CHAPTER 1

Three-Age System

 Introduced by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen in the early 19th Century

through his book entitled Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighead (Guide to
Scandinavian Antiquity
 A system of classifying ancient ages into groups based on tool
developmental stages

Stone Age (2.5 mya – 3000 BC)

 The period of weapons made of stone, wood, bone or some other

materials aside from metals

Paleolithic (“Old Stone”) Period (2 mya – 40,000 to 10,000 years ago)

 Humans were suggested to evolve from ape-like creatures to a true Homo

sapiens.
 Humans were hunter-gatherers who used to hunt wild animals and harvest
wild plants for survival.
 Tools are made of stones, flints, bones and antlers.
 People live in small bands and were either nomadic or semi-nomadic

Lower Paleolithic Period

 Marked the age of human evolution

 Development of simple tools such as stone choppers used by
Australopithecus which were unearthed in Olduvai Gorge, Transylvania. It
was made by chipping stones to form a cutting edge
 Comprised of 100,000 to 500,000 year old stone tools made by Homo
erectus ancestors. It was made from struck off stone fragments.

Middle Paleolithic Period

 Encompassed the cultural development of the Neanderthal man who

existed 40,000-100,000 years ago.
 Neanderthals were cavemen known to use fire, stone tools for hunting,
and bone implements such as needles for sewing clothes made of fur and
skin.
 Painting the dead before burial suggested religious practice.
Upper Paleolithic Period

 Known for communal hunting, extensive fishing, supernatural beliefs, cloth

sewing, sculpture, painting and making personal ornaments out of bones,
horn and ivory.
 The first manmade dwellings called pit houses were built
 Flint and obsidian projectile points and blades and other highly refined
weapons were discovered.
 Paleolithic art arose after cave walls were decorated with carvings and
paintings.

Mesolithic (“Middle Stone”) Period

 Occurred between the end of the Paleolithic Period and the beginning of
Neolithic Period
 Involved the gradual change in the way humans lived that could be
attributed to the retreat of glaciers and the growth of forests and desserts
around the world
 People learned to fish along rivers and lake shores, make pottery and use
bows.
 Agriculture or food production is more dominant than hunting.
 Stone tools called microliths were used.

Neolithic (“New Stone”) Period

 Cultural and technological development was based primarily on

agriculture.
 Characterized by wide domestication of plants and animals, use of stone
tools, and pottery and weaving in numerous settled villages

Bronze Age (3000 BC – 1200 BC)

 Tools and weapons were widely made with copper or bronze.

 Metal extraction (Smelting) and melting and pouring it into a mold for
shaping were used to create tools.
 Smelting was originally done with copper.
 Sumerians of Mesopotamia discovered that bronze could be made by
blending copper and tin together.
Iron Age (1500 BC – 450 AD)

 Articles were made of iron

 Smelting pits made sufficient advancement to produce higher
temperatures that could smelt iron ore.
 Iron Age diffused in different religions slowly.

Middle Ages (450 – 1450 AD)

 Divided into Dark Ages (450 – 1000 AD) and High Middle Ages (1000 – 1450
AD).
 In China, farming and silk production started, physics had a major
improvement, calendars with 365 days, numbers expressed in decimals,
acupuncture began to effectively cure most known diseases, and paper,
seismograph and a lot more were discovered.
 In Europe, the feudal system, cathedral schools, clock, gunpowder,
superstition and dogmatism, urine inspection, and there was poor hygiene
and sanitation.
 In India, info on diseases, drugs and astronomical bodies were gathered,
a year was divided into 12 months and 360 days, medicine diagnosis were
based on symptoms and appearance, and finally metallurgy was
developed.

Pre-Columbian America

Mayan (Ancient natives of Central America)

 Pyramids made of limestone were built, houses were made of poles and
leaves of palms, cocoa beans were monetary units, calendar has 365
days a year comprising of 18 months of 20 days, and positions of heavenly
bodies were observed.

Aztec (Pre-Columbian Indians of Mexico)

 High temples were built for their gods, decimal notations were used and a
social calendar with 365 days of a total of 18 months.

Incas (Pre-Columbian of Peru)

  Farming was practiced in terraced fields, chili and avocado were widely
cultivated, clothes were made from llama and alpaca wools, decimal
system of counting was used, a 365 day calendar was developed.

Scientific Revolution (1440 – 1690 AD)

 Period of great scientific intellectual achievements that contributed to

essential changes in scientific investigations.
 Universe Model ( by Nicholas Copernicus), Law of Planetary Motion by
Johannes Kepler, Work of Motion by Galileo Galilei, Law of Motion and
Law of Universal Gravitation by Sir Isaac Newton.

Industrial Revolution (1750 – 1895 AD)

 Period of complex technological inventions that eventually replaced

human and animal forces.
 Steam boat, Fly-shuttle. Blast furnace, Telephone, Gas Lighting and Seed
Drill were some of the advancements,

18th to 19th Century

 Connection between science and technology was very minimal

 The cell or battery of Alessandro Volta, Atomic Theory of John Dalton and
the discovery of cells by Robert Hooke was some of the advancements.

20th Century to Date

 Science and technology had structurally and methodologically changed

 Scientific theories were introduced that influenced technological works.
 Theory of Relativity of Albert Einstein, Wave version of quantum mechanics
by Erwin Schrodinger, First walk on the moon by Neil Armstrong and Buzz
Aldrin, Polarography by Jaroslav Heyrovsky, DNA Structure by James
Watson & Francis Crick, Continental drift theory by Alfred Wegener.

Information Age

 the period characterized by the change from traditional industry to an

economy that is founded on computerization of information.
 Johannes Gutenberg introduced movable type printing in Europe

The Pre-Gutenberg World

 Books were written and produced by hand

  Books were made in surfaces of clay, wax, papyrus and parchment
 Only the elite group of people can buy books.

The Gutenberg Revolution

 Began with the introduction of printing, specifically the movable one

made by Gutenberg.
 Incunabula which mean “cradle or birthplace” were the label for the
books printed using Gutenberg’s printer.

The Post-Gutenberg World

 The emergence of the internet and the world wide web

 Paved the way to uploading and downloading of all forms of media

The Rise of Digital Age

 Computers, cell phones, computer printers, digital cameras, etc. are the
tools of spreading information form one individual to another no matter
the distance

Computers

 Discovered by Charles Babbage, computers were designed for

computations/ mathematical calculations and simple decision-making
capabilities

The Internet

 Developed in California, United States in the late 1960s by Vinton Cerf and
Robert Kahn, it was used by scientists to communicate with each other.
The problem with its speed was solved by the discovered of Fiber-optic
which allowed the billions of bits of info to be received every minute.

World Wide Web

 Discovered by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in the 1990s, it was basically used for
commercial purposes but in the modern era it has a lot more function as a
shopping place and a promotion for company products.

Electronic Mail or E-mail

  Discovered by V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai in 1978, it is an avenue by which
messages are exchanged between people from different locations at a
faster rate.

Facebook

 First launched in February 4, 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with his fellow

students from Harvard, it is a social networking website where people
interact with each other.

Twitter

 Created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone and Evan
Williams, it is another website where people post and interact with
“tweets” which are restricted to 140 characters.

Messenger

 Originally Facebook Chat in 200 but changed its messaging service in

2010, it is an instant messaging software and application.

Youtube

 Created by Chad Hurley and Steve Chen, it is the third most visited
website and functions as a video sharing site.

Google

 Created by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1996, it is the most used search
engine in the web. It is used to search information across the web.

Instagram

 Created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger in October of 2010, it is a fun

photography application that is used to enhance and give style to photos
which can be later shared.
CHAPTER 2

Science and Technology in the Philippines

Pre-colonial Period

 Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in 1521

 Barangay- a geographically distributed, self sufficient autonomous
community
 They manufacture tools made of copper, gold, bronze and iron
 They use Caracoa, a refined plank-built warship best for inter-island trade
 In 10th Century A.D. Butuan and Mindoro trades with Champas of Vietnam
and locals of China
 Coastal areas such as Manila, Mindoro, Cebu, Sulu and Southern
Mindanao had more sophisticated technology than other areas because
they are areas of trade
 In mountain settlements, Filipino’s are still hunter gatherers
 There are no worship areas
 Pre-colonial Filipinos were believers of superstitions

Spanish Regime

 The period of modern science and technology in the Philippines

 Religion had a great impact on development

Influences In:

Politics

 Reduccion System- a strategy of grouping far-flung scattered barangays

into fewer but larger and more compact towns.
 Cabezas de Barangay is the lowest level of local government
 Centralized political control was established all over the country
 It ended with the country being recognized as a primary agricultural
exporting capacity.
 Education, medicine, and pharmacy remained the most developed
profession in the science

Education

 Philippine colonial educational system. Primary education was mainly

religious
  Religious schools were established in Manila and Cebu
 Higher education are just for priesthood and clerical positions
 In the 19th century, Bachiller in Artes was applied
 Rich Filipino’s like Rizal and Luna were able to go to Europe for
professional advanced studies

Medicine

 Manual de Medicinas Caseras by Father Fernando de Sta. Maria in 1763

 School of medicine and pharmacy opened in 1871 in UST
 Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila was established in 1887

Agriculture

 Trade in Manila increased in 1789

 In 1829, modernization and agricultural production accelerated
 The Manila School of Agriculture was established in 1887 and opened in
1889

Economy

 Galleon
 Modern Facilities were introduced to Manila in the second half of the 19th
Century
 Operation of foreign capital in the country paved the way for local
industries to flourish in Manila

American Regime

 Marked the rapid advancement of science and technology

 At the end the Philippines is still agriculturally defined
 The American Regime to summarize is focused on the education of the
public on science and research.

Commonwealth Period

 The importance of promoting scientific development was acknowledged

in Article XIII, Section 4 of the Constitution
 Public education was expanded
 The National Economic Council was established
Period Since Independence

 Institute of Science (1947)

 Institute of Nutrition (1947_
 Science Foundation of the Philippines (1952)
 Commission on Volcanology (1952)
 The National Science Development Board was Created due to the
Science act of 1958 (R.A. 2067)

Because of NDSB the following orgs are added:

 Philippine Inventors Commission (1964)

 Philippine Coconut Research Institute (1964)
 Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967)
 Forest Research and Industries Development Commission (1969)

The following agencies were also placed under NDSB

 Metals Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)

 Science Foundation of the Philippines (SFP)
 Philippine Science High School (PSHS)
 Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research (PCARR)

In 1982 NDSB became National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) with
four research and development councils:

 Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and

Development(PCARRD)
 Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development
(PCIERD)
 Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PDHRD)
 National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP)

The Six National network of Centers of Excellence in Basic Science

 National Institute of Physics

 National Institute of Geological Sciences
 National Institute of Natural Sciences Research
 National Institute of Chemistry
 National Institute of Biology
 National Institute of Mathematical Sciences

CHAPTER 3

Key Concepts

Revolution – a wide-reaching change in the way something works, organized or

change in people’s idea

Natural selection- process that results in the adaptation of an organism to its

environment by means of selectively reproducing changes in genetic
constitution

Personality – combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s

distinctive character

Behavior – range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals

Artificial Intelligence – intelligent behavior by machines rather than the natural

intelligence of humans and other animals

Civilization- complex human society in which people live in groups of settled

dwellings.

Intellectual Revolution

 The term used to Greek speculation about “nature”

 Also called The “pre-socratic” or “non-theological” or “first philosophy”

The Three Characteristic Features of this form of Philosophy

1. The world is a natural whole

2. There is a natural “order”
3. Humans can “discover” those laws

Copernican

 Proposed by Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) who believed that the

earth revolves around a stationary sun
 Before Copernicus the principles of classical astronomy is: earth, fire,
water and air
 Aristotle believed that the earth is the center of the solar system
 Copernicus adopted the heliocentric model between 1508 and 1514
which proved that the sun is the center of the solar system
Darwinian

 Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by natural selection. It stated that the

more you adapt the more fitted you are to reproduce thus “survival of the
fittest”

Freudian

 Sigmund Freud- father of psychoanalysis

 Freud’s structural theory of personality emphasizes the role of unconscious
psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and personality.
 Id- satisfies basic urges, needs and desires
 Superego- composed of people’s internalized ideals acquired from
parents and society. Suppresses the id and makes the ego behave
morally.
 Ego- mediates the demand of id, the superego and reality. Prevents
people acting on their basic urges

Information Revolution (Began in 3000 BC)

 Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press (1455)

 Agusta and Babbage’s Analytic Engine (early 1830s)
 The first telephone (1870s)
 Alan Turing’s work in WW2 (Newman, 1955)
 Alan Turing created the Turing Machine and the Turing test which is a test
of a machines ability to exhibit intelligent behavior

Mesoamerican Civilization

 Cultivates cacao, corn , beans, tomato, squash, and chili

 Domestication of turkey and dog from Paleo-Indian hunter-gatherers
 Three sisters- triad of products formed from the main food sources that
included beans, corn and squash
 Chinampas- plots of mud and soil placed on top of layers of thick water
vegetation
 Haab- 18 months of 20 days for a total of 30 days each cycle
 Tzolkin Calendar- 20 months of 13 days for 260 days in each finished cycle

Asian Civilization

 It arose in the Indus River

 People used weapons and utensils made of bronze and copper
  The city of Mohenjo-Daro is the birthplace of Buddhism and Hinduism.
 Hinduism was based on four sacred books called Vedas which holds
records of Indian History
 Brahmans- ranked highest
 The untouchables ranked as lowest
 Buddhism embraces followers who praise Buddha who is in the person of
Siddharta Gautama

Middle East Civilization

 The “Cradle of Civilization” where many of the world’s oldest cultures and
civilizations were seen.
 Gave the rest of the world the first writing system, invented the potter’s
wheel and then the vehicular and mill wheel, etc.
 Ancient writing evolved from pictures baked on clay tablets

African Civilization

 The Yoruba System was based on units of 20 instead of 10 and required

impressive amount of subtraction to identify different numbers
 The African Stonehenge in present day is Kenya which is constructed
around 300 BC
 The Great Pyramid of Giza is the biggest of all 3 pyramids.
 Extracts were used to kill Gram positive bacteria

Chapter 4

The Philippine Science and Technology Agenda and Development Programs

Key Concepts

Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda

The Harmonized National R&D Agenda (HNRDA)

 Prepared by the Department of Science and Technology, it is in line with

AmBisyon Natin 2040:matatag, maginhawa at panatag na buhay para sa
lahat
Three Pillars of HNRDA

 Malasakit (Enhancing the social fabric)

 Pagbabago (reducing inequality)
 Kaunlaran (increasing potential growth)

The 5 Sectors of HNRDA

1. National Integrated Basic Research Agenda

2. Health research and development agenda
3. Agriculture, aquatic and natural resources
4. Industry, energy and emerging technology
5. Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation

Agencies Responsible for the Implementation of HNRDA (2017-2022)

1. Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

2. National Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP)
3. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD)
4. Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research
and Development (PCIEERD)
5. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
6. Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA)
7. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources
Research and Development (PCAARRD)

Government Policies Pertaining to Science and Technology

Republic Act 10055

 Also known as Philippine Technology Transfer Act of 2009

 It aims to provide support to intellectual property gained from research
and development

Republic Act 2067

 Also known as Science Act of 1958

 Focuses on improvement of scientific and technological research
development
Chapter 5

Science Education in the Philippines

The Philippine Science Education System

 Department of Education oversees the implementation of school curricula

and programs on both elementary and high school levels.
 Commission on Higher Education (CHED) was created from the former
R.A. 7722 in 1994 to oversee higher education in the country and to
formulate policies

Three Domains of the Science Curriculum

1. Understanding and applying scientific knowledge in local setting as well

as global context whenever possible.
2. Performing scientific processes and skills
3. Developing and demonstrating scientific attitudes and values

Chapter 6

Selected Indigenous Science and Technologies

Indigenous Science

 A product of indigenous knowledge perfected by man through life

experiences
 May connote traditional and non-scientific knowledge
 May become the foundation of people’s creativity
 Examples: the use of herbal medicine, knowledge on preserving food,
etc.

Philippine Indigenous Technologies

 Product or process resulting from the continuous pursuit of indigenous

science

Examples of Filipino Indigenous Technologies

1. Yoyo 5. Banana Catsup

2. Medical Incubator 6. Anticancer Cream
3. Erythromycin 7. 16-Bit Microchip
4. Patis or Fish Sauce 8. Mole Remover