DIALOGUE

Listen and repeat

WHERE ARE YOU FROM?

Ronald: Hi, I’m Ronald McBride, I’m the new team member.
Jeffrey: Hi Ronald. My name is Jeffrey Jones, but all the guys call me Jeff.
Ronald: OK, and what is your position?
Jeffrey: I’m the goalkeeper. How about you?
Ronald: I’m a defender, but sometimes, I play as a midfielder.
Jeffrey: And where are you from?
Ronald: I’m from Portland, Oregon. My family and I just moved to California.
Jeffrey: You’ll enjoy a lot living here. Let’s meet the other guys and Mr.Lynn, our head
coach.
Ronald: Great. Let’s go.

A few minutes later

Jeffrey: Mr. Lynn, this is Ronald, the new goalie, and he’s from Portland, Oregon.
Mr. Lynn: That’s fantastic. You’re welcome Ronald.
Ronald: Thank you Mr. Lynn. And when can I start training?
Mr. Lynn: Our next session begins this afternoon at 5.
Ronald: OK, see you then. Bye Mr. Lynn.

2
 A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
We use possessive adjectives to show who owns or "possesses" something
there is one possesive adjetive for each grammatical

Number Pers
onal
pron
oun
Gender Possessive Example sentence
adjetive
1st I Male / Female My this is not My book
2nd You Male / Female Your I like Your hair
He Male His His Name is “Jhon”
Singular
3rd She Female her her name is “Mary”
It Neuter Its The dog is licking its paw
1st We Male / Female Our We have sold our house
2nd You Male / Female Your Your childrem are lovely
Plural
3rd They Male / Female/Neuter Their The students thanks their
teacher.
Singular/ 1st/2nd/3rd Male / Female/ Not Neuter
Plural Whose Whose phone did you use ?

the possesive adjetive is used directly in front of a noun.

my brother - your sister - our parents

ACTIVITY:
Complete the blanks with the appropriate possessive adjective, according to the given
personal pronoun.
A This is ___ new car. I bought it yesterday.

B Michael's married. ____ wife is an accountant.

C Susan's coming to the party on her own. ___ boyfriend's staying at home.
D They live on the other side of the street. That's ____ house, the red one.
E A family picture! Which one is ____ sister?
F Valerie can’t find ___ book
3
 WH- QUESTIONS WITH BE

What’s your favorite color? My favorite color is dark blue.

Where’s Donovan? He’s in your office waiting for you.
Who’s Richard McGee? He’s the principal.

What are your friends like? They are very gentle.

Where are Lily and Lia from? They are from Buffalo, New York.
How are your new tools? They’re really nice and useful.

ACTIVITY
Ask each one of your classmates a question using the Wh- questions with be.

CULTURE FLASH
Listen and repeat
Strange things that interest us:
GREETINGS FROM AROUND THE WORLD

One thing that a traveler in another country notices is that the rules for saying hello are very
complicated, and can be quite different than the way it is at home. When I've traveled, I've found it
quite easy to get it wrong. So, in honor of World Hello Day, I snooped around a bit in the library and
came up with a number of interesting (and some quite odd) ways that people greet each other.

Over much of the planet, people shake hands when they meet. In many other cultures, they also kiss.
Some kiss on one cheek, some on both, yet others kiss three times! I've skipped over all that in my
list, because I want to stretch us?. Maybe you won't think some of these strange. Then again, maybe
you think some of these greetings are really odd. But let's all try to keep an open mind. Agreed?
4
China a nod or bow
Hongkong clasp hands together at throat level and nod
India palms together as though praying and bend or nod, called namaste
Indonesia say selamat, which means peace
Japan bow from the waist, palms on thighs, heels together
Korea a slight bow and handshake (right hand in one or both hands)
both hands touch other person's hands, then are brought back to the breast,
Malaysia
called salame gesture
Philippines a limp handshake
Sri Lanka place palms together under chin and bow slightly
Thailand place palms together, elbows down, and bow head slightly, calledwai

A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat

YES / NO

Questions and short answers with be

Are you the coach? Yes, I am No, I’m not

Is Ronald from Oregon? Yes, he is No, he’s not / No, he isn’t

Is Mary’s teacher from England? Yes, she is. No, she´s not / No, she isn´t

Are you and Jeff teammates? Yes, we are. No, we’re not / No, we aren’t

Are your teammates friendly? Yes, they are No, they’re not / No they aren’t

5
 ACTIVITY
Answer the questions using the short answers.

1 Is he nice? 5 Are Ron and Max your friends?

Yes, _____________. Yes, _____________.
2 Is she new at our school? 6 Has your sister got a cat?
Yes, _____________. No, _____________.

3 Are the boys in the garden 7 Are you from Germany

No, _____________. Yes, _____________.
4 Is John from France? 8 Is the cat in her basket?
No, _____________. No, _____________.

CULTURE FLASH
GREETINGS
Once you have been introduced to someone, the next time you see that person it is important to
greet them. We also greet people as we leave them. In English (as in all languages), there are
different ways to greet people in formal and informal situations.

Formal Greetings: Arriving

Good morning / afternoon / evening.

Hello (name), how are you?
Good day Sir / Madam (very formal)

Informal Greetings: Arriving

Hi / Hello
How are you?
What's up? (very informal)
How are you doing? (very informal)

6
It's important to note that the question "How are you?" or "What's up?" doesn't necessary need a
response. If you do respond, these phrases are generally expected:

Very well, thank you. And you? (formal)

Fine / Great (informal)

Formal Greetings: Departing

Good morning / afternoon / evening.

It was a pleasure seeing you.
Goodbye.
Note: After 8 p.m. - Good night.

Informal Greetings: Departing

Goodbye / Bye.
See you (later).
Later (very informal

DIALOGUE
Listen and repeat

AT PARTY
Peter: Hello.
Jane: Hi!
Peter: My name is Peter. What's your name?
Jane: My name is Jane. Nice to meet you.
Peter: It's a pleasure. This is a great party!
Jane: Yes, it is. Where are you from?
Peter: I'm from Amsterdam.
Jane: Amsterdam? Really, are you German?
Peter: No, I'm not German. I'm Dutch.
Jane: Oh, you're Dutch. Sorry about that
Peter: That's OK. Where are you from?
Jane: I'm from London, but I'm not British.
Peter: No, what are you?
7
Jane: Well, my parents were Spanish, so I'm Spanish, too.
Peter: That's very interesting. Spain is a beautiful country.
Jane: Thank you. It’s a wonderful place.

CULTURE FLASH
Listen and repeat

MOST COMMON NAMES IN THE US

There are 310,379,145 people in the United States of America. If everyone in the U.S. lined up single
file, the line would stretch around the Earth almost 7 times. That's a lot of people.

The U.S. Census Bureau statistics tell us that there are at least 151,671 different last names and
5,163 different first names in common use in the United States. Some names are more common
than others.

There are 44,878 people named John Smith in the United States. There are 976 people named
James Bond, 103 people named Harry Potter , 437 people named George Bush, and 31 people
named Emily Dickinson. However, Johnny Cash (33 people) songs aside there are, statistically
speaking, very few boys named Sue.

What about you? How many people share your name? Enter it and find out how many of you there
are.

8
 50 MOST COMMON AMERICAN SURNAMES
(US CENSUS 1990)

1. Smith 11. Anderson 21. Clark 31. Wright 41. Mitchell

2. Johnson 12. Thomas 22. Rodriguez 32. Lopez 42. Perez
3. Williams 13. Jackson 23. Lewis 33. Hill 43. Roberts
4. Jones 14. White 24. Lee 34. Scott 44. Turner
5. Brown 15. Harris 25. Walker 35. Green 45. Phillips
6. Davis 16. Martin 26. Hall 36. Adams 46. Campbell
7. Miller 17. Thompson 27. Allen 37. Baker 47. Parker
8. Wilson 18. Garcia 28. Young 38. Gonzalez 48. Evans
9. Moore 19. Martinez 29. Hernandez 39. Nelson 49. Edwards
10. Taylor 20. Robinson 30. King 40. Carter 50. Collins

CLASS ACTIVITY:
Discuss with your classmates about the importance of the name as part of your identity, and
make a list of the most common names in your town.

9
 CULTURE FLASH
Listen and repeat
THE 10 MOST DANGEROUS JOBS IN AMERICA

1 Fisherman: I was surprised to see fishermen top the list of the most dangerous professions in the US,
but then I remembered watching a few episodes of Deadliest Catch. Fishermen are routinely
exposed to the elements and heavy equipment, all of which can be dangerous. The recent oil spill in
the gulf exposed thousands of fishermen to oil and other chemical pollutants, so we may see the
effects from that in the near future. Is it worth it? Some Alaskan fishermen have earned up to
$100,000 for only a couple days work. But as you can see, most fishermen only scrape by, earning
median wages of $23,600.

2 Logger: Logging is the number two most dangerous job on the list, but a quick look at the numbers
shows over 3 times as many fishermen die from work related injuries than the number two item on
the list. Loggers work with heavy equipment and often in remote locations; the location and lack of
full medical facilities often increasing the risk of injury related deaths.

3 Airline Pilots: This statistic might be a little misleading as there aren't many commercial airline
crashes in the US in any given year. Most pilot deaths come from small one and two engine aircraft.
The salary might be slightly misleading as well - it seems to be skewed toward higher paid
commercial airline pilots, who generally have a safer job than other pilots. Still, piloting is a
dangerous profession, even with new technology and arguably the safest aircraft and procedures in
the history of man.
11
4 Farmers and ranchers: Farmers are exposed to the elements, heavy machinery, large animals, and
many other dangerous activities. Many farmers also work under pressure. For example, growing
crops takes all season, but harvesting usually needs to be completed as quickly as possible because
the machinery often needs to be used at other locations.

5 Roofers: Roofing is a difficult and dangerous profession with injuries related to falls, tools and
equipment, hot tar, exposure to the elements and more.

6 Ironworkers: Have you ever seen a skyscraper being built? It's amazing to watch those guys walking
across a couple inch pieces of steel several hundred feet above the street. It's also incredibly
dangerous. Safety measures and regulations have come a long way in the last few decades, but this
is still one of the most dangerous professions.

7 Sanitation Worker: Large equipment, and exposure to chemicals and the elements make this a
more dangerous profession than many would assume.
12
 8 INDUSTRIAL MACHINIST:

Accidents with heavy machinery are the most common cause of death for this career field.

9 Truckers and drivers/sales delivery workers: Truck drivers don't lead the list the list in terms of
deaths per 100,000 workers, but they actually lead the list when it comes to total numbers of deaths
because there are more truckers and deliverymen than the other professions. Accidents and weather
are the main causes of death on the job.
10 Construction laborer: Heavy machinery and accidents with construction equipment lead the way.

Dangerous Professions that didn't make the cut

I was surprised the list provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics didn't include professions such as
firefighters, policemen, and military members - people who risk their lives on a daily basis. But this
list only includes deaths per 100,000 workers, not the inherent danger of working in that career
field or the number of serious accidents or injuries. Obviously, people who are willing to run into a
running building to save someone, work undercover in a gang unit or engage in combat are
exposing themselves to more danger than the average worker.

ACTIVITY
Answer the following questions and then discuss the answers with your classmates.

1 Which of these jobs do you think is the most dangerous? Why?

2 List other jobs you consider dangerous. Why are they dangerous?

13
CLUE WORDS
Listen and repeat

JOBS AND PROFESSIONS

Actor/actress Architect Chef/cook

Doctor Engineer Flight attendant

Judge Lawyer Mason

14
 Nurse Pilot Police officer

Secretary Cashier Singer

Waitress Waiter Teacher

15
ACTIVITY
Look at the pictures and then match the information in columns 1, 2 and 3. Look at the given
example.

Shepherd Farmer Shoemaker

Miner Surgeon

1 2 3
A farmer feeds and guards his sheeps In his little shop.
A shepperd extracts minerals from the earth to the local supermarket.
A surgeon makes and repairs shoes in the public hospital.
A miner operates his patients for this company.
A shoemaker sells crops on the prairie.

16
 DIALOGUE

I work at…
Listen and repeat
Andrew: Where do you work Jenny?
Jenny: I work at Continental Savings Bank.
Andrew: And what do you do there?
Jenny: I’m a branch manager. I take care of the
organization and operation of the Buenaventura’s Mall branch.
Andrew: Sounds interesting.
Jenny: Yes, it’s a good job and well paid. And what do you do?
Andrew: I’m a private detective in Los Angeles.
Jenny: Wow! Sound very dangerous.
Andrew: Yes, it´s a risky job, but I always wanted to become a detective.

ACTIVITY
along with a classmate write a dialogue on which you both describe what kind of job you do and
the place where you work

17
 A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The simple present tense is one of the most common tenses in English. This page will explain the
rules for forming the tense with regular verbs.

Forming the simple present tense

There are only two basic forms for the simple present tense; one ends with -s and the other doesn't.
Here are the rules, using the example verb "work:

SUBJECT VERB FORM EXAMPLE

I Simple form I work
You Simple form You work
He Simple form + S He works
She Simple form + S She works
It Simple form + S It works
We Simple form We work
They Simple form They work

In other words, only THIRD PERSON SINGULAR subjects (he, she and it) have to have a verb with -S.

-s or -es ?

With most verbs, the third person singular form is created simply by adding -S. However, with some
verbs, you need to add -ES or change the ending a little. Here are the rules:

19
 VERB ENDING IN TO MAKE THE 3rd PERSON SINGULAR(he,she,it) EXAMPLE
S Add -ES He passes
Z Add -ES It buzzes
sh Add -ES She wishes
ch Add -ES He watches
x Add -ES She mixes
Consonant + y Change Y to I, then add -ES It flies
Anything else Add -S He sings
ACTIVITY
complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in the simple present tense.

1 The bank ________ at four o'clock. (To close)

21 She ________ in Florida. (To live)

3 Jo is so smart that she ________ every exam without even trying. (To pass)

4 My best friend ________ to me every week. (To call)

5 We ________ to Spain every summer. (To fly)

6 I ________ in a bank. (To work)

7 It ________ almost every day in Manchester. (To rain)

8 My mother ________ eggs for breakfast every morning. (To fry)

9 My life is so boring . I just ________ TV every night. (To watch)

10 John ________ very hard in class, but I don't think he'll pass the course.
(To work)
20
 A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat

SIMPLE PRESENT WH
QUESTIONS AND STATEMENTS

I’m a doctor, I work in the public

What do you do?
hospital.
Where do you live? I live in Kingston, Jamaica.
Where do you go to school? I go to the University of Florida

Where does Pete live? He lives in the house next to the library.
What does Martha do? She’s an accountant. She works for
How does Mark like it? the city.
He really loves it.

ACTIVITY
complete with the correct Wh word.

1 ______________do you want to do this evening?

I feel like going to the movies.

________________do you want to go tomorrow?

21
I want to visit the new mall and then I want to visit my aunt.

_______________ does it snow in England?

3
Especially during winter, but sometimes it snows in fall.

____________ does the party start?

4
It will begin at 2 o’clock.

5 __________ don't you come?

Because I have to work all the weekend.

6 ______________do you like the food?

It’s the best dinner I’ve ever had.
21
 DIALOGUE

I always close my store at 7p.m.

Margaret: So, Sam do you always get home that late?
Sam: Yes, I do.
Margaret: I never get home too late. I have so many things to do at home that
I need to get there at least at 8p.m.
Sam. And what do you do?
Margaret: I always close my store at 7 o’clock on weekdays. On the weekend I only
open in the morning.
Sam: What kind of store do you own?
Margaret: It’s a bookstore. What about you?
Sam: I’m a personal trainer. I work at the gym in Ocean Mall.
Margaret: Really! I used to go there a few years ago.
Sam: I just started working there last month.

PHONETICS:
Listen and repeat SYLLABLE STRESS
Notice which syllable has the main stress in these words, and the write two examples of each case.

PILOT ARCHITECT HOUSEKEEPER

22
 A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat
TIME EXPRESSIONS

Monday
Tuesday
Sunday
DAYS OF THE WEEK

Saturday Wednesday

Friday Thursday

Notice that all days of the week are capitalized. When speaking about an action that is repeated
EVERY Saturday, Monday, etc. use the day of the week + S: Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays,
Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays

The Weekend
British English: at the weekend OR at weekends (in general)
American English: on the weekends OR on weekends (in general)
Examples:
I play tennis at weekends.
She goes out on the weekends.

Use the following time expressions to express things that happen during the day.
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
at night

NOTE: Make sure to note that we say 'at night' NOT 'in the night'
Examples:
They do the cleaning in the morning.
He goes to bed late at night.

23
Time Expressions to Use with the Present Simple
Every day, month, year, after, before, until, early, late, etc.

Examples:
She travels to Las Vegas every year.
Jack tries to exercise every day.
She always sleeps until 10.am.
Don’t come back too late.

Adverbs of frequency (usually, sometimes, often, etc.)

Examples:

They sometimes play golf.

She rarely smokes.

IN - used with specific years or months

Example:
She graduated in 1976.
ON - used with Days of the week and to tell dates
On Saturday, On May 1st
Example:
The next class is On Saturday.

AT - used to tell the time

at 7:30, at 8:15
Example:
The next class is On Saturday at 5 p.m.

24
ACTIVITY
Write examples using several time expressions in the same sentence.

1 I have to start my show early, because my meeting with you is at 5 in the afternoon.

10

READING:
Listen and repeat

Work Experience In The U.K

Work experience can be part time or full time. It can be paid or unpaid. It can be in a museum or it
can be in a pub. It can be supervised well or hardly supervised at all. It can be undertaken for
educational experience or undertaken for financial gain. It can be fun or it can be tedious.
Sometimes it can be both. Clearly, options abound for work experience in the UK. with so many
different scenarios available it can be hard to find a good definition for work experience, but for the
most part it is accepted that work experience is any voluntary or paid labour that you perform before
you begin your career. So that summer that you walked along the beach in a sandwich board? It can
count - if you're willing to admit to it!
25
Consider Your CV
A lot of students initially balk at the idea of work experience. Why add more to their already
overflowing schedules when they might not even get paid for it? Smart students already know the
answer to this - because there's more to work experience than just the pay check. Work experience
offers:
Experience in your chosen career or industry.
Opportunities for networking with companies and key players.
Impressive additions to your CV.
The chance to hone "soft skills" that employers find attractive such as: Decision making.

Maturity.
Cooperation.
Problem solving.
Communication.

Types of Work Experience in the U.K.

In the UK there are a number of different types of work experiences available to students. Whether
or not work is undertaken for pay, educational credit or both does not affect the type of work that is
involved in each. Types of work experience in the U.K. include:

Vacation work (any work undertaken during your holidays and outside of term time).

Part time (35 hours or less each week) jobs.

Voluntary (unpaid) work.

Work shadowing (usually short term and unpaid) in which a student "shadows" an employee to get
a feel for his/her job and industry.

Internships (often unpaid) which are much like work shadowing only the student has work of their
own to complete.

Gap year placements (usually undertaken as part of a formal program) which can occur at home or
abroad and are usually unpaid.

Sandwich placements (usually undertaken during a year "out" of your educational course).

26
Applying for Work Experience.
If you're raring to find work experience then you're not alone! To beat out the competition, make
sure that you:

Thoroughly research the companies and industries in which you would like to work.

Draft a complete CV and formal application letter. Ask for references from teachers, coaches,
professors or other adults (to whom you are not related) who know you best.

Practice interviewing techniques and answering questions about yourself and your experiences.
Present yourself as competent and mature from the start.

Turn up to interviews well dressed and clean.

Follow up all interviews with a thank you letter.

Congratulations! With enthusiasm, the right demeanour and total dedication there is no doubt that
you will soon be enjoying the work experience that you're dreaming about now.

Good luck!

CLASS ACTIVITY:
Tell your classmates what are your expectations for your first time work experience.

27
 A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat THE MEANING
OF COLORS

Just imagine how this world would be without colors or better still imagine yourself living in a world
that is only in black and white. Would life be as beautiful, enjoyable and splendid as how it is now
with regards to color? The beautiful blue sky would lose its unique color, trees and flowers their
splendid colors just to name a few. Our behavior towards a lot of things that control our present lives
would not exist. No it wouldn't, color affects us both physiologically and psychologically that impacts
on our lives greatly both consciously and unconsciously. Color from ever since has been used to
shape and define our lives, our habits, our values, and our feelings. The colors we chose to wear, to
decorate our homes, our gardens, and so on gives us a personal insight about what is going on
inside our innermost feelings and emotions. Even the food we eat, the color is taken into account by
food industries and advertising companies when packaging and marketing their products. For
example, how many of us would find a green drink appealing? We usually associate this color with a
poisonous substance. Color is a silent language that we all react to based on whether it is a
behavioral response or a learned response. For example, our color preference that we have is based
on our experience of past events in our daily social life. This would be a learned response. While on
the other hand, a behavioral response happens naturally without us being aware of it. For example,
the color red can heighten our perception of danger just by seeing it - the color of blood.

Color symbolism can vary dramatically between various cultures around the world that perceive
colors completely different. For example, unlike Western cultures, the Chinese use white instead of
black during funerals. Why you might ask? This is due to the fact that they associate white with the
winter time in which nature is dead. Color is also associated with different religious and spiritual
meanings in various cultures. Thus, this article will mostly cover the meaning of colors in the
Western world however, if it is possible, a note will be made of its meaning in different cultures.
29
Red
Excitement, energy, passion, desire, movement, speed, strength, health, good fortune, vigor,
power, heat, love, all things intense and passionate.
Negative: aggression, danger, fire, blood, war, violence, lust, stop, revolution, overwhelming
and agitated.
Some Cultures :

China - symbol of celebration and luck, used in many cultural ceremonies that range
from funerals to weddings.
India - color of purity (used in wedding outfits).
United States - Christmas color when combined with green, Valentines Day when
combined with pink, indicates stop (danger) at traffic lights.
Eastern cultures - signifies joy when combined with white.
Associations:
Holiday: Yule (Christmas)
Planet: Mars
Day: Tuesday
Astrological: Scorpio

Yellow

Joy, happiness, optimism, idealism, imagination, hope, sunshine, summer, cheerful, laughter
gold, philosophy, caution, brightness, intelligence, knowledge, learning, concentration,
persuasion, charm, confidence, creativity, happiness, organization and Spring time.
Negative: dishonesty, cowardice, betrayal, jealousy, covetousness, deceit, illness, hazard,
criticism, laziness, or cynicism.
*Note: said that too much causes babies to cry and tempers to flare. Also, speeds up
metabolism and creativity increases sales.
Some Cultures :

Asia - sacred, imperial.

Western cultures - joy, happiness.

Associations:
Planet: Mercury
Day: Wednesday
Astrological: Gemini, Leo
30
Blue
Peace, tranquility, calm, devotion, sincerity, honor, steadfast, dependable, loyal, productive,
stability, harmony, unity, trust, truth, confidence, spirituality, intuition, inspiration, conservatism,
security, cleanliness, order, loyalty, sky, water, ice, coolness, technology, appetite suppressant, love,
acceptance, patience, understanding, cooperation, comfort and loyalty.
Pale blue (baby blue) stands for an infant boy.

Negative: depression, obscenity, fear, coldness, and passivity.

Some Cultures :
China - associated with immortality.
Colombia - associated with soap..
Hindus - the color of Krishna.
Jews - holiness.
Middle East - protective color.
Note: Blue is often considered to be the safest global color.
Associations

Planets: Moon,Venus, Saturn, Jupiter

Days: Monday, Friday, Saturday, Thursday
Astrological: Libra, Sagittarius

Orange
Balance, encouragement, warmth, enthusiasm, vibrant, expansive, flamboyant, demanding of
attention, steadfastness, courage, confidence, friendliness, cheerfulness, warmth, excitement,
energy fun times, plenty, kindness, adaptability, stimulation, attraction, happy energetic days and
ambition.
Negative: Ignorance, inferiority, warning, danger, fire, sluggishness and superiority.
Some Cultures :
Ireland - religious significance (Protestant).
United States - inexpensive goods, Halloween (with black).

Associations:
Holiday: Candlemas
Deities: Brigid
Planets: Sun, Mars, Mercury
Days: Sunday, Tuesday, Wednesday
Astrological:

31
Green
Nature, environment, healthy, masculine, calming, good luck, prosperity, vitality, renewal, youth,
vigor, spring, generosity, fertility, money, food, go, grass, hope, growth, charity, wealth, freshness,
youth, soothing, sharing and responsiveness.
Negative: jealousy, inexperience, envy, misfortune, greed, constriction, guilt, and disorder.
Some Cultures:

China - studies indicate this is not a good color choice for packaging, green hats mean a
man's wife is cheating on him.
France - studies indicate this is not a good color choice for packaging

India - the color of Islam.

Ireland - religious significance (Catholic).
Some tropical countries - associated with danger
United States - indicates go (safe) at traffic lights, environmental awareness, St. Patrick's
Day, Christmas color (red and green).

Associations

Planets: Venus, Mercury

Days: Friday, Wednesday
Holidays: Spring Equinox, Beltane
Astrological: Taurus

Purple
Royalty, piety, sanctity, sentimentality, spirituality, nobility, ceremony, power, mysterious,
transformation, wisdom, enlightenment, sophistication, respect and religion.
Negative: cruelty, tension, arrogance, mourning, bruised or foreboding.
Some Cultures :

Western cultures - royalty.

Associations:
Planet: Jupiter
Day: Thursday
Astrological: Sagittarius

32
Gray
Security, reliability, balance, neutrality, intelligence, staid, modesty, practical, dignity, maturity,
timeless, solid, conservative.
Negative: old age, sadness, boring, death, canceling, depression, and loss of direction.

Associations:
Planet: Moon
Day: Monday
Deity: Athena
Astrological: Virgo

Brown
hearth, home, outdoors, friendship, reliability, Earth, grounding, endurance, stability, simplicity
and comfort.
Negative: mourning
Some Cultures :

Colombia - discourages sales.

Associations:

Planets: Moon (tan browns), Venus (all), Saturn (dark browns)

Days: Monday/ Friday/ Saturday
Deity: Gaia
Astrological: Capricorn
Holiday: Mabon

White
Reverence, purity, simplicity, cleanliness, peace, truth, glory, cleansing, healing, protection,
humility, precision, innocence, youth, birth, winter, snow, good, marriage (Western cultures), cold,
clinical, the full moon, healing, peace, spiritual strength, exorcism, consecration, meditation,
divination.
Negative: Blind, winter, unimaginative, surrender, cold, sterility, distant,
death (Eastern cultures)
.
Some Cultures :

Eastern cultures - mourning, death.

Japan - white carnations signify death.
33
China- it symbolizes age, autumn, death, misfortune, virginity and purity.

Associations:

Planet: Moon
Day: Monday
Astrological: Cancer

Black
Dramatic, classy, committed, serious, power, authority, sexuality, sophistication, formality,
elegance, wealth, depth, style, absence of color, good technical color.
Negative: mystery, fear, evil, anonymity, unhappiness, sadness, remorse, anger, mourning,
ignorance, coldness, unconscious, underground, satanic rituals, darkness, death (Western cultures).
Some Cultures :
Western cultures - mourning, death.
Associations:

Holiday: Samhain
Planet: Saturn
Day: Saturday
Deities: The Crone
Astrological: Scorpio & Capricorn

Did You Know?

Due to the fact that color affects us both physiologically and psychologically companies such as
advertisers, food manufactures, packaging companies, professional web designers, car designers,
office decorators and so on all use certain colors, shades and tone that will have a positive effect on
us. This will influence us buying a product based on its color and the package it comes in. Buildings
that are decorated with the right colors can let us feel relaxed and calm.

Colors can be broken into three different categories: neutrals, warms and cools:
Neutral colors
Black, white, gray, beige, brown
Warm colors
Red, orange, yellow, yellow-green, purple
Cool colors
Blue, violet, turquoise, sea-green, green

34
 DIALOGUE
Listen and repeat

THEY LOOK GREAT ON YOU.

Jeremy: Wow! Those jeans look great on you!
Shasta: I’m not pretty sure. They don’t fit me well.
Jeremy: Why don’t you try another size.
Shasta: Because I like this color.
Jeremy: Don’t buy them yet. Let’s look in other clothing stores.
Shasta: I don’t know if the mall is still open.
Jeremy: Sure it is. Today is Friday. Shops close at midnight.
Saleswoman: Ma’am please try on these jeans, they´re your size.
Shasta: These pants are wonderful. And they fit me perfectly! I’ll buy them.
How much are they?
Saleswoman: They’re $159.
Jeremy: They’re kind of expensive!
Shasta: I know…..
Jeremy: Do you still want to get them?
Shasta: Of course…I love these pants...I’ll pay with my credit card.
ACTIVITY
make a list of clothing that you usually buy when you go shopping, and share it with your classmates.
1

35
 A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

The four demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, those. A demonstrative pronoun identifies
and specifies a noun or pronoun.

This and these refer to nouns that are nearby in time or space. That or those refer to nouns that
are further away in time or space.
This and that refer to singular nouns; these and those refer to plural nouns.

1. This tastes delicious. (This is the subject of the sentence.)

2. I don't like this. (This is the direct object of the sentence.)

EXAMPLES OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS:

This: singular and near the speaker.

This is a baseball bat.

That: singular and at a distance from the speaker.

That is a baseball bat.

These: plural and near the speaker

These are baseball bat.

37
Those: plural and at a distance from the speaker

Those are baseball bats.

Do not confuse demonstrative pronouns with demonstrative adjectives. They are identical, but a
demonstrative pronoun stands alone, while a demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun.
That smells. (demonstrative pronoun)
That book is good. (demonstrative adjective + noun)

Normally we use demonstrative pronouns for things only. But we can use them for people when the
person is identified. Look at these examples:

This is Joseph speaking. Is that Mary?

That sounds like John.

ACTIVITY
Select the correct pronoun for each sentence.

1 ________ pair of shoes is similar to mine.

2 ________ mannequins over there look real.
3 ________ shoes on my feet fit well.
4 There are problems with _______research paper.
5 ________ paintings in that room are beautiful.
6 The characters in ________ haunted house were scary.
7 Comedians kept us laughing all night.
8 You must have been joking about ______ new idea of yours.

9 __________ classrooms are full of tiny desks.

38
 A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat
ONE AND ONES
SINGULAR One
Examples PLURAL Ones
1. John has got three cars: a red one and two blue ones.
2. Among all those candies, I rather eat the sugar free ones.
3. There are more hamburgers on the grill, please take one.
ACTIVITY
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH ONE OR ONES.
1. She doesn't like the red dress.
She likes the blue _______.

2. This bag is very old.

I need a new ______.

3. We have got Chilean and French apples.

Which _______ would you like?

4. I like all his novels but this _____ is the best.

5. Which tomatoes would you like?

The English tomatoes or the Spanish _______?

6. Which room do you prefer?

The _______ with the large windows?

7. Have these cakes.

I can't eat both! So take the biggest _____.

8. There are a lot of shops around here, but this is the cheapest _______.

9. Shall we get some mushrooms?

These mushrooms look fresher than those _______.

39
 DEMONSTRATIVES; ONE, ONES
Use one and ones when you do not want to repeat the previous noun

How much is this watch? that watch? Which one? It´s 150 dollars
this one? that one? This black one. (hundred and fifty dollars)

How much are these jeans? those jeans? Which ones? They are 80 dollars
these? those? The black ones (eighty dollars)

Helpful expressions: This is cheap / that’s OK / those are expensive / these are not bad

How much is this car?

Which one?
The red one.
It’s $85.000
That’s expensive.

CLUE WORDS
Listen and repeat

MATERIALS

A plastic bag A pair of silver earrings A gold ring A leather jacket

A cotton t-shirt A pair of rubber boot A wool scarf A silk dress

40
ACTIVITY
Which materials can you find in you classroom? Make a list and write a sentence.
Example: The teacher has a silk tie and a gold watch.
1.____________________________________________.
2.____________________________________________.
3.____________________________________________.
4.____________________________________________.

DIALOGUE

WHICH ONE DO YOU LIKE?

Jonathan: You see! These leather jackets are really beautiful.
Which one do you like?
Anne: I like the brown one better.
Jonathan: Why? I prefer the black one.
Anne: I think it’s more elegant.
Jonathan: I see. I like the black jacket because is more comfortable.
Anne: How much is it?
Jonathan: This jacket is $450. It’s too expensive.
Anne: This one is $150. That’s why I like it better.

41
 A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat
FORMING COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
One-syllable adjectives.
Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the
comparative form and –est for the superlative.
One-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form
tall taller than the tallest
old older than the oldest
long longer than the longest
Mary is taller than Max.
Mary is the tallest of all the students.
Max is older than John.
Of the three students, Max is the oldest.
My hair is longer than your hair.
Max's story is the longest story I've ever heard.

If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e,remove the e and then add – er for the comparative
form and – est for the superlative form.

One- syllable adjetive with final e Comparative Superlative

Form Form
Large Larger than the largest

wise wiser than the wisest

Mary's car is larger than Max's car.

Mary's house is the tallest of all the houses on the block.
Max is wiser than his brother.
Max is the wisest person I know.

43
If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the
consonant and add –er for the comparative form; and double the consonant and add –est for
the superlative form.
One-Syllable Adjective Ending with a Single Comparative Superlative
Consonant with a Single Vowel before It Form Form
big bigger than the biggest

thin thinner than the thinnest

fat fatter than the fattest

My dog is bigger than your dog.
My dog is the biggest of all the dogs in the neighborhood.
Max is thinner than John.
Of all the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.
My mother is fatter than your mother.
Mary is the fattest person I've ever seen.
for one syllable adjetives spelled with a final y or w preceded by a vowel, simply add the er or est suffix
one syllable with a final Y or W comparative form superlative form
new newer than the newest
gay gayer than the gayest
Two-syllable adjectives.
With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.
Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

peaceful more peaceful than the most peaceful

pleasant more pleasant than the most pleasant
careful more careful than the most careful
thoughtful more thoughtful than the most thoughtful

This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.

Max's house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.
Max is more careful than Mike.
Of all the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful.
Jill is more thoughtful than your sister.
Mary is the most thoughtful person I've ever met.
44
for one or two syllable adjetives spelled with a final Y preceded by A consonant, change the Y to I and
then add the er o est
Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form
Ending with -y
happy Happier than the happiest
angry Angrier than the angriest
busy Busier than the busiest
John is happier today than he was yesterday.

John is the happiest boy in the world.

Max is angrier than Mary.

Of all of John's victims, Max is the angriest.

Mary is busier than Max.

Mary is the busiest person I've ever met.

if the adjetive ends with vowel + Y just add “er” for the comparative form and EST for the
superlative form
vowel + Y ending comparative form superlative form
coy coyer than the coyest
Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow simply add the er or est

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending Comparative Form Superlative Form

with -er, -le, or -ow
narrow Narrower than the narrowest
gentle Gentler than the gentlest
tender tendered than the tenderest
The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.
This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California.
Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.
45
Adjectives with three or more syllablesllables.
For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the
superlative with most.
Adjective with Three Comparative Form Superlative Form
or More Syllables
generous more generous than the most generous
important more important than the most important

intelligent more intelligent than the most intelligent

John is more generous than Jack.

John is the most generous of all the people I know.
Health is more important than money.
Of all the people I know, Max is the most important.
Women are more intelligent than men.
Mary is the most intelligent person I've ever met.

Exceptions.
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.
Irregular Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

good better than the best

bad worse than the worst
far further than the furthest
little less than the least
much/many more than the most

Italian food is better than American food.

My dog is the best dog in the world.
My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking.
Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst.
46
Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and
with more and most.

Two- Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

clever cleverer cleverest

clever more clever most clever
gentle gentler gentlest
gentle more gentle most gentle
friendly friendlier friendliest
friendly more friendly most friendly
quiet quieter quietest
quiet more quiet most quiet
simple simpler simplest
simple more simple most simple

Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.

Of all the dogs in the world, Golden Retrievers are the gentlest.
Big dogs are more gentle than small dogs.
Of all the dogs in the world Golden Retrievers are the most gentle.

ACTIVITY
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative).

1 My house is (big) _________ than yours.

2 This flower is (beautiful) ______________ than that one.

3 This is the (interesting) ___________________ book I have ever read.

4 Non-smokers usually live (Long) ________ than smokers.

5 Which is the (dangerous) ____________ animal in the world?

47
6 A holiday by the seas is always (best) __________ than a holiday in the mountains.

7 It’s strange but often in Europe a Coke is (expensive) _____________than a beer.

8 Who is the (rich) ________________ man on earth?

9 The weather in this summer is even (bad) _______________ than last one.

10 He was the (clever) ______________ thief of all.

48
 CULTURE FLASH:
Listen and repeat

We All Listen to Music and like Certain Music, but Don't Realize How Much it is a Part of Our Lives

I love music. From the time I was a preschooler, I remember hearing my father improvise jazz on the
piano, and my family listen to records. I was brought up with the music of the 50's, and as I grew up
and took piano lessons, I became very fond of classical music. Enter the Beatles in the early 60's, and
I was attracted to "pop" and "rock" music. As time went on, I grew to like almost every type of music,
from opera to new age. Music did something for me. It helped me in every mood and lifted me up.
My husband and I can go to a broadway musical, or an opera, and be on a "high" from the music.
What is it that attracts us to music? Why do we have ipods today with thousands of songs? It's because
music is a part of the earth and our nature.

According to biomusicologists (Biomusicology is a new field of science, according to Pennsylvania

State University "What's in the News" website), music entered the world from the time only animals
roamed the earth. It is theorized that animals used a form of music to communicate. Certainly the
song of birds is musical and is a form of communication among their species. Humpback whales are
said to sing sonatas as a form of communication.

Biomusicologists believe that human brains are wired for music. It appears that even the first
humans in prehistoric times made music. The first musical instruments were probably whistles,
carved out of animal bones and were also used for communication. Around 5,000 years ago, people
were making musical instruments for pleasure, as well as for use in ceremonies.

50
The breakthrough in music came about 2,500 years ago, when the Greek scholar Pythagoras
devised a mathematical formula for what is today's musical scale. Each note would be one step
higher than the next. Each note was then given a letter so that music could be written.

It was over the next thousand years that music became more complex. Various cultures adapted
their own type of music. The number and type of musical instruments expanded. In Europe, music
developed mainly for the Christian religion.

The music played and sung in Christian monasteries 1,500 years ago became the basis for modern
music in the western world. As time went on, music began to reflect the political times or the culture
of life at the time. Classical music was of the Beethoven and Bach era, and composers starting
reflecting intense emotions in their music. This has been carried through to today.

We like music and listen to music because of the emotions it conjures up. Why do we listen to
"oldies"? It's because it is nostalgic. Perhaps it brings us back to a time when we were younger, or life
was more carefree. It brings us back to where we were at the time. The music we cherish is usually
related to good memories or a time that is particularly sweet to us.

Music is for every age. Mothers sing lullabies to their babies and are able to put them to sleep. It is
also thought that babies in the womb hear music. When young, pre-school children listen to music, it
is thought that it helps them understand the beginnings of mathematics. Music is therapeutic. It has
been used in medical settings as a way to soothe

and help heal victims of post traumatic stress syndrome. It also helps people grieve, when music is
played and sung during a memorial.

While we enjoy music everyday, we don't think about all of this. However, we listen to music
regularly because it is an integral part of our earth's rhythms, it heals, and helps us feel and cope.
So, the next time you listen to music, think of it as a gift that you partake of at any time and can have
with you always.

51
CLUE WORDS
Listen and repeat

ENTERTAINMENT
Rap Smallville Titanic
Country Supernatural The dark knight
Star wars
Rock Grey's Anatomy Shrek
Disco The Vampire Diaries E.t. The extraterrestrial
Star wars: the phantom menace
Pop NCIS
Pirates of the caribbean: dead man's chest
Salsa Bones Spider-man
Classical House Star wars: revenge of the sith
The lord of the rings
Jazz Fringe
The passion of the Christ
Funk Criminal Minds Jurassic park
Hip hop Dexter Finding Nemo
Forrest Gump
Soul Gossip Girl
Lion king
R&B CSI: NY Transformers
Blues The Mentalist Iron man
Harry potter: the sorcerer's stone
Techno E.R Indiana Jones and the kingdom of the crystal skull
52
 ACTIVITY
Make a list of your favorite movies, TV shows and music, completethe boxes and then share
them with your classmates

ENTERTAINMENT

MOVIES MUSIC

TV SHOWS

DIALOGUE
Listen and repeat

I ENJOY JAZZ AND CLASSICAL MUSIC

Steven: Do you like music?
Robert: Sure. I like all kinds of music, especially Rock and Roll and Latin music.
Steven: I enjoy jazz and classical music. Beethoven and Bach are my favorite classical music
composers.
Robert: I like to listen to Elvis and Shakira. She is an amazing dancer.
Steven: She’s a good dancer but, I don’t listen to her music.
Robert: Next month she’s performing live in Los Angeles and I already got tickets for the concert.
Steven: Definitely, you are mad about her!
Robert: Yes! I listen to her music all the time.
Steven: I only listen to music when I have work to do. Music relaxes me a lot.

53
 CLUE WORDS

WH Question Words
a question in english to which an appropriate answer is to given information rather than to
answer “ yes “ or “ no “ typically introduced by the word who, which, what, where, when or how.
most or then begin whit wh

Question Word Function Example

what asking for information about something What is your name?
asking for repetition or confirmation What? I can't hear you.
You did what?
what...for asking for a reason, asking why What did you do that for?
when asking about time When did he leave?
where asking in or at what place or position Where do they live?
which asking about choice Which colour do you want?
who asking what or which person or people Who opened the door?
(subject)
whom asking what or which person or people Whom did you see?
(object)
whose asking about ownership Whose are these keys?
Whose turn is it?
why asking for reason, asking what...for Why do you say that?
why don't making a suggestion Why don't I help you?
how asking about manner How does this work?
asking about condition or quality How was your exam?
how + adj/adv asking about extent or degree see examples below
how far distance How far is Pattaya from
Bangkok?
how long length (time or space) How long will it take?
how many quantity (countable) How many cars are there?
how much quantity (uncountable) How much money do you have?

how old age How old are you?

how come asking for reason, asking why How come I can't see her?
(informal)

54
 A LITTLE GRAMMAR:

YES / NO AND WH- QUESTIONS WITH DO

Do you like hip hop? What instrument do you want to OBJECT

Yes, I do. I like it very much. play?
No, I don’t . I prefer jazz. I want to play the bass. PRONOUNS
me
Does Peter play the guitar? What music does he like?
Yes, he does. He likes rap you
No, he doesn’t.
him
Do they listento the Rolling her
Stones?
Ye s, they do. It’s their favorite Who do they like to listen to? it
band. They like to listen to The Beatles
No, they don’t like them too us
much
them

Object Pronouns: (me, you, him, her, it, us, you and them). Serve as the object of a verb.
Examples:
1 Give me the book.
2 He told you to come tonight.
3 She asked him to help.
4 They visited her when they came to New York.
5 She bought it at the store.
6 He picked us up at the airport.
7 The teacher asked you to finish your homework.
8 I invited them to a party.
9 Here is another souvenir. I don't know what to do with it
10 he’s talking to her about it

56
 ACTIVITY
Aaron was on a business trip to California. He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family.
Fill in the correct pronouns.

1 My sister Jane loves books. This novel is for (she) _______.

2 My children like Disney films. The video is for (they) ________.
3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards. These postcards are for (he) ________.
4 My parents like Latin music. The CD is for (they) _________.
5 I like watches. This nice watch is for (I) ________.
6 My wife and I love sweets. These sweets are for (we) ________.
7 My nephew likes cars. The toy truck is for (he) _________.
8 My neighbor wants to go to California next year. The guide book is for (she)______.

A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat

WOULD YOU LIKE...?

In question it is used to make an invitation or to offer something to someone.
Would you like some coffee? (Offer)
Yes, I would.

Would you like to go out with me tonight? (Invitation)

I would love to go out with you.

In affimative you can use would like to express a desire.

I would like to go to the USA one day (a desire)

With “would you like” we DO NOT use gerund (-ing), we use a verb in the base form (to + verb).
I would like TO STUDY (Correct)
I would like studying (Incorrect)
57
DIALOGUE

WOULD YOU LIKE TO COME WITH US?

Mike: Finally I have the tickets to see Shakira in concert next Saturday.

Luke. Cool! I don’t have mine yet.

Mike: The concert is already sold out.

Luke: So bad. I guess I have to wait for the next tour.

Mike: Do not worry! I have a extra ticket. Would you like to come with us?

Luke: Yeah! Thanks a lot Mike.

Mike: It’s OK. I have to work until 7 on Saturday. Let’s meet

the other guys at the gate, just before the concert.

Luke: Sounds fine. See you then.

58
 ACTIVITY
Invite each of your classmates to a different activity using the question: Would you like….?
Write the questions and the given answers.

1 Would you like to have dinner with me?

Sorry. I have to work on Friday.

READING:

SHAKIRA. A WORLD FAMOUS POP STAR!

Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll (born February 2, 1977), known professionally as Shakira (is a
Colombian singer, songwriter, musician, record producer and dancer, who emerged in the music
scene of Colombia and Latin America in the early 1990s. Born and raised in Barranquilla,
Colombia.

After commercial flops with local producers on her first two albums, and being little-known outside
Colombia, Shakira decided to produce her own brand of music. In 1995 she released Pies Descalzos,
which brought her great fame in Latin America and Spain, and her 1998 album ¿Dónde Están los
Ladrones? was a critical success.
59
Since then she has gained many fans in semi-Hispanophone countries, and many non-Spanish-
speaking countries, especially the United States. In 2001, aided by the extreme popularity of the
music video for "Whenever, Wherever", she broke through into the English-speaking world with the
release of Laundry Service, which sold over 13 million copies worldwide. Four years later, Shakira
released two album projects called Fijación Oral Vol. 1 and Oral Fixation Vol. 2. Both reinforced her
success, particularly with the best selling song of the century to date, "Hips Don't Lie".

She has won two Grammy Awards, seven Latin Grammy Awards, twelve Billboard Latin Music
Awards and has been Golden Globe-nominated. She is also the highest-selling Colombian artist of
all time, and the second most successful female Latin singer after Gloria Estefan, having sold over
60 million albums worldwide according to Sony Music. Her U.S. album sales stand at 9.6 million.

Shakira's "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)", was chosen as the official song for the 2010 FIFA
World Cup, along with its Spanish language version, titled "Waka Waka. The song has received
generally positive critical reception, and has become a worldwide smash hit, selling more than 2
million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest selling World Cup song of all time.

ACTIVITY
Read the article and write the most important facts about Shakira´s life.

60
CLUE WORDS
Listen and repeat
THE FAMILY MEMBERS
Grandfather (grandpa) Son
Grandmother (grandma, granny) Daughter
Father (dad, daddy)
Grandson
Mother (mum , mummy , mom)
Uncle Granddaughter
Aunt Nephew
Husband and wife Niece
Brother Cousin
Sister

Richard and Theresa Mason

Grandfather and ______________

Henry and Diana Anne and Paul

and mother. Aunt and

Sam and Allison Lizaand John

Sam(Husband) and his and brother.

Kate and Derek Kelly and Jimmy

Daughter and and nephew.

60
 ACTIVITY
complete you family tree. Then talk about you family to your classmates. Use the given tips.
For a single person: There are five members in my family.
I have one brother and one sister.

For a married person: There are three members in my family.

We have a daughter, her name is Camila

MY
FAMILY
TREE

63
 DIALOGUE
Listen and repeat

MY FAMILY
Ron: Tell me about your family, Kelly.
Kelly: I have one brother, his name is Justin and his a sophomore in UCLA. My sister
Rebecca works for a government agency, she lives in Washington D.C. My parents
Are both retired and they spent most of the year traveling around the world. They
Live in Orlando, Florida.
Ron: I just have one elder brother.
Kelly: What does he do?
Ron: He´s a pilot. He works for a major airline, and he lives in Hawaii.
Kelly: Wow! What an interesting job.
Ron: Yes. I want to become a pilot as well. Tom, my brother is very excited about it.

A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
FORM [am/is/are + present participle]
Examples:
You are watching TV.
Are you watching TV?
You are not watching TV.
64
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS FORMS
Present Continuous Forms
NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
POSITIVE

I am speaking. I am not speaking. Am I speaking?

You are speaking. You are not speaking. Are you speaking?
We are speaking. We are not speaking. Are we speaking?
They are speaking. They are not speaking. Are they speaking?
He is speaking. He is not speaking. Is he speaking?
She is speaking. She is not speaking. Is she speaking?
It is speaking. It is not speaking. Is it speaking?

USE 1: Now

Past Present Future

Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening
now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now
Examples:
You are learning English now.
You are not swimming now.
Are you sleeping?
I am sitting.
I am not standing.
Is he sitting or standing?

65
 USE 2: Longer Actions in Progress Now

Past Present Future

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on.
Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action
which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.

Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)

I am studying to become a doctor.

I am not studying to become a dentist.
I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
I am not reading any books right now.
Are you working on any special projects at work?
Aren't you teaching at the university now?

USE 3: Near Future

Past Present Future

Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not
happen in the near future.
Examples:

I am meeting some friends after work.

I am not going to the party tonight.
Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
Isn't he coming with us tonight?
66
 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
USE 3:

Past Present Future

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that
something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but
with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and
“verb+ing."
Examples:
She is always coming to class late.
He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
I don't like them because they are always complaining.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses.
Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Present.
Examples:
She is loving this chocolate ice cream. (Not Correct)
She loves this chocolate ice cream. (Correct)
Non-Continuous Verbs
The "Non-Continuous Verbs," group is small. These verbs are usually things you cannot see
somebody doing. These verbs are rarely used in continuous tenses. They include:
Abstract Verbs
To be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist.
Possession Verbs
To possess, to own, to belong.

EMOTION VERBS
To like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind.
Examples:
He is needing help now. (Not Correct)
He needs help now. (Correct)
He is wanting a drink now. (Not Correct)
He wants a drink now. (Correct)
67
 Present Continuous.
Listen and repeat
Adding ING to verbs:

Here is a brief review of gerunds and how to form them.

Gerunds are nouns formed from verbs: walking, talking, thinking, listening
Gerunds are formed by adding ING to verbs: think + ing thinking
However, there are a few spelling rules that you need to know in order to form gerunds correctly. The
spelling of a gerund depends on the vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and consonants (b, c, d etc.) at the end of the
verb:
Rule 1: Add ing to most words
do doing
work working
play playing

Rule 2: If the base verb end in consonant + vowel + consonant and we put the stress on this sound in
speech, double the final consonant.

Stop stopping
Run running
plan planning
jog jogging

NOTE: but if we don’t put stress on this sound in speech, then then we simply add ing.

Open opening
Visit visiting
listen lisening
answer answering

Rule 3: When a verb ends with the letter e, we first remove it, and then add ing.

phone phoning
dance dancing
make making

Rule 4: When the verb ends with the letter ie, we change them into y and add ing.
die dying
lie lying
69
Rule 5: Verbs ending with ee just add ing.

agree agreeing
flee fleeing
see seeing

Rule 6: If the verbs ends with two vowels plus a consonant, you should generally not double the final
consonant.

treat treating
wheel wheeling
pour pouring

ACTIVITY
Write the negative and the interrogative forms of the given sentences.

POSITIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I'm looking for a new

apartment.

He's thinking about leaving his

job.
They're considering making an
appeal against the judgment

CLUE WORDS
Anyone
Anyone means any person at all

Examples of ANYONE
If anyone calls, take a message.
I don't know how anyone can believe that.
An accident like that could happen to anyone.
You have to be a member to go there. They won't let just anyone in.

70
 ACTIVITY
Ask your classmates about their family members, what are they doing? Use the given pattern.

A Is anyone in your family living abroad now?

Yes, my uncle Tom is.
B He’s in Belgium.
C What is he doing there?
D He’s studying.

READING
Listen and repeat

THE AMERICAN FAMILY

What is the American Family? Well, when I think about the American Family I think about my 10th
grade health class and the "atomic family". A perfect couple, husband works at the bank and wife is
home vacuuming and doing laundry; and they have the two most perfect children. Of course, one is
a boy and the other is a girl. The funny thing about this mental image is that it is so out dated. In my
opinion today's American Family is not a cookie cutter thing.

Today, we are starting to make progress in becoming a more open minded society. The woman no
longer has to stay home to take care of the children and clean the house. She can go out and get a
job if she wants to. In fact, unless her husband has an extremely good job it is almost necessary these
days for the woman to be bringing in some sort of income as well. In some cases the woman is
making more money than the man is.
71
The shift in what the perception of an American Family is today does not just stem from woman's
ability to go out and get a job. This shift away from the atomic family could stem from any number
of things. It could be from having children before you even get married, if you even get married, or
even have children at all. Maybe it is because of the high rate of divorce; making it more and more
common for second and third marriages, and children having multiple sets of parents and siblings.
Perhaps, it stems from the acceptance of inter-racial relationships or the more controversial same-
sex relationships

According to Wikipedia.com, the U.S. bureau of Census has defined the term family as "two or more
persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption, who reside together." This is a pretty loose
definition of family it really only pertains to the legal definition of family. The word family
however, has more to do with emotional ties than legalities. What defines whether a person is
family to me is more that whether I share similar DNA and more that a piece of paper that links.

By Frankie Montrose.

ACTIVITY
After reading the text, discuss with your classmates about how family life has change through the
years in your town.

A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Quantifiers
Use of quantifiers:
A few and few, a little and little

These expressions show the speaker's attitude towards the quantity he/she is referring to.

A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity in a positive
way:
I' ve got a few friends ( maybe not many, but enough)
I’ve got a little money ( I've got enough to live on)

Few and little describe the quantity in a negative way:

Few people visited him in hospital ( he had almost no visitors)
He had little money ( almost no money)

Graded Quantifiers
They are like comparatives and hold a relative position on a scale of increase or decrease.
72
 INCREASE (0% to 100%)
With plural countable nouns:
many more most
With uncountable nouns:
much more most
few fewer fewest
With uncountable nouns:
little less least

Examples:
There are many people in Poland, more in India, but the most people live in China.
Much time and money is spent on education, more on health services but the most is spent
on national defense.

Few rivers in Europe aren't polluted.

Fewer people die young now than in the nineteenth century.
The country with the fewest people per square kilometer must be Australia.
Scientists have little hope of finding a complete cure for cancer before 2010.
She had less time to study than I did but had better results.
Give that dog the least opportunity and it will bite you.

Quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns

Some adjectives and adjectival phrases can only go with uncountable nouns (salt, rice, money,
advice), and some can only go with countable nouns (friends, bags, people). The words in the
middle column can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

With Uncountable Nouns With Both With Countable Nouns

How much? How much? or How many? How many?
a little no/none a few
a bit (of) not any a number (of)
some some /any several
a great deal of a lot of a large number of
a large amount of plenty of a great number of
a large quantity of lots of a majority of

73
Note: much and many are used in negative and question forms.
Example:
How much money have you got?
How many cigarettes have you smoked?
There's not much sugar in the cupboard.
There weren't many people at the party.
They are also used with too, (not) so, and (not) as.
There were too many people at the party.
It's a problem when there are so many people.
There's not so much work to do this week.

In positive statements, we use a lot of:

I've got a lot of work this week.
There were a lot of people at the concert.

74
CULTURE
FLASH:
Most
practiced
sports
in
the
world
Listen and repeat

Soccer Basketball Cricket

Rugby Baseball Field Hockey

Volleyball American Football

76
 ACTIVITY
Which sport is popular among your friends. Check them and then compare your list with your classmates.

Martial arts Male Female Both

Cycling
Athletics
Adventure
Soccer
Table tennis
Tennis
Squash
Triathlon
Fencing
Baseball
Softball

DIALOGUE
Listen and repeat

Usually, I go to the gym in the afternoon.

Brian: You look fit! Do you exercise very often?
Lenny: Yes. I go to the gym every day.
Brian: Do you get up early?
Lenny: No. I usually go to the gym in the afternoon. Just after college.
Brian: And what do you do?
Lenny: I have my weight routine, and I also do some spinning and jogging.
Brian: I almost never exercise. I need to do it!
Lenny: Why don’t you come with me to the gym this afternoon?
Brian: OK. I meet you there.

77
 A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Adverbs of Frequency answer the question "How often?" or "How frequently?" They tell us how often
somebody does something.
Adverbs of frequency come before the main verb (except the main verb "to be"):
We usually go shopping on Saturday.
I have often done that.
She is always late.
Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently and usually can also go at the beginning or end of a
sentence:
Sometimes they come and stay with us.
I play tennis occasionally.
Rarely and seldom can also go at the end of a sentence (often with "very"):
We see them rarely.
John eats meat very seldom.

100% always
usually
frequently
often
50% sometimes
occasionally
rarely
seldom
hardly ever
0% never

78
 CLUE WORDS
use this time expressions to answer questions made with frequency adverbs.

How often do you play soccer?

I play soccer every day
I play soccer once a week
I play soccer twice a month
I play soccer three times a day
I don’t play soccer very often/much

SPEAKING:
HOW OFTEN DO YOU EXERCISE ?
Take a questionnaire to a classmate and write the answers.

1 What do you do to keep in shape?

2 Do you ever take long walks?

3 How often?

4 Where do you go?

5 What sport do you play more often?

6 Which sport do you like the most?

7 Do you ever go to a gym?

8 What kind of exercise do you do there?

9 Do you have a regular fitness program?

10 How often do you exercise?

79
__________________________________________________________.
DISCUSSION: Famous sportsmen.

80
 ACTIVITY
Discuss with your classmates about these famous athletes. Where are they from?, What sport do they
practice?, Are they still in activity?, Why are they famous?, Is one of them among your favorites
sportsmen?, etc.

DIALOGUE

I ENJOY BASEBALL A LOT!

Melissa: You look really good Rob, in great shape.
Rob: Thanks! I work hard to keep fit.
Melissa: Do you practice any sport?
Rob: Yes, I go to the gym twice a day and I enjoy baseball a lot.
Melissa: I never have time to exercise.
Rob: Why?
Melissa: Because I have to work until late.
Rob: Well. I can give you some tips to keep fit exercising at home.
Melissa: Thank you!
A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat
Common Questions with “How”

“How” is used in a number of various combinations to ask questions. Here are the most common
combinations.

81
“How often” is used to ask about the frequency How about + ing
with which someone does something. you are asking someone their opinion on
Example: something or if they
How often do they go to the theatre? Example:
would like to do something
How long does it take? How about having dinner with me tonight?
how about feeding the dog?
“How long”is used to ask about the duration of
an activity. how do you+ verb
Example:
“How long” does it take to get to Chicago by is used to ask about the manner in which
plane? something is done.
Example:
how + adjetives / adverbs How do you cook rabbit?

“How” is combined with various adjectives to ask How do you do

detailed information about an object.
Example:
How deep is the river? - How wide is the
platform?
how well do you know your spanish history?
This is a funny manner of greeting in English.
It is only used the first time you meet someone
and is responded to with “How do you do” or
“Pleased to meet you”

How much Example:

How do you do?
“How much” is used to ask about a singular, non-
countable quantity. The most common question “ how often “?
is: How much does it cost? is used to ask with what frecuency
Example: example:
How much water is in the bucket? how often do you go to the dentist?

How many “how far”

to ask about the distance from one place to
“How many” is used to ask about plural, another
countable objects. example: how far is you house from the
Example: library?
How many apples are there in the fridge?

82
Activity:

COMPLETE THE QUESTIONS WITH THE WH- WORD..

How high _______do you go to the cinema?

Once a month

_______is Tom Cruise?

How long
He’s 1.68

_______are you at gym?

How much
I’m not bad

_______is the station?

How far
It’s About half a mile from here

_______is this tower?

How good It’s more than 300 meters.

_______butter do I need for this cake?

How often You need half a pound

_______must I cook it?

Cook it for 45 minutes

How tall

83
 CULTURE FLASH
Listen and repeat
FAVORITE LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN AMERICA.

In a poll just released three years ago, the top choices are the same, but
there are some changes.
The top three have remained the same: reading, TV and time spent with
family or friends. But the number who pick these three has
fallen. Back in 2004, reading was selected by 35%, this year
it was only picked by 29%.

The same can be said about watching TV. It has dropped from 21%
in 2004 to 18% today. Even spending time with friends and family
has shown less interest dropping from 20% to 14%.

The next two most popular activities are using the computer and going to the movies. The computer
has come up from 7% to 9%. But going to the movies has dropped from 10% to 7%.

Going back to when this survey was first taken, back in 1995, there are even more drastic changes.
Not surprisingly, the activity that has gained the most popularity involves the computer. It is up from
2% way back then to 9% now. Watching sports has also gone up in popularity, a rise of 4%. And
doing exercise is up 3% and crafts is up 3%.
85
If some of them went up, then something had to come down and the biggest looser is watching TV,
which is down by 7%, followed by sewing and crocheting, down by 5%, entertaining friends or
family down by 4%.

The current writers' strike is going to have a big impact on the number who are watching TV once
there are no more scripts left to film and all the shows go into early reruns. With TV already on the
downswing, TV executives should be taking notice of these figures.
They also took a look at the differences in the amount of time available for leisure activities and the
number or hours needed for work, which included not only working at a job but housework and
studying as well. The number of hours spent on any or all of the work activities was 50 hours a week
back in 2004 and now the time spent on work is an average of 45 hours a week. However this is not
the lowest it has ever been. Back in 1975 the average work week was 43 hours.

Strangely, the number of hours that the respondents say they have available for leisure activities
has not changed that much at all since 2004 when it was 19 hours and what it is now, 20 hours.

ACTIVITY
Make a list of the activities you do in your free time, then compare it with your classmates and
answer the following questions.

1 What are the top leisure activities in your country ?

2 Which are the three top leisure activities in your country?
3 Which of your favorite activities is not included in the list of top leisure activities in your
country?

86
 DIALOGUE
Listen and repeat

WHAT DID YOU DO ON SATURDAY?

Tom: Tell me Hilary,
What did you do on Saturday?
Hilary: Well. In the morning I went to the gym with my sister, then I had lunch with Jessica
and her boyfriend. At night I went to the Disco with Tracy and Demi. We had such a
great time. We danced and had fun.
Tom: I couldn’t go out. I had a flu so I had to stay home. Jerry and Michelle visited me
and We watched a movie. They left at 11p.m.
Hilary: How are you feeling now?
Tom: Much better.
Hilary: Yesterday I bought my new car: It’s brand new.
Tom: Congratulations.
Hilary: Thanks! I see you tonight.

A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat
SIMPLE PAST
Where did you have lunch today?
Did you party on Friday? I ate with Thomas at Pim’s
Yes, I did. I danced all night long.
How did you spend your money?
Did you go out last night? I bought a new car and a new apartment
Yes, I did. I went to the movies. in downtown.
No, I didn’t. I didn’t go
anywhere. What did you do yesterday?
I went camping.

87
 A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat
spelling rules for simple past tense of regular verbs
There are rules of spelling for the regular verbs in the past simple. In this lesson we will give you the
rules of spelling
1 Most verbs are regular and show this regularity by adding -ed in the end.
Work Worked
Jump Jumped
Start Started
2 If the base of the verb already ends in e we only add – d
Live Lived
Love Loved
Like Liked
3 If the verb ends in a consonant plus “y” you have to turn the y into - ied.
worry worried
copy copied
study studies
4 if the verb ends in a vowel + y add - ed ( do not change the y to i )

play Played
annoy annoyed
enjoy enjoyed
5 in one syllable words, if the verb ends in a consonant and add ed
stop stopped however, do not double one syllable words ending
in x,w or y 6.
swap swapped
bow bowed
plan planed
play played
mix mixed
6 but if the last syllable isn’t stressed we do not double the last consonant
benefit benefited
visit visited
7 in words of two or more syllables that end in consonant - vowel - consonant - combination - double
the last consonant only if the last syllabl is stressed
prefer preferred
stop stoped
88
TO REMEMBER:
Regular verbs and irregular verbs

Regular verbs Irregular verbs

Do did
Work worked Have had
Live lived Eat ate
To be
Stop stopped I am was
Study studied He, she, it is was
You, we, They are were
ACTIVITY
Change the verbs in the following sentence into past tense.

1 Yesterday, I go to the restaurant with a client.

2 We drive around the parking lot for 20 minutes in order to find a parking space.
3 When we arrive at the restaurant, the place is full.
4 The waitress asks us if we have reservations.
5 I say, "No, my secretary forgets to make them."
6 The waitress tells us to come back in two hours.
7 My client and I slowly walk back to the car.
8 Then we see a small grocery store.
9 We stop in the grocery store and buy some sandwiches.
10 That is better than waiting for two hours.
ACTIVITY
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences:
1 Last night, Samantha have pizza for supper.
2 My pet lizard was died last month.
3 Yesterday I spend two hours cleaning my living room.
4 This morning before coming to class, Jack eats two bowls of cereal.
5 What happens to your leg?
89
CLUE WORDS
Listen and repeat
CHORES AND ACTIVITIES

Go fishing Make a phone call Take a pill

Do the homework Have a meeting

ACTIVITY
find two other words or phrases from the list that usually go with each verb.

Do, go, have, make, take

The bed, a vacation, a lot of fun, the dishes, a trip, some photocopies, shopping, the laundry,
singing.
Example:
I had a lot of fun yesterday. The party was so good.
1. ______________________________________________.

90
 2

SPEAKING:
Any question?
Make a statement about the weekend. Another classmate asks the question.

Example:

Stament: I ate a double cheeseburguer with fries and coke.

Question: What did you eat for lunch?

Q
S

91
 A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
PAST OF BE
Positive Form
The past tense of "to be" is used to join a subject with a word or words that tell something about
the subject that happened in the past. We often use words such as "yesterday" or phrases such as
"last week" or "last year" to indicate when something happened in the past. The verb "be" is an
irregular verb. We use "was" with a singular pronoun or noun and "were" with a plural pronoun
or noun. An exception to this is the pronoun "you" which always uses "were".

Positive Examples:
I was I was a student.
You were you were sick
He was he was tired
She was she was fat
It was It was a fast car.
We were We were wet.
You were You were friends.
They were they were in front of the supermarket

Negative Form
The negative of the past tense of the verb "be" is formed by placing "not" after the verb.

Negative Examples:
I was not / I wasn't I wasn't hungry.
You were not / you weren't you weren’t at home
He was not / he wasn't he wasn’t on holiday
She was not / she wasn't
she was fat
It was not / it wasn't
it wasn’t an apple
We were not / we weren't
You were not / you weren't we weren’t in australia
They were not / they weren't they were ungry

93
Question Form
Description
In the question form of the past tense, the verb form of "be" comes before the noun or pronoun.

Question. Examples:

Was I ______? Was I early?

Were you _____? were you ill lost week?
Was he _____? was he hungry?
Was she _____? was she at home?
Was it _____? was the camera expensive?
Were we _____? were we in london last spring?
Were you ______? were you late for school?
Were they _____? were they very busy on friday

ACTIVITY
Complete the conversations, then practice with a classmate.

A How long ________ you the CEO of the company?

B I ________ the CEO, I _____ a Vice President.
C ________ you the only Vice Presidents.
D No, we _______ three Vice Presidents.

A Where _______ you last weekend?

B We ______ in Miami.
C How ________ it?
D It ______ a really exciting weekend.

94
 CULTURE FLASH
Listen and repeat

HOW TO WRITE A VACATION POSTCARD.

In the era of the Internet, many people have lost touch with the basic art of letter writing.
Sometimes we travel to locations that don't have an Internet connection and email is no longer an
option. The digital revolution has left a few gaps and basic postcard writing is one of them. Review
these simple steps and refresh your memory on how to send a hand-written note to family and
friends when on vacation.
Postcard
THINGS YOU'LL NEED: Pen
Stamp

Step1
Write the day's date in the top right hand corner of the left section of the postcard.
Step 2
Write the address of your current location in the top right hand corner of the left section of the
postcard. The address should consist of the town and state or town and country, unless of course you
are expecting a reply back from your postcard.
Step 3
Write the greeting approximately 1 inch under the date. A simple greeting like "Dear Joe" is
sufficient.
Step 5
Sign the postcard at least a quarter of an inch below the body on the right hand side of the left section
of the postcard.

95
 Step 6
Place name and mailing address of the person you are writing to in the center of the right hand
section of the postcard. Remember to include full name, zip codes and country, especially when
writing from overseas.
Step 7
Stick a stamp on the top right hand corner of the right section of the postcard and mail. Check local
rates to ensure your postcard arrives.

Tips & Warnings

Ideally, a postcard arrives home before you do and covers basic information about your location and
status. Mailing a day or two after your arrival is best.

Step 4
Compose the body of the postcard. Traditionally, this section includes information about your
journey, the weather, and at least one amusing anecdote from your trip so far.

96
 ACTIVITY
look at the postcards pictures. What do you think each person did on his or her vacation trip?
Write what you think. Use the tips we just gave you, and the read then to all your classmates.

97
 CLUE WORDS
Listen and repeat
PLACES

movie theater : It´s a place dance club

where you watch movies
and eat pop corn.

bank butcher shop;

meat locker

building police station

write definitions for the words above. look at the example.
99
 Stadium Post Office

church fire station

school supermarket
write definitions for the words above. look at the example.
100
 park jewelry store

air port restaurant

museum

Write definitions for the words above. Look at the example.

101
 bakery swimming pool

office supermarket

Theater hotel
write definitions for the words above. look at the example.
102
 Singular Plural
Positive: Positive:
There is a book on the desk There are many books on the desk
Negative: Negative:
There isn't a book on the desk There aren’t many books on the desk
Question: Question:
Is there a book on the desk? Are there many books on the desk?

ACTIVITY
Using there is and there are; write sentences telling what is in the classroom.
Example:
There is a black table and there are a dozen of chairs.

10

103
 DIALOGUE
Listen and repeat

GOOD MORNING MR. LEE, I’M YOUR NEW NEIGHBOR.

Dorothy: Good morning Mr. Lee. My name is Dorothy Dawson and I’m your new neighbor.
Mr. Lee: Good morning Mrs. Dawson. It's nice to meet you.
Dorothy: Thank you Mr. Lee.
I would like to invite you tonight to have dinner in my house.
Mr. Lee: You’re very kind Mrs. Dawson.
What do you want me to bring?
Dorothy: Do not bother yourself.
Mr. Lee: What time should I be there?
Dorothy: 7 o’clock is fine.

104
 A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat

STRUCTURE AND USE (THERE IS/ARE)

There are and there is, are forms used to express “existence of”. The structure is:
There + verb to be (is for SINGULAR nouns; are for PLURAL nouns)
Examples: There is a guitar in my room. (A guitar “exists” in my room)
There are two chairs in my room. (Two chairs “exist” in my room)

The following chart shows the forms of “there is/are” in positive, negative and questions
However, some and any need not stand directly before the noun. Sometimes, the noun appears
somewhere before some or any and is not repeated. So if you are not sure whether to use some or
something for example, check if there is a noun in the sentence that you can place after some.

Example:

I do not have to buy bread. Rachel has already bought some [bread].

Exceptions

Positive Clauses with Any

We usually use some in positive clauses. After never, without, hardly, we use any.

Example:
We never go anywhere.
She did her homework without any help.
There's hardly anyone here.

Also in if clauses, we usually use any.

Example:
If there is anything to do, just call me.

Questions with Some

We usually use any in questions. But if we expect or want the other to answer “yes”, we use some.
Example:

Have you got any brothers and sisters?

→ Some people have brothers or sisters, others don't - we cannot expect the answer to be “yes”
Would you like some biscuits?
→ We offer something and want to encourage the other to say “yes”.
106
 A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
SOME AND ANY
The words some and any are used for countable and uncountable nouns. In general, we could say
that some means a few / a little and any means none in negative clauses or a few / a little in
questions.

Positive Clauses
In positive clauses, we usually use some.
Example:
I have bought some bread.
I have bought some apples.

Negative Clauses
In negative clauses, we use any. Note, however, that any alone is not a negative - it must be not ...
any
Example:
I have not bought any bread.
I have not bought any apples.

Questions
In questions, we usually use any.
Example:
Have you bought any bread?
Have you bought any apples?

Compound Words with some & any

Some & any can also be part of compound words such as:
something / anything
someone / anyone
somewhere / anywhere

Note that some & any have to be used with a noun while compound words with some & any can
stand on their own.
Example:
I have bought some bread.
I have bought something.

107
 The man stood The man looked
The gardener? stood next to the gopher through the
behind the pumpkins. and held the telescope in his
umbrella over it. hands.

The man wrote the The man looked The man looked
address on the at the mail in the at the clock on
package. post box. the wall.

The manager sat at

his desk on his chair

108
A LITTLE GRAMMAR:
Listen and repeat
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

WHERE IS IT?

The ball is on the box. The ball is in the box The ball is under the box.

John's house Jane's house Bill's house

John's house is Jane's house is between Bill's house is next

next to Jane's house. Bill's and John's houses. to Jane's house.

The climbers stood on The enemies stood the woman was

top of the mountain. opposite each other. sheltering under a tree

109
 CULTURE FLASH
Listen and repeat
ASKING FOR AND GIVING DIRECTIONS
CLUE WORDS
How do I get to …?
What's the best way to …?
Where is …?
Go straight on (until you come to …).
Turn back /Go back.
Turn left/right (into …street).
Go along …
Cross …
Take the first/second road on the left/right
It's on the left/right.
straight on
Opposite
Near
Next to
Between
At the end (of)
On/at the corner
Behind
In front of
(Just) around the corner
Traffic lights
Crossroads, junction
Signpost

Example:
What's the best way to the post office? (look at the map for orientation.)

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 ACTIVITY
What's the best way to the post office? (Use the map for orientation.). Fill in the words below
correctly.
Continue, end, excuse, get, left (2x), next, opposite, right, second, straight on, thank, turn, welcome

1._____________ me, how do I ________________ to the cinema?

2.Go ________________.
3.Turn _________________ at the corner.
4.Then take the _______________ road on your ______________.
5.__________________ to the _________________ of the road.
6._______________left there.
7.The cinema is on your ___________________, _______________ the
castle.
8.____________ you very much.
9.You’re __________________.

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