Proposed Solutions to 2010 JC2 H2 Paper 3

1 (a) Sx = ut + ½ at 2
Sx = ½ (2.25) 0.50 2 [M1]
Sx = 0.281 m

Sy= ut + ½ at2
Sy= 0.5 x 9.81 x 0.502 [M1]
Sy= 1.23 m

Net displacement = S x 2 + S y 2 = 1.26 m [A1]

Angle with respect to horizontal = 77.1 degree below horizontal [ A1]

1 (b) (i)
Graph must be negative before any mark is awarded.

Graph: 1 mark for identifying that acceleration is zero at start and end of
graph

Graph: 1 mark for identifying that acceleration is negative and constant at

middle part of graph

1
 b ii)
The acceleration between time t1 and t2 is negative value because the B1
negative slope of v-t graph.

The acceleration between time t1 and t2 is a constant maximum negative B1

value since it corresponds to the steepest gradient of the v-t graph.

2 (a) (i) GME ms ms v 2

=
r2 r
GME
v= [M1]
r

v 200 =
( 6.67 × 10 )(5.98 × 10 )
−11 24

( 6.37 × 10 ) + ( 2.8 × 10 )
6 5

= 7745 m s-1 [A1]

v100 =
( 6.67 × 10 )( 5.98 × 10 )
−11 24

( 6.37 × 10 ) + (1× 10 )
6 5

= 7852 m s-1 [A1]

v100 > v 200

(ii) 1
KineticEnergy = mv 2
2
1 GME ms
ms v 2 = [M1]
2 2r
GME ms  −GME ms 
E= +  [M1]
2r  r 
GME ms
=− [A0]
2r

(iii) The total mechanical energy of the satellite is negative because it is

bounded i.e. energy must be invested to remove the satellite from the
gravitational field and place it at infinity. [B1]

(iv) Mechanical E. lost = Ef − E i

−GM E ms  1 1
=  − 
2  rf ri 

=−
( )
6.67 × 10 −11 5.98 × 10 24 1000
2
 1 1 
× −  [M1]
 (
 6.37 × 106 + 1× 105 ) (
6.37 × 10 6 + 2.8 × 105 ) 

= −8.34 × 108 J [A1]

2
 (c) At the event horizon, the gravitational potential energy a body of mass m is

GMm
U =−
Revent horizon

For a body to escape to infinity, its kinetic energy must be:

1  GMm  GMm
mv 2 = 0 −  − = [M1]
2  Revent horizon  Revent horizon

Since even a body travelling at the speed of light cannot escape,

GMm 1
= mc 2
Revent horizon 2
2GM
Revent horizon = [A1]
c2

3 (a) (i) ρ iron l

Riron =
Airon
8.90 x 10-8 (3.0)
=
π (0.60 x 10 -3 )2
= 0.236 Ω [M1]

ρ copper l
Rcopper =
Acopper
1.60 x 10 -8 (3.0)
=
2π (0.60 x 10 -3 )(1.78 x 10 -5 )
= 0.715 Ω
or [M1]
ρ copper l
Rcopper =
Acopper
1.60 x 10 -8 (3.0)
=
π (0.60 x 10-3 +1.78 x 10-5 )2 − π (0.60 x 10 -3 )2
= 0.705 Ω

When copper is deposited on the surface of the wire, it acts as a

parallel shunt to the iron wire.
1 1 1
= +
Reff Riron Rcopper
−1
 1 1 
Reff =  + 
 0.236 0.715 
= 0.178 Ω

[A1]

3
 (b) Method 1
Power loss per metre of cable (consist of 2 wires)
= I2R x 2
= (2.5 x 10-3)2 x 0.27 x 2 [M1]
= 3.38 x 10-6 W

Power loss in cable = 12.5 – 1.5 = 11.0 mW [M1]

Maximum distance = 11.0 x 10-3 / 3.38 x 10-6

= 3.25 x 103 m [A1]

Method 2
Power loss in cable = 12.5 – 1.5 = 11.0 mW
[M1]
Resistance of one wire = P / I2
= 5.5 x 10-3 / (2.5 x 10-3)2
=880 Ω
[M1]
3
Maximum distance = Rwire / Rper m = 880 / 0.27 = 3.26 x 10 m
[A1]

Method 3
Power loss in cable = 12.5 – 1.5 = 11.0 mW

Power loss in cable = 11 x 10-3 = I2Reff’

Reff’ = (11 x 10-3) / (5 x 10-3)2
= 440 Ω

Reff per m of both wires = (1/0.27 + 1/0.27)-1 = 0.35 Ω

Maximum distance = Reff’ / Reff per m = 440 / 0.35 = 3.26 x 103 m

4 (a) The induced e.m.f. ε is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic
flux linkage Φ (or rate of cutting of magnetic flux).

(b) (i) • Changing flux linkage approach:

The current in the wire generates a magnetic field that decreases with
distance from it (B ∝ 1/r). Thus the magnetic flux linkage through the loop
will be less further away from the loop. [M1]

According to faraday’s law, when the magnetic flux linkage through the loop
changes with time, emf is induced in the loop. [A1]

OR

• Cutting of flux approach:

The current in the wire generates a magnetic field that decreases with
distance from it (B ∝ 1/r).
As the loop moves away, the sides AB and DC cut the magnet flux and thus
4
 generate emf (A → B, D → C)

Since AB is nearer to the wire, it cuts flux at a greater rate than DC and
generates more emf. (εAB > εDC), hence there is a net emf that is able to
drive current around the loop.
A B

D C

(ii) Changing flux linkage approach:

Using Right Hand Grip Rule, the B field is pointing into the paper through
the loop. [C0]

When the loop is moving downwards, the magnetic flux linkage directed into
the paper through the loop is decreasing.
According to Lenz’s law, the induced current must produce a flux into the
paper in order to oppose the decrease.
Hence, the induced current flows clockwise. [M1]

Clockwise direction [A1]

OR

Cutting of flux approach:

Both AB and DC produce emf pointing to the right (A to B, D to C) when
moving downwards, as determined by Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
(Motion + B-field → induced emf). [M1]

ε ε
As AB > DC (as determined in (i)), there is net emf that drives a current
around the loop in a clockwise direction. [A1]

(iii) Movement of the loop away from the wire caused in a change in flux linkage
that resulted in an induced e.m.f. and current around the closed loop. [B1]

This results in power dissipated P = I2R as heat (Joule heating) as the

conducting loop has some resistance. [B1]

The power is supplied by the external force that keeps the loop moving at
constant speed, otherwise it would slow down. [B1]

(Another accepted explanation revolves around the work done to overcome

the attractive forces that are set up between the loop and the current in the
wire to keep it moving at constant speed.)

5
5 (a) The internal energy of a system is the sum of the potential energies and kinetic
energies of the molecules in the system B2

(b) (i) n is the number density or the number of molecules per unit volume B1

(ii) R
k= B1
NA

(c) (i) Isothermal process/ Phase change. B1

Melting or boiling B1

(ii) Adiabatic process B1

Releasing gas from a balloon rapidly or pumping air into the bicycle’s
tyre B1

6
 Section B
Answer two questions in this section.

6 (a) (i)
First Law - An object will remain at rest or move along a straight line with constant
speed. [1] unless it is acted upon by a resultant force.
[1]
This implies that an object resist change of its state of rest or motion. A force is
needed to change the state of the body.

(a) (ii) units of F = units of m x units of a

= kg m s-2 [B1]

(b) (i) 150 km h-1 = 150 x 1000 / 3600 = 41.67 m s-1

v = u + at
41.666 = 0 + a (11)
a = 3.7879 m s-2 [M1]

Fnet = ma
= 1200 x 3.7879
= 4545.45 N [M1]

Fd - f = ma
Fd = 4545.45 + 1200
= 5745.45 N [A1]

(b) (ii) Pmax = Fd vmax

= 5745.45 x 41.67 [M1]
= 239.393 kW
= 239 kW (to 3 sf) [A1]

7
(c) (i) Loss in KE:

∆K = 2 (
m u 2 − v 2 ) = (1200 ) ( 27.82 − 0 )
1 1
2 [B1]
= 463704 J

For x ≤ 1.5 m
W = Fx = (90000)(1.5) = 135000 J
For x ≤ 4.0 m
Wtot = (90000)(1.5)
+ (130000)(4.0 − 1.5) = 460000 J [C1]

As this is lesser than the loss in KE,

x0 > 4.0 m, [C0]
where x0 is the greatest distance the car moved into the cushion of
barrels before coming to rest.

By the Work Energy Theorem,

Loss in KE = work done against the force provided by the cushion of
steel barrels
463704 = 460000 + 170000(x0 − 4.0) [M1]
Hence x0 = 4.02m [A1]

(ii) The actual distance would be shorter than 4.02 m [A1]

because frictional forces would slow the car further and the car’s kinetic
energy would be converted into heat, sound and work involved in deforming
the car body. [M1]

(d) (i) Archimedes’ Principle states that an object completely or partially

submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the
weight of the fluid it displaces. [B1]

(ii) When no water enters, the car, weight of car = 1200 × 9.81 N
By the principle of flotation,
Weight of car = upthrust = weight of fluid displaced
1200 × 9.81 = Vfluid × 1000 × 9.81 [M1]

Vcar = Vfluid = 1.20 m3 [A1]

8
 (iii) At the point at which the car first disappears completely below the water,

Weight of car and water = weight of fluid displaced by car

(1200 + mwater)g = (6.43) × 1000 × g [M1]

mwater = 6430 - 1200

= 5230 kg [M1]
volume of water in the car = 5230 ÷ 1000 = 5.23 m3 [A1]

7 (a) 1 Tesla is defined as the magnetic flux density of a uniform magnetic field when a
wire of length 1m, carrying a current of 1A, placed perpendicular to the field,
experiences a force of 1N in a direction at right angles to both the field and the
current. [B2]

(b) (i)

A B

α emitter

Uniform magnetic field of

4.0 kV
2.00 T directed into the
plane of the paper

Vacuum

Award [B1] if student’s answer shows evidence of a circular path and

particle is deflected upwards.

(ii) The magnetic force acting on the α-particle is directed at right angles to the
velocity of the particle. [B1]

The resulting acceleration is directed at right angles to the velocity of the

particle and thus will not alter the speed but merely changes its direction.
[B1] OR The magnetic force hence does not do work on the particle. [B1]

The kinetic energy of the particle thus does not change. [B1]

9
 (iii) 1
mv 2 = qV
2

v=
(
2 2 × 1.6 × 10 −19 ) ( 4000 ) [M1]
−27
6.644 × 10
= 6.207 × 105 m s-1 [A0]

(iv) FB = FE
qvB = qE
E = vB
= (6.207 × 105 ) ( 2.00 ) [M1]
−1
= 1.24 × 10 V m 6
[A1]
E Field is directed downwards [B1]

(c) (i) FB = Fc
mv 2
qvB =
r
mv
r=
qB

=
(
6.644 × 10−27 6.207 × 105 sin30o ) [M1]
( 2 × 1.6 × 10 ) ( 2.00 )
−19

= 3.22 × 10−3 m [A1]

(ii) qα v y B = mα v y ω
 2π 
qα B = mα   [M1]
T 
2π mα
T = (shown)
qα B

(iii) 2π mα
T =
qα B

=
(
2π 6.644 × 10 −27 )
( 2 × 1.6 × 10 ) (2.00)
−19

= 6.522 × 10 −8 s [M1]

Pitch, p = v xT
( )
= 6.207 × 105 cos 30o × 6.522 × 10 −8 [M1]
= 0.0351 m [A1]

10
 (iv) 2π m
For a positron, the period, T = will decrease [A1]
qB
1
since while qpositron = qα , mpositron << mα [M1]
2
for e.g.

mpositron 9.11× 10 −31

= = 5.69 × 10 −12
qpositron 1.6 × 10 −19
malpha 6.644 × 10 −27
= = 2.07 × 10−8
qalpha 2 × 1.6 × 10 −19

mv
For the same reason, the radius r = will also decrease. [A1]
qB

Since period decreases [M0], the pitch p = v xT will decrease. [A1]

8 (a) (i) An accelerated electron from the cathode collides into an electron of a target
atom that is orbiting in the K-shell. [B1] If sufficient energy is transferred by
the accelerated electron to the orbiting electron, the orbital electron can be
ejected from the target atom. [B1]

When the vacancy in the K-shell (n = 1) is filled by an electron from the L-

shell (n = 2), an X-ray photon of the Kα characteristic X-ray is emitted. [B1]

If the vacancy in the K-shell is filled by an electron dropping from the M-shell
(n = 3), an X-ray photon of the Kβ characteristic X-ray is emitted. [B1]

Note:
As the energy differences between electrons in the various energy levels
are characteristics of the target atom, the wavelengths of the Kα and Kβ
characteristic X-rays are unique for each element.

(ii)
From the graph, λmin is the same for both spectra. [B1]
hc
eV =
λmin

11
(iii)
From the graph, λmin = 16 × 10 −12 m
hc
eV =
λmin

V=
( 6.63 × 10 )( 3.0 × 10 )
−34 8

(16 × 10 )(1.6 × 10 ) [M1]

−12 −19

= 7.77 x 104 V [A1]

(iv) Spectrum comprises contribution from continuous and characteristic

radiation i.e.

12
Difference in intensities between the two Kα lines is primarily due to a
difference in the continuous spectrum of tungsten and barium. [B1]

AND

The continuous radiation contribution for tungsten is more because

tungsten has a larger and more positive nuclei as compared to
Barium. Hence more electrons passing in the vicinity of the tungsten
nuclei are likely to deflect and give out an x ray photon. [B1]

Thus the continuous spectrum of tungsten has a higher intensity as

compared to Barium.

Alternatively, tungsten has a larger and more positive nuclei. Thus for
an electron at a fixed distance from the nuclei, the electron is likely to
deflect more and give out a higher energy x ray photon. The intensity
of the high energy x ray photons for tungsten is thus larger. [B1] Thus
the continuous radiation contribution for tungsten is more.

13
 (v) For tungsten
hc
eVmin =
λα

Vmin =
( 6.63 × 10 )( 3.0 × 10 ) = 59 kV
−34 8

( 2.1× 10 )(1.6 × 10 )
−11 −19
[A1]

When the accelerating potential is reduced to 50 kV < 59 kV, i.e., less than
the minimum potential required (from (b) above), the characteristic X-rays
will not be generated
Sketch:

1. Characteristic wavelength will not be produced. [B1]

2. The minimum wavelength increases and intensity decrease. [B1]

b (i)
Heat dissipated = 1 x 300 x 16.5 = 4950 J

Power = 250 x 25 = 5000 W

5000 − 4950
Efficiency = × 100 [M1]
5000

= 1% [A1]

(c) (i) Any of these:

monochromatic, high intensity, coherent, minimal divergence. [B1]

(ii) Population inversion is a condition where there are more atoms in the excited
state as compared to ground state. [B1]

For lasing to occur, the number of photons that cause stimulated absorption is
clearly much less than the number of photons that produce stimulated emission.
(rate of stimulated emission is larger than rate of spontaneous absorption) [B1]

E3 is a metastable state with a comparatively higher life-time as compared to E2

allowing the accumulation of excited electrons to achieve population inversion.
[B1]

(iii) Optical pumping directly to Neon atom (without Helium collision) will result in
equal probability of upward and downward transition and stimulated absorption
and stimulated emission will then occur at the same rate [B1] because the
numbers of electrons in E3 and E1 will be the same at steady state. Population
inversion will not occur. [B1]

End of Paper
14