in Fig 19, 20 and21 were
observed. We increased the operating voltage to 120 V. When a coil of wire (closed wire loop)
connected to a 6V bulb was brought close to the Induction coil, it was observed to light up. This
is shown in Fig(20).

Fig (16): Turn- OFF Snubber Circuit.

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CHAPTER 8
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES & BIOLOGIAL
IMPACTS OF WPT

Advantages
 Can transfer electricity anywhere without wires i.e. Reduction of E-waste by
eliminating the need of power cords.
 More reliable, flexible & convenient.
 Short circuit and fault on cables would never exist in transmission.
 Automatic wireless charging for cordless for instruments.

Disadvantages
 The particle implementation of WPT system cost seems very high.

If proper flux linkage not possible, no power supply takes place. WPT systems can
cause interference communication systems which using microwaves or radio waves.
 This approach is good but up to certain level if transmitter and receiver antenna is
high in gain so that is too much dangerous for human life may be generated radiation
will create cancer
 Less efficiency compared to traditional charging.

Biological Impacts : The studies in this field shown and prove that the microwave
radiation level would be never higher than the dose received while opening the door
microwave oven .Also the magnetic rays will not interact with the living tissues so strong and
can be easily passed through the humans or other living organisms.

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CHAPTER 9

APPLIATIONS

Applications of WPT

 Most wide application of WPT by using satellites with giant solar arrays placed in
Geosynchronous Earth Orbit. These satellites used to generate and transmit the
power as microwaves to the earth known as Solar Power Satellites (SPS)
 Application of WPT Ubiquitous Power Source (or) Wireless Power Source,
Wireless sensors and RF Power Adaptive Rectifying Circuits (PARC).
 Mobility -. Moving targets such as fuel free airplanes, Electric vehicles, moving
robots etc.
 Used in remote controls, computer headsets sensors, wireless thermostats, smoke
detectors, smart phone accessories, laptops etc.

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CHAPTER 10

FUTURE SCOPE

Some of the following Issue which needs for making WPT system more general and
effective are:-
(i) Reduce Radiation Issue.
(ii) Improve Distance Issue.
(iii) Improve voltage Issue.
To develop Multiple Transmitters and Receivers System.

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CHAPTER 11

CONCLUSION

WPT is most wide area of research area .Wireless power transmission offers greater
possibilities for transmitting power with negligible losses. WPT is certainly a promising
solution to the problems aroused by the existing technology There recent technological
applications that make the human life more beneficial in the present world have been discussed.
Despite this the technology has not been publicly accepted due to limitation of range and safety
considerations.

The focus of this paper has been an overview of various methods, application that
are under research, biological impacts etc. of WPT systems as well as put focus on Solar power
satellites, the future of supplying non conventional energy. The brief detail of several aspects
relating to history of wireless power transmission systems &recent technology as well as its
future trends are also mentioned.

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