Unit5 PDF

UNIT 5 – ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA AR 6902 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND PLANNING
• Globalization and its impact on cities

• Urbanisation
• emergence of new forms of developments
• self-sustained communities
• SEZ
• transit development
• integrated township
• case studies
 1.0 GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON CITIES

Globalization
• Globalization is the process of interaction and integration between people, companies, and
governments worldwide.
• Globalization has grown due to advances in transportation and communication technology. With increased
global interactions comes the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an
economic process of interaction and integration that's associated with social and cultural aspects.
• Globalization is a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.
This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and
prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.
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• Being a diverse country, India is rapidly urbanizing along with the density of the population. Globalization in
India has intensified interdependence and competition between economies in the Indian market. Changes have
taken place in the last two decades especially in the nature and pattern of urban growth.
• Economic and spatial structures of cities have begun to reflect the changing composition of the global regional
markets.
• New townships with high quality infrastructure have sprung on the periphery of large cities.
• The emergence of the software and services outsourcing in India as one of the most visible outcomes of
globalization on land and housing markets.
• For making local economies competitive, the cities are in the process of improving city image and quality of life
through infrastructure and other projects.
• The pattern of urban life in India is characterized by continuous concentration of population and activities in
large cities. Nearly 30% of the total population lives in urban areas along with population pressure with the
fulfilment of their needs.
• Globalization has been defined as the process of rapid integration of countries and happenings through greater
foreign trade and foreign investment. It is the process of international integration arising from the interchange
of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.
What are the factors aiding globalisation?

1) Technology: has reduced the speed of communication manifolds. The phenomenon of social media in the recent
world has made distance insignificant.
• The integration of technology in India has transformed jobs which required specialized skills and lacked
decision-making skills to extensively-defined jobs with higher accountability that require new skills, such as
numerical, analytical, communication and interactive skills. As a result of this, more job opportunities are
created for people.
2) LPG Reforms: The 1991 reforms in India have led to greater

economic liberalisation which has in turn increased India’s
interaction with the rest of the world.
3) Faster Transportation: Improved transport, making global travel

easier. For example, there has been a rapid growth in air-travel,
enabling greater movement of people and goods across the globe.
4) Rise of WTO: The formation of WTO in 1994 led to reduction in

tariffs and non-tariff barriers across the world. It also led to the
increase in the free trade agreements among various countries.
5) Improved mobility of capital: In the past few decades there has been a general reduction in capital barriers, making it
easier for capital to flow between different economies. This has increased the ability for firms to receive finance. It has
also increased the global interconnectedness of global financial markets.
6) Rise of MNCs: Multinational corporations operating in different geographies have led to a diffusion of best practices.
MNCs source resources from around the globe and sell their products in global markets leading to greater local
interaction.
• These factors have helped in economic liberalization and globalization and have facilitated the world in
becoming a “global village”. Increasing interaction between people of different countries has led to
internationalization of food habits, dress habits, lifestyle and views.
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Globalization and India:

• Developed countries have been trying to pursue developing countries to liberalize the trade and allow
more flexibility in business policies to provide equal opportunities to multinational firms in their
domestic market. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank helped them in this endeavour.
Liberalization began to hold its foot on barren lands of developing countries like India by means of
reduction in excise duties on electronic goods in a fixed time frame.
• Indian government did the same and liberalized the trade and investment due to the pressure from
World Trade Organization. Import duties were cut down phase-wise to allow MNC’s operate in India
on equality basis. As a result globalization has brought to India new technologies, new products and
also the economic opportunities.
• Despite bureaucracy, lack of infrastructure, and an ambiguous policy framework that adversely impact
MNCs operating in India, MNCs are looking at India in a big way, and are making huge investments to
set up R&D centers in the country. India has made a lead over other growing economies for IT,
business processing, and R&D investments. There have been both positive and negative impacts of
globalization on social and cultural values in India.
IMPACTS OF GLOBALISATION IN INDIA

Economic Impact:
• Greater Number of Jobs: The advent of foreign companies and growth in economy has led to job creation.
However, these jobs are concentrated more in the services sector and this has led to rapid growth of service
sector creating problems for individuals with low level of education. The last decade came to be known for its
jobless growth as job creation was not proportionate to the level of economic growth.
• More choice to consumers: Globalisation has led to a boom in consumer products market. We have a range of
choice in selecting goods unlike the times where there were just a couple of manufacturers.
• Higher Disposable Incomes: People in cities working in high paying jobs have greater income to spend on
lifestyle goods. There has been an increase in the demand of products like meat, egg, pulses, organic food as a
result. It has also led to protein inflation.
• Protein food inflation contributes a large part to the food inflation in India. It is evident from the rising prices of
pulses and animal proteins in the form of eggs, milk and meat.
• With an improvement in standard of living and rising income level, the food habits of people change. People
tend toward taking more protein intensive foods. This shift in dietary pattern, along with rising population
results in an overwhelming demand for protein rich food, which the supply side could not meet. Thus resulting
in a demand supply mismatch thereby, causing inflation.
• In India, the Green Revolution and other technological advancements have primarily focused on enhancing
cereals productivity and pulses and oilseeds have traditionally been neglected.
• Shrinking Agricultural Sector: Agriculture now contributes only about 15% to GDP. The international norms
imposed by WTO and other multilateral organizations have reduced government support to agriculture. Greater
integration of global commodities markets leads to constant fluctuation in prices.
• This has increased the vulnerability of Indian farmers. Farmers are also increasingly dependent on seeds and
fertilizers sold by the MNCs.
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• Globalization does not have any positive impact on agriculture. On the contrary, it has few detrimental effects
as government is always willing to import food grains, sugar etc. Whenever there is a price increase of these
commodities.
• Government never thinks to pay more to farmers so that they produce more food grains but resorts to imports.
On the other hand, subsidies are declining so cost of production is increasing. Even farms producing fertilizers
have to suffer due to imports. There are also threats like introduction of GM crops, herbicide resistant crops etc.
• Increasing Health-Care costs: Greater interconnections of the world has also led to the increasing susceptibility
to diseases. Whether it is the bird-flu virus or Ebola, the diseases have taken a global turn, spreading far and
wide. This results in greater investment in healthcare system to fight such diseases.
• Child Labour: Despite prohibition of child labor by the Indian constitution, over 60 to a 115 million children in
India work. While most rural child workers are agricultural laborers, urban children work in manufacturing,
processing, servicing and repairs. Globalization most directly exploits an estimated 300,000 Indian children who
work in India’s hand-knotted carpet industry, which exports over $300 million worth of goods a year.
Socio-Cultural Impact on Indian Society:

• Nuclear families are emerging. Divorce rates are rising day by day. Men and women are gaining equal right to
education, to earn, and to speak. ‘Hi’, ‘Hello’ is used to greet people in spite of Namaskar and Namaste.
American festivals like Valentines’ day, Friendship day etc. are spreading across India.
• Access to education: On one hand globalisation has aided in the explosion of information on the web that has
helped in greater awareness among people. It has also led to greater need for specialisation and promotion of
higher education in the country.
• On the flip side the advent of private education, coaching classes and paid study material has created a gap
between the haves and have-nots. It has become increasingly difficult for an individual to obtain higher
education.
• Growth of cities: It has been estimated that by 2050 more than 50% of India’s population will live in cities. The
boom of services sector and city centric job creation has led to increasing rural to urban migration.
• Indian cuisine: is one of the most popular cuisines across the globe. Historically, Indian spices and herbs were
one of the most sought after trade commodities. Pizzas, burgers, Chinese foods and other Western foods have
become quite popular.
• Clothing: Traditional Indian clothes for women are the saris, suits, etc. and for men, traditional clothes are the
dhoti, kurta. Hindu married women also adorned the red bindi and sindhur, but now, it is no more a
compulsion. Rather, Indo-western clothing, the fusion of Western and Sub continental fashion is in trend.
Wearing jeans, t-shirts, mini skirts have become common among Indian girls.
• Indian Performing Arts: The music of India includes multiples varieties of religious, folk, popular, pop, and
classical music. India’s classical music includes two distinct styles: Carnatic and Hindustani music. It remains
instrumental to the religious inspiration, cultural expression and pure entertainment. Indian dance too has
diverse folk and classical forms.
• Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kathakali, Mohiniattam, Kuchipudi, Odissi are popular dance forms in India.
Kalarippayattu or Kalari for short is considered one of the world’s oldest martial art. There have been many
great practitioners of Indian Martial Arts including Bodhidharma who supposedly brought Indian martial arts to
China.
• The Indian Classical music has gained worldwide recognition but recently, western music is too becoming very
popular in our country. Fusing Indian music along with western music is encouraged among musicians. More
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Indian dance shows are held globally. The number of foreigners who are eager to learn Bharatanatyam is rising.
Western dance forms such as Jazz, Hip hop, Salsa, Ballet have become common among Indian youngsters.
• Nuclear Families: The increasing migration coupled with financial independence has led to the breaking of joint
families into nuclear ones. The western influence of individualism has led to an aspirational generation of youth.
Concepts of national identity, family, job and tradition are changing rapidly and significantly.
• Old Age Vulnerability: The rise of nuclear families has reduced the social security that the joint family provided.
This has led to greater economic, health and emotional vulnerability of old age individuals.
• Pervasive Media: There is greater access to news, music, movies, videos from around the world. Foreign media
houses have increased their presence in India. India is part of the global launch of Hollywood movies which is
very well received here. It has a psychological, social and cultural influence on our society.
• McDonaldization: A term denoting the increasing rationalization of the routine tasks of everyday life. It
becomes manifested when a culture adopts the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant. McDonaldization is a
reconceptualization of rationalization, or moving from traditional to rational modes of thought, and scientific
management.
• Walmartization: A term referring to profound transformations in regional and global economies through the
sheer size, influence, and power of the big-box department store WalMart. It can be seen with the rise of big
businesses which have nearly killed the small traditional businesses in our society.
Psychological Impact on Indian Society:

 Development of Bicultural Identity: The first is the development of a bicultural identity or perhaps a hybrid
identity, which means that part of one’s identity is rooted in the local culture while another part stems from an
awareness of one’s relation to the global world.
 The development of global identities is no longer just a part of immigrants and ethnic minorities. People today
especially the young develop an identity that gives them a sense of belonging to a worldwide culture, which
includes an awareness of events, practices, styles and information that are a part of the global culture. Media
such as television and especially the Internet, which allows for instant communication with any place in the
world, play an important part in developing a global identity.
 A good example of bicultural identity is among the educated youth in India who despite being integrated into
the global fast paced technological world, may continue to have deep rooted traditional Indian values with
respect to their personal lives and choices such as preference for an arranged marriage, caring for parents in
their old age.
 Growth of Self-Selected Culture: means people choose to form groups with like-minded persons who wish to
have an identity that is untainted by the global culture and its values. The values of the global culture, which are
based on individualism, free market economics, and democracy and include freedom, of choice, individual
rights, openness to change, and tolerance of differences are part of western values. For most people worldwide,
what the global culture has to offer is appealing. One of the most vehement criticisms of globalization is that it
threatens to create one homogeneous worldwide culture in which all children grow up wanting to be like the
latest pop music star, eat Big Macs, vacation at Disney World, and wear blue jeans, and Nikes.
 Emerging Adulthood: The timing of transitions to adult roles such as work, marriage and parenthood are
occurring at later stages in most parts of the world as the need for preparing for jobs in an economy that is
highly technological and information based is slowly extending from the late teens to the mid-twenties.
Additionally, as the traditional hierarchies of authority weaken and break down under the pressure of
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globalization, the youth are forced to develop control over their own lives including marriage and parenthood.
The spread of emerging adulthood is related to issues of identity.
 Consumerism: Consumerism has permeated and changed the fabric of contemporary Indian society. Western
fashions are coming to India: the traditional Indian dress is increasingly being displaced by western dresses
especially in urban areas. Media- movies and serials- set a stage for patterns of behavior, dress codes and
jargon. There is a changing need to consume more and more of everything.
 Globalisation is an age old phenomenon which has been taking place for centuries now. We can experience it so
profoundly these days because of its increased pace. The penetration of technology and new economic
structures are leading to an increased interaction between people. As with other things there have been both
positive and negative impacts on India due to it.
 Conclusion: We cannot say that the impact of globalization has been totally positive or totally negative. It has
been both. Each impact mentioned above can be seen as both positive as well as negative. However, it becomes
a point of concern when, an overwhelming impact of globalization can be observed on the Indian culture.
 Every educated Indian seems to believe that nothing in India, past or present, is to be approved unless
recognized and recommended by an appropriate authority in the West. There is an all-pervading presence of a
positive, if not worshipful, attitude towards everything in western society and culture, past as well as present in
the name of progress, reason and science. Nothing from the West is to be rejected unless it has first been
weighed and found wanting by a Western evaluation. This should be checked, to preserve the rich culture and
diversity of India.
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN RURAL LIFE
• Rural development primarily concerned with uplifting people out of poverty. The impact of
globalization on rural societies, there economy, environment must therefore be viewed seriously.
• Major aspects of globalization that relate to rural life or its development which includes the
commercialization of agriculture and expansion of agro-industries, the liberalization of
international trade and marketing for food and other agricultural products, the intensification
and internal labour migration, the increasing privatization of resources and services and the
wider use of information and communication and technologies.
• Labour migration to cities from rural areas in search of employment was a common phenomenon. This
was for various reasons especially for
• Luxurious life, handsome salary and for numerous job opportunities. Earlier there was a ‘minimum
wage act’ and now equal wage for all is provided.
• Today the percentage of village people attending the call of nature in open fields is reduced.
• The good roads restrict and make them successful to sale agricultural products from villages to
goods markets in cities & towns. As a result they can earn good price of their product.
• Life in rural India was miserable due to non-availability of electricity. Several villages have been
electrified. It is big benefit in rural development.
• Globalization is going to make much difference to rural life through electricity. If this is supplied
uninterruptedly 10-12 hours per days to these villages then ultimately, the process of development in
rural life will be rapid.
• Education is concerned, in villages school buildings are available in villages and numbers of
teachers are appointed in primary schools so as to improve the primary education.
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• The infrastructures like benches, boards and other facilities are of improved quality. There is, however,
another positive development that girls are attending the schools in the villages.
• Also the number of students attending graduate and post graduate courses is increasing with
awareness among students from rural areas.
• The technical education is providing to most of the students from rural areas to secure employment.
• Technology is trying to make use of it in villages and other communication infrastructure.People know
about the internet.
• There exists number of small scale industries in villages to provide employment to educated
youth.
• Government is trying to push the technological changes in the agriculture to make it a profitable
venture.Efforts have resulted as success stories in selected cases.
• India’s real culture is still preserved in rural life even though the advancement of technology has much
influence in rural areas.
• People still prefer to wear dresses of old fashion and celebrate festivals in old styles. Folk dances and
folk songs are still popular among villagers.
• Meanwhile the villagers have awareness and culture is touched and affected by western influence.
• Thus Globalization has an impact on rural life as standards of living are good and migration of
people is taking place and poor people are moving to urban areas in search of employment. But,
as we know every coin has two sides there are numerous advantages of Globalization on the rural
scale or the Indian Village.
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN URBAN LIFE

• Being a diverse country, India is rapidly urbanizing along with the density of the population. The
implications of globalization for a national economy are many.
• Globalization in India has intensified interdependence and competition between economies in the
Indian market.
• Changes have taken place in the last two decades especially in the nature and pattern of urban
growth. Economic and spatial structures of cities have begun to reflect the changing composition of
the global regional markets.
• New townships with high quality infrastructure have sprung on periphery of large cities.
• The emergence of the software and services outsourcing in India as one of the most visible outcomes
of globalization on land and housing markets.
• For making local economies competitive, the cities are in the process of improving city image and
quality of life through infrastructure and other projects.
• The pattern of urban life in India is characterized by continuous concentration of population and
activities in large cities. Nearly 30% of the total population lives in urban areas along with population
pressure with the fulfilment of their needs.
• Every step of movement towards economic, political and cultural modernization, taken by the state
in India, is responded to by the people with an enhanced sense of self consciousness and awareness
of identity.
• The linkages both visible and invisible, defining the cultural interdependence among communities and
regions in India which have existed historically, reinforce instead of threatening the national
identity. These bonds seem to become stronger as India encounters the forces of modernization
and globalization.
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• Flowing with globalization, India is shining in nearly every prospect. India is getting a global
recognition and slowly moving towards to become a major economic and political strength.
CONCLUSION
• The impact of globalization on Indian and rural life has a tremendous influence which is both positive
as well as negative.
• The Indian urban and rural life is viewed as the two faces of the same coin. They are mutually
interdependent and both have a greater impact of globalization.
• The impact of globalization on Indian rural economy has given new face to modern India. There is a
rapid and positive progress towards society. Rural economy is the pillar of through its agricultural
activities. The impact of globalization has changed India as one the global superpowers.
• However rural India must tread cautiously on the path of globalization as its negative effects can prove
to be catastrophic.
• Thus, India is getting global recognition and slowly moving forward to become a major economic and
political strength.
• Thus, globalization is a complex phenomenon. It has a very profound impact on both Indian rural
and urban life. India’s globalization, urbanization and rural development have shown remarkable
growth.
 2.0 URBANISATION
Urbanisation refers to the population shift from rural to urban residency, the gradual increase in the proportion of
people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change. It is predominantly the
process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central
areas.
Urbanisation in India: trends, opportunities and smart cities

The urban population is growing in India and because of this, opportunities are increasing as well. According
to country data, the urbanization in India is mainly due to the expansion of cities and the migration of
people.
Investments are made in housing, road network, urban transport, water supply, power-related
infrastructures, smart cities, and other forms of urban management. Population and economic growth has
fostered urbanization in the country and the number of urban towns and cities have drastically increased. This growth is
expected to continue in the years to come and India has to step up its game in order to catch up with this kind of
change. Investments have to be made in order to better serve the country.
Urbanization in India
Population and economic growth has fostered urbanization in the country and the number of urban towns and cities
have drastically increased. This growth is expected to continue in the years to come and India has to step up its game in
order to catch up with this kind of change. Investments have to be made in order to better serve the country.
There are several factors at play that have led to the urbanization in India
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Population growth and migration as one of the 2 major factors.

Recently, a third factor has been seen as a huge contributor to the urbanization growth: the expansion of
towns and cities.
This factor is due to the high economic growth that the city has witnessed over the years. Because of this,
the government in India has decided to grab the opportunity: projects to further thrust the country into
urbanization, a number of smart cities to be put up in various locations, and other initiatives.
Currently, there are nine major cities in India: New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad,
Chennai, Kolkata, Surat and Pune. Urbanization begins in these massive cities as each one is teeming with
varied businesses, advancement and spatial complications
Trends supporting urbanisation in India

Here are some key points regarding urbanization and planning in India:
• Private cities are now expanding due to the support of private companies. Private developers are
building private housing projects that will exponentially grow in the years to come.
• The Delhi-Mumbai Corridor is an infrastructure program set to develop ‘Smart Cities’ and combine
next-generation technology with infrastructural development.
• The transport and logistics sector of India underlines the importance of interconnecting the different
modes of transportation: road, rail, sea and air. An efficient multi-modal system is relevant in the
development and successful growth of the infrastructural systems.
• Special Economic Zones dot the landscape of India. Each of these zones is focused on a particular
sector such as IT, apparel and fashion, or petroleum and petrochemical industries.
• Industrial townships are built to house employees close to the factories and manufacturing plants at
which they work. After the success of the pioneering industrial township - Tata’s Steel Town - the
government is planning on developing more like it.
• India’s expected economic growth opens up expansion prospects for Indian airports. Domestic and
international passengers are inevitably predicted to double in number in the years to come.
Spatial planning in India

There are two types of planning systems laid out in the Indian urbanisation and spatial development
agenda to carefully combat the complications and explore the potential of urbanization.
1. A new institution named National Institution for Transforming India (Hindi: NITI Aayog, Policy
Commission) is a new planning system which aims to target cooperation and active participation in the
economic policy-making process led by the State governments of India. This NITI Aoyag was made to
replace the dated Planning Commission of India.
2. The central government Urban Development (MoUD), Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
Alleviation (MoHPA), and the Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO) will facilitate and
support the nationwide urban and regional development planning. These organizations place their
efforts on spatial planning for the improvement of the entire country.
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India's Seven Mission Program

• With the rapid rise of urbanization in India, there is an increase in overall development in the different
sectors. Due to this, the Seven Mission Program was founded. This program aims to fund cities to
achieve intended milestones.
The Seven Mission Program includes the following plans:
• 100 Smart Cities Mission
• AMRUT stands for ‘Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation’
• HRIDAY (National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana)
• Sardar Patel National Urban Housing mission
• National Mission on sustainable habitat
• Clean India mission
• National urban information system
Opportunities in India’s urban infrastructure

• In order to face the challenges of urbanization, infrastructures need to be improved. Unfortunately,
rapid population growth and a lack of adequate investment is making urban infrastructure growth
slow.
Affordable housing in India
• India is facing a house shortage in urban areas at the moment and more housing would be required in
order to meet future demand. This demand comes from the economically weaker section due to lack
of housing policies. Some parts in India have introduced public-private-partnership policies, which
have led to the development of housing.
Transport business opportunities in India
• Private mode of transport is dominant in India. There is a heavy reliance on private transport that has
led to the congestion of roads and increasing commuting time and pollution. Road networks therefore
need to increase because of the influx of these vehicles.
• On a separate note, public mode of transport is gradually decreasing in terms of popularity.
In an effort to improve the urban transport situation in India, new metro rail networks have been
developed.
Water and wastewater management in India
• The water supply in India faces several issues and the water and wastewater management in the
country needs to be improved. The government though has made initiatives to improve water supplies
establishing projects for selected areas.
• Sewage and sanitation is also facing a dilemma in India at the moment. Nevertheless, projects to
further improve this is currently a work in progress.
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Power and power infrastructure requirements in India

• Increasing urbanization has led to increasing demand in energy consumption. India greatly needs to
increase their power-generating capacity and develop new ways of generating power.
Concept cities and smart cities in India

Manufacturing and education have led to the development of concept cities in the country and smart
cities are gaining popularity.
Key attributes of smart cities
• Smart People and Quality Life
• Smart Governance
• Smart Economy
• Smart Environment
• Smart Technology and Mobility
India's 13 benchmarks for smart cities

The Indian Government’s Union Ministry of Urban Development identified 13 benchmarks for smart cities.
These benchmarks include the following:
1. Transport: maximum travel time of 30-45 minutes depending on city size.
2. Spatial Planning: 175 people per hectare along transit corridors.
3. Water Supply: includes covering all households and providing water 24/7.
4. Sewage Sanitation: covers all households.
5. Solid Waste Management: 100% collection and recycling of solid waste.
6. Storm Water Drainage: 100% rainwater harvesting.
7. Electricity: includes covering all households and providing electricity 24/7 with 100% metering, and
many more.
8. Telephone Connections: covers all households.
9. Wi-fi Connectivity: covers all cities.
10. Healthcare Facilities: establishment of intermediate and multispecialty hospitals.
11. Education: the set-up of educational institutions.
12. Firefighting: 1 fire station per lakh population/5-7 km radius.
13. Others: renewable energy, green buildings.
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The 20 India smart cities

• Bhubaneshwar, Odisha
• Pune, Maharashtra
• Jaipur, Rajasthan
• Surat, Gujarat
• Kochi, Kerala
• Ahmedabad, Gujarat
• Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
• Vishakhapatnam, Andhra
Pradesh
• Solapur, Maharashtra
• Davangere, Karnataka
• Indore, Madhya Pradesh
• New Delhi Municipal
Corporation
• Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh
• Belagavi, Karnataka
• Udaipur, Rajasthan
• Guwahati, Assam
• Chennai, Tamil Nadu
• Ludhiana, Punjab
• Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
Urbanization: Causes and Effects of Urbanization in India

Urbanisation has become a common feature of Indian society. Growth of Industries has contributed to the
growth of cities. As a result of industrialisation people have started moving towards the industrial areas in
search of employment. This has resulted in the growth of towns and cities.
Urbanisation denotes a diffusion of the influence of urban centres to a rural hinterland.
Urbanisation can also be defined as a process of concentration of population in a particular territory.
According to Mitchell urbanisation is a process of becoming urban, moving to cities, changing from agriculture
to other pursuits common to cities.
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Causes of Urbanisation:
Various reasons have led to the growth of cities. They are as follows:
i. Industrialization:
Industrialization is a major cause of urbanization. It has expanded the employment opportunities. Rural
people have migrated to cities on account of better employment opportunities.
ii. Social factors:

Many social factors such as attraction of cities, better standard of living, better educational facilities, need for
status also induce people to migrate to cities.
iii. Employment opportunities:

In rural sector people have to depend mainly on agriculture for their livelihood. But Indian agriculture is
depending on monsoon. In drought situations or natural calamities, rural people have to migrate to cities.
iv. Modernization:
Urban areas are characterized by sophisticated technology better infrastructure, communication, medical
facilities, etc. People feel that they can lead a comfortable life in cities and migrate to cities.
Effect of Urbanisation:
With a high rate of urbanization significant changes have taken place. The effect of urbanisation can be
summed up as follows:
Positive effect:
i. Migration of rural people to urban areas.
ii. Employment opportunities in urban centres.
iii. Transport and communication facilities.
iv. Educational facilities.
v. Increase in the standard of living.
Urbanization can yield positive effects if it takes place up to a desirable limit. Extensive urbanisation or
indiscriminate growth of cities may result in adverse effects. They may be as follows:
i. Problem of over population:
Concentration of population is a major problem of cities. It has resulted in accommodation problem, growth
of slums etc.
ii. Disintegration of Joint family:
Joint family can’t be maintained in cities on account of high cost of living: People prefer to live in the nuclear
type of families.
iii. Cost of living:
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High cost of living is a major problem of cities. In Metro cities like Mumbai, Bangalore etc. it is very difficult for
lower income groups to maintain a decent standard of living.
iv. Increase in Crime rates:
Urban centres are known for high rate of crimes. Theft, Dacoity, Murder, Cheating, Pick pocketing, rape etc.
are common in urban centres.
v. Impersonal relations:
Urban centres are characterised by highly secondary relations. The concept of neighbourhood, community life
are almost absent in cities. Urban life is highly monotonous. This may have an adverse psychological effect on
individuals. People are often self centred and they have no concern for the fellow human beings.
vi. Problem of Pollution:
In industrialized cities pollution is a major problems. It may be caused by industries or by excessive movement
of vehicles.
viii. Stress:
Urban life is characterised by stress which may even strain family relations. In cities employment of women is
almost inevitable to meet the increasing cost of living. Changing role of women in the family creates stress in
the family which may result in divorce or strained relations.
Thus urbanisation has its own merits and de-merits. Urbanization can’t be avoided. But the negative effect
of urbanization can be minimised.
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 3.0 EMERGENCE OF NEW FORMS OF DEVELOPMENTS

CITY FORM
Introduction
 A city is a group of people and a number of permanent structures within a limited geographical area,
so organized as to facilitate the interchange of goods and services among its residents and with the
outside world.
 The settlements grew into villages, villages transformed into cities.
 Cities created when large number of people live together, in a specific geographic
location leading to the Creation of urban areas.
 Cities exist for many reasons, and the diversity of urban forms depends on the complex functions that
cities perform.
 Urban Form refers to the-

• physical layout and design of the city
• spatial imprint of an urban transport system
• adjacent physical infrastructures.
Jointly, they confer a level of spatial arrangement to cities.
 Urban form or city form defined as-
‘ the spatial pattern of human activities at a certain point in time’.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING CITY FORM
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 DIFFERENT FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

 CIRCULAR form OR THE RADIO CENTRIC (CONCENTRIC) city
form
 Towns with geographical possibility of spreading in all directions on a
relatively level site have usually tend to grow in a roughly circular
form with inner and outer ring roads, linked together by radiating
roads emanating from the centre.
 The residential areas in such towns are located around the core,
between the ring and radial roads.
 The core itself forms the main business area and the early industry is
usually mixed up with residential localities.
 As the town grows, new ring and radial roads come into existence simultaneously with peripheral
growth.
 Periphery has green belts.
 Example : Washington DC, Pre-industrial Baghdad in Iraq.
Advantages Disadvantages
• A direct line of travel for centrally • Central congestion ,

directed flows, • difficult building sites
• economics of a single- centralised • local flow problems ,
terminal or origin point.
CASE STUDY The Radio centric (concentric) city- MASCOW
Moscow, the world biggest Megapolis (Russian

Moskva) is the capital of Russia.
The city grew in a pattern of rings and radials that
marked Moscow's growth from ancient time to
modern layout.
The center of all rings is Moscow Kremlin and
famous Red Square.
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• Successive epochs of development are traced by

the
• The Boulevard Ring and
• The Garden Ring,
• The Moscow Little Ring Railway, and the
Moscow Ring Road.
 THE GRID IRON CITY FORM

• It is composed of straight streets crossing at right
angles to
create many regular city blocks.
• This form is typical of cities built after the industrial revolution – because only then did cities place
such importance on economic activity.
• A city grid iron plan facilitates the movement of people and product throughout the city.
• High accessibility, • Requires flow hierarchies,

• minimum disruption of flow, • limited in its adaptability to the terrain,
• expansion flexibility, • potentially monotonous
• Excellent psychological orientation,
adaptability to level or moderately
rolling terrain.
CASE STUDY 1- Grid iron city – Chandigarh
 The population of a sector varies between 3000-20000

depending upon sizes of plots and topography of the area.
 The shopping street of each sector is linked to the adjoining
sectors thus forming one long, continuous ribbon .
 The central green of each Sector also stretches to the green
of the next sector
 The primary module of city’s design is a Sector, a
neighbourhood unit of size 800 m X1200 m.
 It is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centres
and places of recreations
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CASE STUDY 2 – The Grid iron city - San Francisco
 San Francisco was designed to accommodate outrageous

number of people that came to the city during the Gold
Rush.
 It was laid out in a grid pattern imposed on a city of hills
built on the end of a peninsula.
 Both grids and irregular forms can
be seen in San Francisco.
 Downtown San Francisco is extremely dense.
 The planning commission split downtown into four
separate zones with different purposes.
 Office District
 Retail District
 General Commercial District
 Support District
 THE LINEAR CITY FORM
 Initially proposed by Soria Y Mata.

 Expand the city along the spine of transport
 The Linear City concept is a Conscious Form Of Urban
Development with Housing And Industry Growing Along
The Highway Between existing cities and contained by the
continuous open space of the rural countryside.
 Geographical features often dictate the form and a linear
city form sometimes results there from.Such elongated city
are not convenient to live,more particularly if the
population exceeds 2 to 3 lakhs,because the distances to be covered to reach the town centre where
the major amenities are located are too long and the journey thereto causes fatigue.A well known
town of this type is Stalingrad in Russia.The new town of Cumbernauld in Scotland is also an elongated
town,but since its population is limited to 70,000, difficulties cannot crop up there.
• High accessibility • Very sensitive to blockage

• adaptability to linear growth requires control of growth
• useful along the limited edge. • lacks focus,
• The choice of connection or of direction
of movement are much less.
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CASE STUDY - The linear city – Navi Mumbai

The growth of Mumbai city is constrained by sea at south,
east and west. As a result total land area available for
development of Mumbai is limited.
The cost of real estate and housing in Navi Mumbai is much
less than
costs in
Mumbai and
sub-urban
areas.
Many
government
and
corporate
offices have
been shifted
from
Mumbai to
Navi Mumbai .
The Taloja and Thane Belapur Industrial Belt of Navi

Mumbai offer job opportunities of every conceivable kind - from engineers to mechanics to clerks to peons.
As a result a large population of service class and middle class population shifted to Navi Mumbai.
 RADIAL CITY, FINGER CITY, THE URBAN STAR OR STAR SHAPED CITY FORMS
COPENHAGEN
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A star shaped plan having green wedges of agricultural fields, fruit orchards, forests and park radiates
from the centre of the town. These wedges alternate with compact residential localities served by
commuter rail lines having populations of 25000 to 75000, depending upon the size of the city.
At the outer edges, the green wedges merge into the country side, which serve the purpose of the
green belt without any of its disadvantages.
Copenhagen, capital of Denmark, has a plan based on the same principle,but with water on three
sides,its development can take place only in one direction.Due to this, the shape of the plan looks like
the fingers of the hand and hence its development plan is called the “ Finger plan” of Copenhagen.
CASE STUDY
Map of the fortress in the 17th century
CASE STUDY
Tokyo with two Loop structure
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CASE STUDY
Ebenezer Howard’s GARDEN CITY Decentralized
concentration
 SELF CONTAINED NEW TOWNS

In large towns and in cases where employment is widely
dispersed throughout the metropolitan region, the
growing population can be channelled into new self-
contained towns having large populations of 1 to 2.5
lakhs. Such towns can be separated by strips of open
country from the parent town, so that they have their
own identity, yet they can draw upon the benefits, the
parent town has to offer.
Land Use Pattern-Shapes

• Linear
Usually the result of natural topography which restricts growth; may also be a transportation spine.
• Branch
A linear span with connecting arms.
• Sheet
A vast urban area with little or no articulation.
• Articulated sheet
A sheet accented by one or more central clusters and several subclusters.
• Constellation
A series of nearly equal sized cities in close proximity
• Satellite
Constellation of cities around a main cluster
CITY GROWTH
 According to urbanist HANS BLUMENFELD, cities can grow in any of three ways:
1.Outward (expanding horizontally)
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2. Upward (expanding vertically)

3. Toward greater density (expanding interstitially)
 As long as intra city traffic moved only by foot or hoof, possibilities vertical expansion were strictly
limited.
 Growth was mainly interstitial, filling up every square yard of vacant land left between buildings.
 With the advent of the elevator and the steel frame, the vertical growth of skyscrapers began.
 Suburbs spread out horizontally along streetcar and bus lines and around suburban railroad stations,
surrounded by wide-open spaces.
 4.0 SELF-SUSTAINED COMMUNITIES

The social outcomes under this theme are:
 increased energy efficiency by individuals and communities;
 increased resource efficiency by individuals and communities;
 increased self-reliance of individuals and communities in materials, energy and social capital;
 increased access to products and services for individuals and communities experiencing exclusion;
 Increased ownership and/or management of assets by communities experiencing exclusion.
 The term “sustainable communities” has various definitions, but in essence refers to communities
planned, built, or modified to promote sustainable living. Sustainable communities tend to focus
on environmental and economic sustainability, urban infrastructure, social equity, and municipal
government. The term is sometimes used synonymously with “green cities,” “eco-communities,”
“livable cities” and “sustainable cities.”
 The idea of self-sufficient community is noble as the awareness for the protection of environment
grows. There is tendency for a community to become less cohesive due to different socio-cultural
backgrounds. Thus communal– based activities (including green initiatives) which promote
collective living can be implemented to inculcate community spirit.
 Sustainable community initiatives have emerged in neighbourhoods,

cities,countries, metropolitan planning districts, and watershed districts at different scales
pertaining to community needs. These initiatives are driven by various actor groups that have
different methods of effectively planning out ways to create sustainable communities. Most often
they are implemented by governments and non-profit organizations, but they also involve
community members, academics, and create partnerships and coalitions.
 Non-profit organizations help to cultivate local talents and skills, empowering people to become
more powerful and more involved in their own communities. Many also offer plans and guidance
on improving the sustainability of various practices, such as land use and community
design, transportation, energy efficiency, waste reduction, and climate friendly purchasing.
 Some government groups will create partnerships where departments will work together
using grants to provide resources to communities like clean air and water, community,
planning, economic development, equity and environmental justice, as well as housing and
transportation choices.
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 Social movements have gathered momentum, spreading sustainable community ideas around the
world, not only through example, but also by offering classes and training on sustainable
living, permaculture, and local economics.
Case study: The Sustainable City, Dubai

Around 5,000 solar
panels were installed
to produced 1.2
megawatts of clean
energy
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Developed by Diamond Developers, the ecological and environmentally-friendly city is constructed on a total
area of 5 million square feet and will contain up to 2,700 residents. Located in warm Dubai, the city lacks the
all-glass look but promises an eco-friendly community, relying on new and renewable energy to power itself.
Energy consumption of the city’s residential units is minimized with solar water heaters and green home
appliances as well as insulation to the unit itself.
The city promises a 100% water and waste recycling and “natural bio dome greenhouses, organic farm and
individual garden farms for local food production.” The city will also provide its residents with free-of-charge
landscape and rood gardens. The city has successfully installed 5,000 solar panels in its complexes. A
total 40,000 panels will be installed on the rooftops of the city. The power produced from the solar panels will
maximally total 10 megawatts.
Case study: AUROVILLE, Pondicherry

Auroville has the reputation of being one of the most important demonstration sites for renewable energy
(RE) technologies in India. This is based on solid achievement: the community is home to around 500 kW of
photovoltaics (which includes the largest stand-alone PV power plant in India), 30 windmills, 20 biogas
units, a ground-breaking solar bowl, and there is continuing experimentation in areas like solar electric
transport, solar desalination, and plant oil as a diesel substitute.
Auroville is also increasingly sharing its RE experience and expertise with other parts of India. For example
AuroRE, the unit which promotes renewable energy through the intelligent use of financial mechanisms, has
recently installed 175 solar pump sets in the Punjab, AuREka has erected 40 windmills in Tibetan settlements,
CSR has fabricated biogas units for the Andaman Islands, and Auroville Energy Products is involved in a wind
generation project in Bengal.
The Master Plan submitted to the Government last year states that “Auroville's vision is to become energy
independent and self-sufficient, with all its energy requirements met from renewable sources.”
Special economic zone (SEZ)

A special economic zone (SEZ) is an area in which business and trade laws are different from the rest of the
country. SEZs are located within a country's national borders, and their aims include: increased trade, increased
investment, job creation and effective administration. To encourage businesses to set up in the zone, financial
policies are introduced. These policies typically regard investing, taxation, trading, quotas, customs and labour
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regulations. Additionally, companies may be offered tax holidays, where upon establishing in a zone they are
granted a period of lower taxation.
The creation of special economic zones by the host country may be motivated by the desire to attract foreign direct
investment (FDI).The benefits a company gains by being in a special economic zone may mean that it can produce
and trade goods at a lower price, aimed at being globally competitive. In some countries the zones have been
criticized for being little more than labor camps, with workers denied fundamental labor rights.
Special Economic Zones in India

A special economic zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a
country's domestic economic laws. India has specific laws for its SEZs.
The category 'SEZ' covers a broad range of more specific zone types, including Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Export
processing zones (EPZ), Free Zones (FZ), Industrial Estates (IE), Free ports, Urban Enterprise Zones and others.
Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors, typically an international
business or a Multi National Corporation (MNC)
India was one of the first in Asia to recognize the effectiveness of the Export Processing Zone (EPZ)
model in promoting exports, with Asia's first EPZ set up in Kandla in 1965. With a view to overcome the
shortcomings experienced on account of the multiplicity of controls and clearances; absence of world-
class infrastructure, and an unstable fiscal regime and with a view to attract larger foreign investments in
India, the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Policy was announced in April 2000.
This policy intended to make SEZs an engine for economic growth supported by quality infrastructure
complemented by an attractive fiscal package, both at the Centre and the State level, with the minimum
possible regulations. SEZs in India functioned from 1.11.2000 to 09.02.2006 under the provisions of the
Foreign Trade Policy and fiscal incentives were made effective through the provisions of relevant statutes.
After extensive consultations, the SEZ Act, 2005, supported by SEZ Rules, came into effect on 10th
February, 2006, providing for drastic simplification of procedures and for single window clearance on
matters relating to central as well as state governments.
The main objectives of the SEZ Act are:

 generation of additional economic activity
 promotion of exports of goods and services
 promotion of investment from domestic and foreign sources
 creation of employment opportunities
 development of infrastructure facilities
The SEZ Rules provide for:
 " Simplified procedures for development, operation, and maintenance of the Special Economic Zones and for
setting up units and conducting business in SEZs;
 Single window clearance for setting up of an SEZ;
 Single window clearance for setting up a unit in a Special Economic Zone;
 Single Window clearance on matters relating to Central as well as State Governments;
 Simplified compliance procedures and documentation with an emphasis on self-certification.
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How to Apply for SEZ:
Any individual, co-operative society, company or partnership firm can file an application for setting up of
Special Economic Zone. The application is to be made in Form-A to the concerned State Government and
the Board of Approval (BOA) in the Department of Commerce, Government of India. However the
application would be considered by the BOA only when the State Government recommendation is received.
Once the BOA gives formal approval and the concerned Development Commissioner gives an inspection report
certifying the contiguity and vacancy of the area, the area is notified as SEZ.
Key Advantages of SEZ Units in India

• 10-year tax holiday in a block of the first 20 years
• Exemption from duties on all imports for project development
• Exemption from excise / VAT on domestic sourcing of capital goods for project development
• No foreign ownership restrictions in developing zone infrastructure and no restrictions on repatriation
• Freedom to develop township in to the SEZ with residential areas, markets, play grounds, clubs and
recreation centers without any restrictions on foreign ownership
• Income tax holidays on business income
• Exemption from import duty, VAT and other Taxes
• 10% FDI allowed through the automatic route for all manufacturing activities
• Procedural ease and efficiency for speedy approvals, clearances and customs procedures and dispute
resolution
• Simplification of procedures and self-certification in the labor acts
• Artificial harbor and handling bulk containers made operational through out the year
• Houses both domestic and international air terminals to facilitate transit, to and fro from major
domestic and international destinations
• Has host of Public and Private Bank chains to offer financial assistance for business houses
• A vibrant industrial city with abundant supply of skilled manpower, covering the entire spectrum of
industrial and business expertise
• Well connected with network of public transport, local railways and cabs
• Pollution free environment with proper drainage and sewage system
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• In-house Customs clearance facilities

• Easy access to airport and local Railway Station
• Full authority to provide services such as water, electricity, security, restaurants and recreational
facilities within the zone on purely commercial basis
• Abundant supply of technically skilled manpower
• Abundant supply of semi-skilled labor across all industry sectors
Some of the Established Important Special Economic Zones in India are :

• Falta food processing unit, West Bengal
• Salt Lake Electronic City, West Bengal
• Manikanchan - Gems and jewelry, West Bengal
• Calcutta Leather Complex, West Bengal
• Karnataka Biotechnology and Information Technology Services - SEZ on biotechnology sector in
Bangalore's Electronics City, over an area of 43 acres
• Shree Renuka Sugars Limited - SEZ on sugarcane processing complex covering 100 hectares,
comprising a sugar plant, power station and distillery, at Burlatti in Belgaum district
• Ittina Properties Private Limited and three other - SEZs in IT sector, covering electronics, hardware and
software sectors in
• Bangalore, over an area of 15.732 hectares
• Divyasree Infrastructure - SEZ in the IT/ITES sector over an area of 20.234 hectares in Bellandur Amani
Kane near Bangalore
• Chaitanaya Infrastructure Private Limited - SEZ in the IT/ITES sector in Bangalore over an area of 20.24
hectares
• Bagmane Developers Private Limited - SEZ in the IT/ITES sector in Raman Nagar in Bangalore North
over an area of 15.5 hectares
• Shipco Infrastructure Private Limited - Free Trade Ware Housing Zone in Karnataka over an area of 120
hectares
• Hinduja Investments Private Limited - SEZ in the textile and apparel sector at Doddamannugudde in
Bangalore Rural district, over an area of 100 hectares
• Wipro Infotech - SEZ on IT / ITES at Electronics City, Sarajpur Bangalore
• Hewlett Packard India Software Operation Pvt. Ltd. - SEZ on IT
• Food processing and related SEZ services in Hassan, over an area of 157.91 hectares.
• SEZs on pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and chemical sectors in Hassan, covering of 281.21 hectares.
• SEEPZ - Andheri (East), Mumbai
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• Khopata - Multi-product, Mumbai

• Navi Mumbai - Multi-product, Mumbai
CASE STUDY
Chennai, one of the metropolitan cities in India, is often called the cultural capital of India for its deep- rooted
traditions and long heritage. The city is a true reflection of this country's diversity. Chennai has flourished into
a charming and welcoming city, in a time span of just over 350 years.
This city encourages all forms of development, both modern technology and the traditional arts and crafts, and
embraces a series of paradoxes.
Sprawled over an area of 200 square kilometers with the Bay of Bengal on the east.
The city is the gateway to the rest of South India. There are abundant green patches found amidst the high-
tech, high-rise buildings.
IT Parks/Special Economic Zones(SEZ) : Sholinganallur - SEZ
Details of land
Sholinganallur SEZ is located nearby the IT Expressway/Old Mahabalipuram Road. This stretch of road houses
large no. of IT/ITES companies. The IT Park is formed in a total extent of 377.08 acres of land.
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Present Allottees and Lands reserved for Allottees:
Land Allotment Application
Applications are invited from IT/ITES Companies which have a clear roadmap for Export based business for
allotment of land in the above mentioned IT Park / SEZ promoted by Government of Tamil Nadu through ELCOT
(A Government of Tamil Nadu Undertaking). Electronic Manufacturing Companies with an export agenda may
also apply.
ELCOT has set a standard that its IT Parks will have a six lane roads inside. The IT Parks have been designed with
an international eco system such as quality housing, hotel, school, shopping mall, helipad etc.
Application should be accompanied by a statement in a prescribed format.
a. Land per acre Cost
b. Eligibility Criteria
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Electricity position and allotment of land for construction of sub-station for Chennai IT park
16 acres of land is alloted to TNEB. A 230 KvA sub-station is functional.
Special Economic Zone Approval

No.F.2/5/2006-EPZ,GOI, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Department of Commerce, dated 30-05-2006
 Transit development
 Transit Oriented Development or TOD, is a type of community development that includes a mixture of
housing, office, retail and/or other amenities integrated into a walkable neighborhood and located
within a half-mile of quality public transportation.
 Successful TOD provides people from all walks of life with convenient, affordable and active lifestyles
and create places where our children can play and our parents can grow old comfortably.
 Some of the benefits of TOD include:
• Reduced household driving and thus lowered regional congestion, air pollution and greenhouse
gas emissions
• Walkable communities that accommodate more healthy and active lifestyles
• Increased transit ridership and fare revenue
• Potential for added value created through increased and/or sustained property values where
transit investments have occurred
• Improved access to jobs and economic opportunity for low-income people and working families
• Expanded mobility choices that reduce dependence on the automobile, reduce transportation
costs and free up household income for other purposes.
Types of TOD
 Adaptive Cities :
• Transit oriented cities that have invested in rail systems to guide urban growth and achieve
larger societal objectives, such as preserving open space, producing affordable housing in rail
served communities.
• All feature compact mixed use suburban communities and new towns concentrated around rail
nodes.
• Examples: Stockholm, Tokyo, Singapore and Copenhagen
 Adaptive Transit :
• Places that have accepted spread out low density patterns of growth.
• Seek to appropriately adapt transit services and new technologies to these environments.
• Karlsruhe (dual track systems); Adelaide (track guided buses) and Mexico City (small vehicle
entrepreneurial services).
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 Strong Core Cities :

• Integrating transit and urban development within a more confined central city context
• Provide integrated tram services around mixed traffic tram and light rail system
• Trams designed into streetscapes and coexist with pedestrian and bicycle traffic
• Examples: Zurich and Melbourne
 Hybrid:
• Adaptive cities and adaptive transit.
• Create workable balance between concentrating development along main line transit corridors
and adapting transit to serve their spread out suburbs and exurbs.
• Munich-heavy rail trunk line services, light rail and conventional bus services have
strengthened central city while also serving suburban growth axes.
Transit oriented development in India

 Urbanization is an integral part of economic development. In India especially, rapid economic growth
and urbanization have led to formation of slums, deterioration in environment, congestion etc.
 A sustainable strategy is thus required to maintain the economic growth and alleviate the problems
arising due to the growth. Transit oriented development which is an integrated approach to land use
and transport planning is one such strategy.
 Transit oriented development (TOD) is defined as a high density, mixed use type of development close
to transit services. Indian cities traditionally have high density and mixed use type of development.
 In such a context, TOD might already be a reality in some form. Thus the current research investigates
the concept of transit oriented development in an Indian context.
TOD in developing cities

 In many cities, rising incomes, the growing trend towards private car ownership, and a lack of well-
located affordable housing is driving the flight of middle and low-income residents to peripheral areas.
 Too often, these fast growing localities lack adequate public transport service and suffer from an
unimaginative public realm defined by the compound walls of standalone private developments.
 It is believed that the solution to urban sprawl lies in remaking cities to be vibrant, livable, and
sustainable to attract residents, stimulate economic opportunity, and foster low-carbon lifestyles. ITDP
works to integrate smart urban design and transport by:
 Encouraging pedestrian and transit-oriented real estate development
 Designing state-of-the-art environments for walking and cycling
 Crafting policies that turn physical and cultural spaces into economic assets
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 Pedestrian and transit-oriented development (TOD), in which residential and mixed-use buildings are
planned around public transport, cycle networks, and pedestrian facilities, is critical in order to move
away from urban sprawl and car dependency.
 The design of new buildings and open spaces, the reform and creation of new development control
regulations, and the removal of other regulatory barriers is important to creating an environment that
better suits residents’ daily needs.
Forming TOD in developing cities

 Transportation Demand Management:
• Aims to make more efficient use of transport resources already in place by shifting demand (to
carpools) or eliminate trips (telecommuting); inefficient parking space- more efficient
management; parking availability dissuades use of public transit
• Restraints on Automobile Use:
• ‘traffic calming’ –local streets belong to residents- barriers, etc.
• Banning traffic from downtown areas.
• License plate will determine when auto can enter.
 Regulation of Auto Performance:
• Improve performance rather than attempt to change travel behavior.
• Re-engineer cars to improve fuel efficiency (GM, etc and move to hybrid vehicles). Lower
emissions- Clean Air Act.
 Setting the Right Prices:
• Proper pricing eliminates the need for heavy handed controls over car use and public
intervention into private land markets.
• Congestion fees, carbon taxes and parking surcharges.
• Higher motoring fees –will people over time move closer to jobs and transit stops to economize
on travel?
 Advanced Technologies:
• GPS systems to avoid congestion spots and eliminate need to travel; smart roadways-
automatically adjust traffic signals.
• Telecommunications:
• e-commerce and virtual shopping.
• Non-motorized transport:
• Bicycle facilities and provisions.
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CASE STUDY of a developing TOD : Ahmedabad

 The city of
Ahmedabad is the seventh
largest city in India and the
largest in the state of
Gujarat.
 The city is spread

over 440 sq. km and
accommodates over 5
million people which is
expected to grow to 11
million by 2035.
 The city also has

registered vehicle strength
of 1.4 million, which is
growing at the rate of 8-10%
per year.
 This rapid growth in automobiles has resulted in congestion, and air pollution.
 The city has also become a centre of opportunities, with more and more people from regional areas
moving into the city looking for jobs.
 These people often lack the skill to get a good steady job and cannot afford to live within the inner
city, instead choosing to live around the periphery of the city (as the cost of living in the inner city is
usually very high) where the transit services are poor.
 Since transit is the main mode of travel for the urban poor, their mobility and accessibility is limited.
 Thus there is a need for inclusive planning to improve the socio-economic status of all citizens.
 Transit investment can help to increase the access to opportunities, and in conjunction with good land
use planning and policies can achieve sustainable urban development.
 The city of Ahmedabad has recently invested in a bus rapid transit system. But this investment alone is
not sufficient.
 Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) is in the process of preparing the Revised
Development Plan for Ahmedabad city for the coming ten years (2022).
 It has integrated Transit Oriented Development measures into it to ease the transport needs of the
expanding population.
 The plan is being prepared for an estimate population of 9,200,000 for the year 2022.
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138 |
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Ariel view
 INTEGRATED TOWNSHIP
Integrated Township means a self-contained township planned and developed through a licensed
developer/firm/company, together with workplace and places of residence with all attendant facilities
and amenities in such township and in accordance with the rules.
WHY INTEGRATED TOWNSHIP?
• Large cities are getting over-crowded under the relentless march of urbanization. An estimated 160
million people have moved to India’s cities in the last two decades, and another 230 million are
projected to move there within the next 20 years. The exponential rise in the number of city dwellers
is leading to an ever-increasing demand for housing and urban infrastructure. At the same time, the
massive influx of people has strained India’s urban systems to the point of breaking down, creating
massive slums with inadequate housing, sanitation, basic services and security. The 2011 census
indicates that there are 14 million households (or approximately 70 million people assuming an
average household size of five people) living in slums in India’s cities.
• To cope with this demographic pressure, all our bigger cities are stretching their boundaries. The
extension of the traditional city limit is spurred in large measure by the expansion in real estate activity
to accommodate the bulge in population. Even the new master plans for all major cities are being
rejigged to facilitate the expansion of city limits.
• To ease the pressure on big cities and improve the quality of urban living, town planners and
policymakers are encouraging the setting up of integrated townships as an effective development
tool for building infrastructure in the newly marked spaces beyond traditional city boundaries. Setting
up of self-contained integrated townships in a decentralized manner offers a sensible solution to
providing a more holistic living environment and preventing the proliferation of unplanned urban
villages. In fact, integrated townships bring a raft of value propositions such as affordability,
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convenience, and a relaxing lifestyle in one very attractive package to modern urban planning and
development.
Integrated Townships: Fitting in the Smart City Model for India

An area of utmost importance which is seeing major policy boost is provision of sustainable cities
through the model of Integrated Townships. This model fits the Greenfield development category of
the recently announced Smart City development plan (more than 250 acres). Four states of India –
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan have announced their Integrated Township Policies.
The question here is – Can these Integrated Townships bring about the necessary change required and
act as spark for initiating and sustaining urban development? Will they be able to contribute towards
integrated – sustainable urban development?
As per Government, “Integrated Township includes housing, commercial premises, hotels, resorts, city
and regional level urban infrastructure facilities such as roads and bridges and mass rapid transit
systems. Development of core and allied infrastructure forms an integrated part of township
development.”
Integrated Township means a self-contained township planned and developed through a licensed
developer/firm/company, together with workplace and places of residence with all attendant facilities
and amenities in such township and in accordance with the rules.
• Township is a community living platform where the concept of walk-to-work can be implemented,
everything that families need is in close proximity from their homes – shopping malls, entertainment
options, hotels, hospitals, schools, offices, etc. Integrated here means –comprehensive in scope and
scale; Connected features, services and amenities; Sustainable and Self-sufficient.
• test of sustainability of a city is based on a few parameters as per Wheeler (1998) - Compact; Efficient
Land use; Less Automobile use, yet better access; Efficient Resource use, less pollution and waste;
Restoration of natural systems; Good housing and living environments, healthy social ecology;
Sustainable economy; Community participation and environment; Preservation of local culture and
wisdom.
• The planning concepts of New Integrated Townships may include : Community building - “Design for
People”; Economic Opportunities – “Live in Cities also Work”; Traffic and road management – “Design
for well managed roads for both cars and people”; Physical Infrastructure – “Well Designed and
Managed services can Make or Break a City”; Social Infrastructure – “Citizens need to Learn Interact,
Play and Share”; Security – “A Safe City is a Happy City”; Sustainability (Ecological, Financial and
Maintenance) – “Build Townships for next generation”.
Features of townships that should lead to sustainable urban development are –

(i) Green Housing and Nature Friendly – Eco friendly construction; minimum cost of construction; energy
efficient houses; water harvesting, recycling and reuse; waste segregation into bio degradable and non-
degradable; plantations in and around the houses. They are ‘carbon neutral’ and ‘zero waste’(if planned
efficiently).
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(ii) Energy Efficient Habitat – Use of renewable energy sources like wind and solar energy; Energy
consumption monitoring systems; Green homes, complexes and offices; Fuel efficient intra township
transport.
(iii) Integrated Waste management – Zero negative externality in waste; Waste disposal, recycling, processing
and reuse of waste-water. This makes these townships favourable from environmental sustainability
viewpoint.
(iv) World Class Infrastructure – Provided and maintained by developer under Public Private Partnership;
Quality up gradation and modernisation of infrastructure in and around township is in hands of the developer
throughout the life cycle of the township. Management, governance, and investments in the townships are
done by the developers themselves. Except for the trunk infrastructure that is provided by the local municipal
bodies.
(v) Walk, Work and Play concept - Low transport cost; Low fuel requirements; Encouragement to public
transport, walking and cycling; Increased Human efficiency; Saving of time of human resource. These
townships (which are mixed-land-use in nature) offer walking and bicycling as irresistible options to their
residents.
(vi) Private Initiative – Less burden on the city infrastructure; Less burden on local governments and
municipal authorities; Government only a facilitator and not a provider; such townships are developed by
private entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs and even as co-operative models by common citizens. This allows
the city to enjoy quality of life without burdening the tax-payers as the ‘beneficiary pay’ principle works well
here.
(vii) Economies of Scale – Integrating various township schemes for infrastructure and construction to share
and reduce costs; Common construction material for the whole site; Common labour pool and training
programmes; Common promotion and advertising and sale of housing or business units; Common planning
and technology – lead to economies of scale to a large extent, which brings down the cost and raising quality
at the same time.
(vii) People’s Participation - People know what they want out of their cities, the process of building a
township through people’s participation and co-creation promises a more vibrant and sustainable urban
canvas. Such townships which have come out of people’s initiative are – Loni, Nanded and Magarpatta (in
Maharatshtra).
(viii) Government in Surplus - The major task of city building having been taken by the private and the local
people, the Municipal bodies may find themselves with surplus resources to invest in poor and slum
redevelopment. Government also becomes more efficient in providing trunk infrastructure and public
transport to the townships that will help the regional integration of the city with townships to make it a
holistic development, well connected and sustainable.
(ix) Foreign Direct Investments – Such integrated townships are meant for commercial, office and industry
(non-pollutive which could be established in residential zones like IT, ICT or telecommunication) purposes too,
hence they incorporate SEZs in vicinity and other workplaces inside the boundaries, which encourage foreign
investments to such townships.
(x) Clubs ‘New Urbanism’ and ‘Garden City’ Movements – Such integrated townships club the mixed-land-
use, compact, walk to work-school-play developments as encouraged under the banner of ‘New Urbanism’
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(Andres Duany) and also they run on self sustaining ‘rent-rate model’, are self-sufficient, mix of town-country
attributes as pronounced under ‘Garden City’ (Ebenezer Howard). This combination if used to the utmost
benefit of cities may head to enormous favourable results.
(xi) Fully Featured and Self Sufficient – Integrated townships are fully featured with all required functions,
utilities, amenities and infrastructure, with very little dependence on the parent city. They take care of
themselves without much assistance of Municipal corporations. From integrated waste, to water, to sewage
management, they are self reliant.
(xii) Adequate Open Green Spaces – Integrated townships render enough green open space to their residents
for free movement and healthy living. Such spaces are difficult to be found in dense concrete jungles of city
cores. Hence people look forward to such developments because of their open green spaces for people to
loiter, kids to play and old people to stroll.
(xiii) Community Experience – Integrated townships deal with the peculiar challenge that cities of our times
pose, that is of sense of alienation. Such townships are well equipped to deal with this problem and aid
people in having an environment that is friendly and socially convivial. This helps in the long run happiness
quotient of the people along with their physical and mental wellness.
(xiv) Suburban Greenfield development opportunity – Integrated townships are built as Greenfield projects
which are projects built from the scratch on predominantly suburban lands, as an uninterrupted land parcel to
the extent of over 100 acres is required (which in case of Smart city may be 250 acres plus). This is a
tremendous opportunity to affect economic, environmental and social sustainability into our urban systems,
like never before. A chance to corrects all earlier ills of urbs and create a society of our utopian imagination on
real practical grounds to benefit all, including the city.
The aspects of integrated townships that need an extra caution are-

(i) Gated Communities – These townships generally behave like gated communities, which are non-inclusive
in nature and keep ‘equity’ out of the sustainability agenda. Most of such townships cater to the elite and
white-collared sections as they can afford to pay for the facilities and quality that such townships offer
(without any State subsidy or investments). Affordability is an issue with these townships.
(ii) Islands of world-class infrastructure in the midst of poverty struck city – Integrated townships are also
condemned to pose as islands of prosperity in poverty struck cities. So much so that they may also suck
resources from the parent city in which they sit, to leave meagre resources for the rest of the city to enjoy,
like water, energy, etc. Hiranandani Gardens in Mumbai, Maharashtra is one such example.
(iii) Parking places for money – Some of these townships are also money parking places for the rich and the
politicians, where black money and unfair means may occur to these townships leading to corruption and
discrepancies. Lavasa (Maharsahtra) is one such example which overruled the environmental policies for its
political contacts were in place. Another way of parking money is sheer investments in elite townships for
investment purposes, which lead to high property rates and reduced supply of residences for the rest.
Amanora township in Maharashtra shows such character where in name of ‘digital homes’ many NRIs have
invested in homes with no intention to live in near future or ever.
(iv) Land acquisition – Integrated townships are constructed as Greenfield projects, where the prior use of
land cease to exist anymore. If the land was used as farm now it has to be developed from the scratch.
Secondly, township policy demands uninterrupted land parcel for making of township, which means there will
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be some forceful evacuation from farmers too involved. With introduction of Land Acquisition Bill by the
current government, such acquisition has and will be made more easy and brutal. Instead government needs
to think of a ‘positive sum game’ for all stakeholders, an example could be of land consolidation rather than
land acquisition where farmers or land owners may be made partners in the project. Such partnership has
happened in cases of Khed Infrastructure, Magarpatta City, Nanded City, etc. in Maharashtra.
(v) Integrated Townships misunderstood for industrial towns – Integrated townships are a right mix of
various land uses – residential, commercial, office, industry, entertainment, open land, etc. predominantly
featuring residential use. Cities like GIFT (Gujarat) may not have features desired for integrated townships, as
they are more on the lines of industrial towns where residence is only a co-incidence and not central to
planning. Such townships emphasise on competitiveness, attracting foreign investments, economic
sustainability but falter on environmental and social fronts. Here people are workers who remain anonymous
to their city and may not have any empathy for the city. Such places are devoid of vibrancy and community
life.
(vi) Missing Umbrella Integrated Township Policy – In the absence of an umbrella policy at the national level,
and fragmented state level policies, it is bound to happen that townships may fail to offer what is expected
out of them. Builders may find this proposition favourable and manipulate laws and policy to their advantage,
leaving city and common people at the mercy of negative externalities and influences. A national level policy
may pronounce interests of various stakeholders well and represent each such that their interests are
safeguarded. Even the Greenfield land development under ‘Smart City’ policy has not bothered to discuss
such intricacies at all, so far.
(vii) Fertile Lands being eaten up – In the wake of suburbanization, the edges of the cities are being eroded
whether for townships or not. Such happens due to – sentimentalizing of the nature, people wish to live in
woods and so woods are destroyed so that they people could replace them; land rates at the edges are lower
than city hearts making it profitable for the developer and buyer both; highway network and automobile
revolution have made it comfortable for people to create bedroom communities, where they commute to
work at distant places and return to homes only t sleep. This has all led to brutal cutting of the forests and end
of farming on large land parcels near city edges and suburbs, negatively affecting the sustainability and food
chain of cities. This is again a policy issue which needs to be taken up by the government to contain disastrous
aftermath.
(viii) Lack of Regional Integration – Regional integration is grossly missing from the urban scenario as far as
integrated townships is concerned, this is also on account of government folly to set norms and effective
infrastructure in place for such integration. Without being integrated such townships work as islands without
much physical or social interactions with one another or with rest of the city, predominantly on account of
missing efficient trunk infrastructure.
Conclusion
‘Integrated Township’ is a welcome idea if all its pros and cons are considered simultaneously, a proper
umbrella policy is in place to pronounce the law loud and clear and represent all stakeholders’ rights and
interests. Such townships are great place for social sustainability along with environmental and economic, and
need to be harnessed in favour of the same. With the announcement of ‘Smart City’ programme and
Greenfield development as a major role player, it becomes imperative to have a well pronounced policy in
place. This shall foster competitiveness, equity, sustainability, quality of life and balanced development across
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the country’s city canvas. Government’s task will also be to integrate all such townships at a regional level, as
this function cannot be played by the individual developer of township or local citizens.
There are some ground rules for establishing such townships, propounded by the states in their respective
policies pertaining to investment, land requirement, infrastructure provision, amenities to be featured,
subsidies and exemptions, etc. To illustrate – The Maharashtra Township Policy – which lays following
provisions.
(i) 100% Foreign Direct Investment possible in Integrated Township Projects –
(ii) Non-agriculture permission will be automatic –
(iii) Government land falling under township area shall be leased out to the developer at current market rate
(iv) The condition that only agriculturist will be eligible to buy agriculture land shall not be applicable in Special
Township Area –
(v) There shall be no ceiling limit for holding agriculture land to be purchased by the developer for such
project
(vi) There shall be floating Floor Space Index (FSI) in township. Unused FSI of one plot can be used anywhere in
the whole township
(vii) The stamp duty rates applicable shall be 50% of the prevailing rates
(viii) A Special Township Project shall be partially exempted from payment of scrutiny fee for processing the
development charge –
(ix) Development of basic infrastructure and amenities shall be an integral part of the project
(x) Minimum 100 acres of continuous and uninterrupted land parcel required for township
(xi) Creation and maintenance of Green Cover (15% of the total area)
(xii) Environmental Clearances
(xii) Minimum residential area cover (60% of the total area) –
(xiii) Minimum area for Low Income Housing (10% of total residential area)
(xiv) Provision of College on the campus if total township area exceeds 1000 acres
(xv) Other guidelines in terms of Housing technology, Institutional framework; Capacity building ; foreign
investments etc.
CASE STUDY
• WALK – TO – WORK, WALK – TO – SCHOOL & WALK – TO – SHOP.
• GLIMPSES OF MAGARPATTA CITY
• Magarpatta City is a landmark in Pune. Situated on the road to Solapur, it is a planned city on 400
acres of land. What is unique about it is that it has been developed by a farmers' co-cooperative --
some 120 families consisting of 800 individuals. Construction started in 2000.
• Architect - Hafeez Contractor and other local architect
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• VISION: Our Vision is to create a new way of life for the networked society of the new millennium.
With emphasis on proper environment control, good living standards, modern educational system and
state -of-the-art working conditions with total security
• LOCATION: One great advantage of Magarpatta City is its close location. The city is 7 kms from the
Pune Railway station and 5 kms from the City‟s business centre. This makes Magarpatta City easily
accessible from anywhere in Pune.
CONSIDERED FACTORS:
• MAXIMUM SECURITY AND SAFETY
Magarpatta City is a walled city, with fortified gates and guarded entrances. No stranger can enter the city,
without security clearance. Added to this, the city will be intensively patrolled day and night by security
professionals. All the safety norms for fire fighting, electricity, in-city traffic will also be enforced by
professionals.
• ENVIRONMENT
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1/3rd of Magarpatta City's area, about 120 acres is gardens alone. Apart from this there are trees, plantations
and green sidewalks dotted alongside the roads. Declared an Oxygen Zone, the City is pollution-free. Adopting
eco-friendly practices such as solar water heating, solar lighting and hygienic garbage disposal further
preserves the environment.
• EDUCATION
Magarpatta City also has education facilities from pre-primary to graduation. Which means your children
won't have to go far for schooling and college education. This will be available within walking distance.
• RECREATION
Recreational spots are normally located far off in any city. But at Magarpatta City you have them right around
your home. Amphitheatres, Cultural Centers, Aqua Sports Complexes, Shopping an d Entertainment centers,
Golf Clubs and more offer you the maximum delight.
• HEALTH
A family's healthcare needs are met by a 200-bed multi specialty hospital in Magarpatta City. The ultra
modern hospital will provide the best in healthcare by eminent medical professionals.
• INFRASTRUCTURE
A consistently top quality of construction procedures is maintained at Magarpatta City. Broad wide roads,
traffic islands, block parks are designed in accordance with international procedures. Power & water supply
too will be through systematic super safe state-of the-art engineering
• AMENITIES & FACILITIES:
In line with its mission, Magarpatta City is an effort to ensure a convenient, enjoyable and stress-free life for a
family. To achieve this mere neighbourhood won't suffice. A larger canvass is needed. That is why; all the
amenities and elements of modern day lifestyle that are vital for the networked society have been provided.
• EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES
At Magarpatta City your children won't have to travel far to school or college because the city offers
educational facilities from pre-primary to graduation within walking distance. RECREATION Normally
recreational spots are located far away in a city. But at Magarpatta City they are available right around your
home. Sports Complexes, Amphitheatres, Cultural Centres, Aqua Sports Centres, Shopping and Entertainment
centres, Golf Clubs, Gardens, Children's Play Areas, Community Centres and more offer you maximum delight.
• HEALTHCARE
Family healthcare needs are met by a 200-bed multi-specialty hospital in Magarpatta City. This ultra modern
hospital will provide the best healthcare by eminent medical professionals. Apart from dream homes, it is
these unique value offerings that make Magarpatta City really exclusive. And also the ideal city for a lovely
home and a lively lifestyle, right in the centre of Pune. In the lush green Oxygen Zone, that is just 8 kms off the
Mumbai-Pune expressway.
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Eco Friendly Systems:

• Rainwater Harvesting:
Rainwater harvesting to canalize water from terraces is planned for over 8 natural wells, 515
recharging bores, over 1.25 acres of an artificial lake body and to recharge ground water
levels. Inter-locking paving blocks and cutout grass concrete pavers assist in raising
groundwater levels. Pune‟s largest mist fountain enhances the microclimatology here. Waste
water is recycled with three sewage treatment plants planned with a capacity of 2 million
litres a day and the recycled water is used for gardening purpose via the conserving drip
irrigation and sprinkler distribution system. This keeps the garden lush green and lowers
temperatures in the surroundings.
• Garbage Segregation at Source:
Eco-friendly practice of segregation of over 400 tones of household and commercial garbage,
trash and waste per month is done at source of which 280 tones of biodegradable waste is
used for vermi-culture and bio-compost. Over 120 tones non-biodegradable waste is recycled
in a way not hazardous to nature, disposed off safely and the re-usable scrap is sold.
 Biogas Plant:
A two tone capacity Biogas plant is installed here wherein biodegradable waste goes through a
process and the non-polluting biogas which is generated is used to generate power to operate
a major percentage of the garden pumps. This saves excessive power requirements equivalent
to 118 commercial gas cylinders of 19 kilograms capacity per month, which translates to a
power generation of over 270 electrical units per day. Over 7,000 solar water heating panels
installed on the terraces reduce heat effects on th e top floors and are designed to save over
1.75 crore electrical units which potentially translates to more than 13,000 tone of carbon
emissions saved every year. An electrical vehicle is used for security. Low power consumption
lights are fitted in streets and common areas.
• Vermiculture:
The nursery has vermi-culture and bio-compost pits, which generate manure from garbage
segregated at source at Magarpatta City. The manure composted here provides for nourishing
these saplings and shrubs. Organic pesticides like Verticillium and Trichoderma are used
extensively. Not only are plants, saplings and organic vegetables sold here, a unique facility of
a Plant Library is offered whereby just like a book/ video library one can enjoy the different
plants here at a nominal charge for a limited period providing a refreshing and dynamic feel to
ones dwelling.
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• Use of Fly-ash Bricks in construction:

Fly ash which is an environmental hazardous waste produced by thermal power plants is used
as a part replacement of cement and fine aggregates, is an inert material & saves energy
required for production of cement. Usage of fly ash bricks helps in reduction of greenhouse
gases, which are depleting the ozone layer. These bricks are better than traditional bricks
because of various reasons, like controlling of pollution, cost, breakage, wastages, evenness,
finish while manufacturing and more compressive strength. As fly ash bricks are produced
mechanically they are economical, good for any type of ma sonry and absorb very less water.
For every tone of fly ash used in construction, approximately 1 tone of CO2 emission in
environment is reduced. Magarpatta City is set to consume 1, 30,000 tone of fly ash by the
time construction is completed here, translating into a huge saving of over the same, i.e.
1,30,000 tone of carbon emission.
• Solar Water Heating System:
Magarpatta City has become home to one of the largest residential Solar Water-Heating
systems in the country. The solar panels have been put in all the residential apartments
comprising of about 3500 flats in the Phase-I & II. On completion, the total capacity will be in
the region of 7 lakh liters per day which will save power to the tune of 37 KWH per day and in
monetary terms Rs.3.9 crore a year. This is one of the many environment-friendly practices
carried out in Magarpatta City.
******************
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UNIT 5 – ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA AR 6902 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND PLANNING

• Globalization and its impact on cities

 1.0 GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON CITIES

What are the factors aiding globalisation?

2) LPG Reforms: The 1991 reforms in India have led to greater

3) Faster Transportation: Improved transport, making global travel

4) Rise of WTO: The formation of WTO in 1994 led to reduction in

Globalization and India:

IMPACTS OF GLOBALISATION IN INDIA

Socio-Cultural Impact on Indian Society:

Psychological Impact on Indian Society:

IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN RURAL LIFE

THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN URBAN LIFE

Urbanisation in India: trends, opportunities and smart cities

Population growth and migration as one of the 2 major factors.

Trends supporting urbanisation in India

Spatial planning in India

India's Seven Mission Program

Opportunities in India’s urban infrastructure

Power and power infrastructure requirements in India

Concept cities and smart cities in India

India's 13 benchmarks for smart cities

The 20 India smart cities

Urbanization: Causes and Effects of Urbanization in India

ii. Social factors:

iii. Employment opportunities:

 3.0 EMERGENCE OF NEW FORMS OF DEVELOPMENTS

 Urban Form refers to the-

 FACTORS INFLUENCING CITY FORM

 DIFFERENT FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

• A direct line of travel for centrally • Central congestion ,

CASE STUDY The Radio centric (concentric) city- MASCOW

Moscow, the world biggest Megapolis (Russian

• Successive epochs of development are traced by

 THE GRID IRON CITY FORM

• High accessibility, • Requires flow hierarchies,

CASE STUDY 1- Grid iron city – Chandigarh

 The population of a sector varies between 3000-20000

CASE STUDY 2 – The Grid iron city - San Francisco

 San Francisco was designed to accommodate outrageous

 THE LINEAR CITY FORM

 Initially proposed by Soria Y Mata.

• High accessibility • Very sensitive to blockage

CASE STUDY - The linear city – Navi Mumbai

The Taloja and Thane Belapur Industrial Belt of Navi

 SELF CONTAINED NEW TOWNS

Land Use Pattern-Shapes

2. Upward (expanding vertically)

 4.0 SELF-SUSTAINED COMMUNITIES

 Sustainable community initiatives have emerged in neighbourhoods,

Case study: The Sustainable City, Dubai

Case study: AUROVILLE, Pondicherry

Special economic zone (SEZ)

Special Economic Zones in India

The main objectives of the SEZ Act are:

The SEZ Rules provide for:

How to Apply for SEZ:

Key Advantages of SEZ Units in India

• In-house Customs clearance facilities

Some of the Established Important Special Economic Zones in India are :

• Khopata - Multi-product, Mumbai

IT Parks/Special Economic Zones(SEZ) : Sholinganallur - SEZ

Present Allottees and Lands reserved for Allottees: