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strength test specimens of the design mix prepared and tested in accordance with
ASTM Method C-39 or British Standards Institute Method BS 1881. Test
specimens shall be tested after a period of 24 hours and shall have a minimum
compressive strength of 1000 psi. If more than one design mix is to be used
because of the use of more than one source of any one material for the concrete,
testing shall be done for all design mixes. Testing shall be by an independent
agency approved by Company and test results shall be submitted to Company.
No coating shall commence until Company has accepted all design mixes.
If the mix is changed for any reason after commencement of coating, the new mix
shall be tested, and test results accepted by Company before the mix is used.
5.2 Batching and Mixing
Prior to commencement of production coating, Contractor shall have compressive
strength test specimens of the design mix prepared and tested in accordance with
ASTM Method C-39 or British Standards Institute Method BS 1881. Test
specimens shall be tested after a period of 24 hours and shall have a minimum
compressive strength of 1000 psi. If more than one design mix is to be used
because of the use of more than one source of any one material for the concrete,
testing shall be done for all design mixes. Testing shall be by an independent
agency approved by Company and test results shall be submitted to Company.
No coating shall commence until Company has accepted all design mixes.
If the mix is changed for any reason after commencement of coating, the new mix
shall be tested, and test results accepted by Company before the mix is used.
5.2 Batching and Mixing
5.2.1 Primary mixed concrete shall be placed within a time-temperature controlled
period so that it will produce a homogenous cohesive grout.
The concrete materials shall be accurately proportioned and mixed in a machine
that will ensure a thorough intermingling of all materials in the concrete. The
metering and feed systems shall be initially calibrated by weight before the start
of
the concrete application. The amount of water and the method of its introduction
into the mix shall result in a mixture providing the physical properties stipulated
in
this specification.
5.2.2 Should Contractor propose a method other than batching or using sacked and
weighed materials, a description of such method, including the measures to be
taken to assure a coating conforming to the specification, shall be presented to
Company for approval prior to beginning of coating.
5.2.3 For the impingement method of application, the use of reclaimed rebound
material
shall be allowed if placed within 30 minutes. Both freshly mixed material and
rebound material shall be placed so that there is no detrimental effect to the fina
5.2.1 Primary mixed concrete shall be placed within a time-temperature controlled
period so that it will produce a homogenous cohesive grout.
The concrete materials shall be accurately proportioned and mixed in a machine
that will ensure a thorough intermingling of all materials in the concrete. The
metering and feed systems shall be initially calibrated by weight before the start
of
the concrete application. The amount of water and the method of its introduction
into the mix shall result in a mixture providing the physical properties stipulated
in
this specification.
5.2.2 Should Contractor propose a method other than batching or using sacked and
weighed materials, a description of such method, including the measures to be
taken to assure a coating conforming to the specification, shall be presented to
Company for approval prior to beginning of coating.
5.2.3 For the impingement method of application, the use of reclaimed rebound
material
shall be allowed if placed within 30 minutes. Both freshly mixed material and
rebound material shall be placed so that there is no detrimental effect to the fina
It is recommended that the boundary between location class 1 and class 2 in
relation to population density is determined in a manner equivalent to that
used in IGEM/TD/1 Edition 5:2012 to determine the boundary between Type R
and Type S areas. On this basis, the point at which the required degree of
protection changes adjacent to the boundary between location class 1 and
class 2 areas should be determined as the point at which the population density
exceeds the class 1 limit. In order to determine the boundary position, the
population should be calculated within circles of diameter equivalent to twice
the 0.3 cpm risk contour distance from the pipeline or eight times the distance
calculated in accordance with 5.5.3.2. By using such circles in sequence outwards
from the high density area, the circle within which the population density first
falls below/above 2.5 persons per hectare should be determined. The centre of
this circle should then be taken as the class 1/class 2 boundary.
Occasionally the method of population density assessment can lead to an
anomaly in location class such as might occur, for example, in a ribbon
development area. In such cases, a more stringent classification than would be
indicated by population density alone should be used where necessary. Societal
risk should be taken into account in these instances.
Flanged valves shall have raised face flanges with dimensions and tolerances in
accordance
with the requirements of ASME B16.5 or MSS SP-44-1996.
Welded ends shall be beveled to accommodate a butt weld connection to pipe in
accordance
with the manufacturing specification. The specifics of the matching pipe are
provided on the
Application Datasheet.
The Vendor shall indicate whether pipe transition pieces would be required to
accommodate the
butt weld to the matching pipe. Valves ends made of cast materials shall have
transition pieces
supplied and installed by the Vendor to accommodate the butt weld to matching pipe.
In some cases, the Company will require transition pieces and will specify this on
the
Application Datasheet. If transition pieces are required, the Company and Vendor
shall agree on
the supply of materials and the design of the end connection.
Flanged valves shall have raised face flanges with dimensions and tolerances in
accordance
with the requirements of ASME B16.5 or MSS SP-44-1996.
Welded ends shall be beveled to accommodate a butt weld connection to pipe in
accordance
with the manufacturing specification. The specifics of the matching pipe are
provided on the
Application Datasheet.
The Vendor shall indicate whether pipe transition pieces would be required to
accommodate the
butt weld to the matching pipe. Valves ends made of cast materials shall have
transition pieces
supplied and installed by the Vendor to accommodate the butt weld to matching pipe.
In some cases, the Company will require transition pieces and will specify this on
the
Application Datasheet. If transition pieces are required, the Company and Vendor
shall agree on
the supply of materials and the design of the end connection.
The theory o f auto frettage is based on the fact that the stress in a thick‐
walled cyl indrical vesse l is h igher at the
bore than at the outs ide surface for a given internal pressure . I f such a vesse
l is sub j ected to a continuous ly increas ing
pressure , the entire vesse l wi l l deform e las tical ly unti l some pressure is
reached at which the material at the bore begins
to p lastical ly deform . As the pressure continues to increase , the boundary at
which material begins to yie ld moves from
the bore through the vesse l wall unti l it reaches the outer wal l , caus ing p
lastic co llapse [see KD -2 1 0 (e) (6 ) ] . In the pro -
cess of autofrettage , the pressure is increased from the po int o f first yie
lding at the bore to a pressure that wi l l p lace the
e lastic–p las tic interface at the des ired radius . The removal o f this pressure
then produces compress ive res idual tangential s tress at the bore and tens ile
res idual tangential stress at the outer wall .
(b) The effects of these res idual compress ive tangential s tresses are to
(1 ) increase the value of any subsequent app l ication of internal pressure which
wi l l cause the onset of additional
permanent deformation of the cyl inder
(2) reduce the effective mean stress value of the cyclic bore s tresses and thus
increase the fatigue l ife
(3) reduce the effective fracture mechanics stress intens ity factor at the tip of
a crack or crackl ike flaw near the bore
due to internal pressure . This wi ll retard the growth of fatigue or s tress
corros ion cracks near the bore surface .
KD-502 NOMENCLATURE
Non-welded line-up clamps shall be used for alignment of all pipes and equipment
work. Ground clamps shall be provided and insulated electrode holders and/or leads
shall be employed.
The clamps shall preferably be of the internal type for establishing concentricity
of the pipe bores without scoring or otherwise damaging the metal surfaces.
Application of external clamps is subject to where the use of internal clamps is
impracticable and at tie-in points and shall be approved by PRINCIPAL
Representative. The use of internal line up clamps for all nominal pipe sizes of 12
inches and larger is mandatory.
Clamps actual design shall be subject to the approval of PRINCIPAL Representative.
SUPPLIER shall use clamp types specified by an authorized inspector representing
PRINCIPAL specific for the work being done. Pipes shall have a length of at least 3
m for application with internal clamps.
The blast cleaned profile shall be sharp and angular. Angular profile value shall
be determined by heat
shrink sleeve manufacturer in accordance with ISO 8503-5 requirements and
acceptance criteria.
4.4. Surface Cleaning
After blast cleaning to the specified quality, surfaces shall be brushed, vacuumed
or blown clean with
dry, oil-free compressed air to remove all dust and blast cleaning abrasive from
the surface and in
particular from pockets and corners. The pipe surface shall be cleaned of mill
scale, rust and other
foreign matter to achieve a minimum surface cleanliness of Sa 2½ in accordance with
the DEP
31.40.30.37-Gen, Section 9.2.6.
4.5. Mechanical Cleaning
Where, with the agreement of COMPANY, it is recognized that abrasive blast cleaning
cannot be
carried out; the area to be coated shall be cleaned by power wire brushing in
accordance Swedish
Standard SIS 055900 Standard ST3.
The prepared joint area shall be freed of all slag, weld spatter, mill scale, dirt
or other foreign matter, as
in abrasive blast cleaning.
Pigging and gauging activities shall be submitted as part the Contractors pressure
testing procedure.
7.6.17.2 At the completion of the carrier pipe pull, the carrier pipes are to be
pigged and flushed clean. A number of cleaning passes may be required until clean
water remains in the carrier pipes. Pig selection shall be relevant to the pipeline
material and confirmed with a pig supplier and/or manufacturer. Cleaning acceptance
criteria shall be ≤10mm dust penetration with a low density foam pig for a maximum
length of 2km. For sections exceeding 2km an agreed value between Unitywater and
the Contractor is to be established.
7.6.17.3 Cleaning pigs shall be numbered, logged, condition noted and comments
surrounding debris removed. Any pigging near residents or the general public shall
be controlled to ensure material exiting the pipeline is controlled and does not
impact the surrounding area. Silencers shall be used when appropriate.
7.6.17.4 When pigging with compressed air, gauges shall be used at both ends with
constant communication between launching and receiving ends. No tools shall be used
on the pipeline until both ends of the pipeline have confirmed the gauges read
0kPa.
7.6.17.5 The gauging pig is to be sized to the internal diameter of each carrier
pipe according to the project specific specification. The Contractor is to complete
this work and use a fit for purpose cleaning pig and gauging pig. The gauge plate
shall be a minimum 3mm thick, 95% of the internal diameter, segmented and shall be
free of defects once received. Location of the gauge plate on the gauging pig is to
be at the Contractors discretion. Gauge plate material shall not be able to damage
the parent material of the pipeline.
7.6.18 Alignment Tolerances
7.6.18.1 The HDD bore path must follow the approved designed alignment and conform
to the allowable tolerances depicted in Table 12 below unless otherwise detailed in
the Project Specific Specification.
7.6.18.2 The alignment shall be constructed on the project specific centre lines
and agreed to by the Superintendent’s Representative and Principal.
Table 12
i. The Contractor shall be responsible for the design and construction of all
aspects of the HDD works including any temporary works and temporary supporting
structures. All de-sign assumptions regarding subsurface conditions, equipment
requirements, groundwater and other factors are the responsibility of the
Contractor and shall be fully documented.
ii. Based on the alignment shown in the Principal Drawings, the Contractor shall
design and size the excavated profile to accommodate all temporary and permanent
works.
iii. A design vertical and horizontal profile shall be submitted to the
Superintendent’s
Representative for review prior to commencement of work.
iv. The Contractor shall not proceed with any work until the Contractor’s RPE
certified design has been accepted by the Superintendent’s Representative.
Acceptance of the Contrac-tor’s design by the Superintendent’s Representative in no
way diminishes the responsibility of the Contractor for the design.
v. The HDD crossing shall be designed in accordance with this Specification and
the refer-enced documents by a person suitably qualified and having experience with
the design considerations required for this type of work. The profile design shall
take into account the following:
• Temporary works associated with the HDD construction;
The Contractor shall notify the Company of any conflict between this specification,
the Codes and Standards and any other specification included as part of the Project
documen-tation.
This specification and the guidelines set forth do not relieve the Contractor, its
Sub- Con-tractors and Vendors of the responsibility to provide a finished product
capable of perform-ing its intended service.
Any exception to this specification and referenced documentation shall be raised by
the Contractor and approved by the Company in writing, following the applicable
procedure for concession requests as defined in the Quality Management Procedures
of the Project.
During further stages of the project (detailed design) Contractor is obliged to
verify calcula-tions, the design and dimensions of all equipment using its own
calculations based on pro-cess, design, safety and warranty data given in the
tender documentation. The detailed de-sign must be agreed upon with the Company.
Tension
Tension on the pull section results from three primary sources: (1) frictional
drag between the pipe and the wall of the hole, (2) fl uidic drag from
viscous drilling fl uid surrounding the pipe, and (3) the effective (submerged)
weight of the pipe as it is pulled through the hole. In addition
to these forces that act within the drilled hole, frictional drag from the
portion of the pull section remaining on the surface (typically supported
on rollers) also contributes to the tensile load on the pipe.
Additional loads that the horizontal drilling rig must overcome during
pull back result from the length of the drill string in the hole and the
reaming assembly that precedes the pull section. These loads don ’ t act on
the pull section and therefore have no effect on pipe stresses. Nonetheless,
if a direct correlation with the overall rig force is desired, loads resulting
from the reaming assembly and drill string must be estimated and added
to the tensile force acting on the pull section.
Calculation of the tensile load required to install a pipeline by HDD
is complicated due to the fact that the geometry of the drilled path must
be considered along with properties of the pipe being installed, subsurface
materials, and drilling fl uid. Assumptions and simplifi cations
are typically required. A theoretical pulling load may be calculated by
hand or with the aid of one of several commercially available software
packages.
Regardless of the method used to calculate an HDD pulling load, the
design engineer should be aware that numerous variables affect pulling
loads, many of which depend upon site-specifi c conditions and individual
contractor practices. These include prereaming diameter, hole stability,
removal of cuttings, soil and rock properties, drilling fl uid properties,
drilled path geometry, and the effectiveness of buoyancy control measures.
Such variables cannot easily be accounted for in a theoretical
calculation method designed for use over a broad range of applications.
For this reason, theoretical calculations are of limited benefi t unless
combined with engineering judgment derived from experience in HDD
construction.
The fi rst step in calculating a pulling load is to analyze the drilled path.
This analysis can be based on the designed drilled path, a “worst-case”
drilled path, or “as-built” pilot-hole data, if available. Bearing in mind
that most pilot holes are drilled longer, deeper, and to tighter radii than
designed, a conservative approach in the absence of as-built pilot-hole
data is to evaluate a worst-case drilled path that accounts for potential
deviations from the design. This worst-case path should be determined
based on allowable tolerances for pilot-hole length, elevation, and curve
radius as defi ned in the contract documents. The design engineer should
be aware that deviations in these parameters are typical and are often due
For steel piping operating above –20F, alloy steel studs ASTM
A193 Grade B7, with ASTM A194 Class 2H semi-finished heavy
hex nuts shall be used except for sulphide stress cracking service
where stud bolts shall be ASTM A193 Grade B7M. For steel piping
operating below –20F, ie: blowdown service, ASTM A320, Gr L7
studs, with ASTM A194, Gr 7 semi-finished hex nuts shall be used,
except for sulfide stress cracking services where stud bolts shall be
ASTM A320, Gr L7M.
At least one (1) reading per drill rod is required during the drilling of the pilot
hole, registering inclination, heading, length, depth and the orientation of the
bent sub. This information shall be recorded on the steering log and be available
for inspection of the superintendent as and when required.
7.7.2.3 The Contractor shall ensure proper calibration of all equipment before
commencing directional drilling operation and provide proof of calibration
documentation to the Superintendent’s Representative
(2) Bolting threads and lengths shall conform to the dimensions listed
in the appropriate national or industry flange standard. Headed
bolts (rather than stud bolts) shall not be used without prior PTT
approval.
(3) All bolts and nuts shall be coated with PTFE, or equivalent
material.For steel piping operating above –20F, alloy steel studs ASTM
A193 Grade B7, with ASTM A194 Class 2H semi-finished heavy
hex nuts shall be used except for sulphide stress cracking service
where stud bolts shall be ASTM A193 Grade B7M. For steel piping
operating below –20F, ie: blowdown service, ASTM A320, Gr L7
studs, with ASTM A194, Gr 7 semi-finished hex nuts shall be used,
except for sulfide stress cracking services where stud bolts shall be
ASTM A320, Gr L7M.
(2) Bolting threads and lengths shall conform to the dimensions listed
in the appropriate national or industry flange standard. Headed
bolts (rather than stud bolts) shall not be used without prior PTT
approval.
(3) All bolts and nuts shall be coated with PTFE, or equivalent
material.
(4) For Austenitic bolting materials shall be in accordance with piping
material classification data sheets.
1.4.6 Proprietary Connectors
Proprietary connectors shall be used as required by project Specifications.
1.5 Design Considerations for Particular Piping Systems
1.5.1 General
This
(4) For Austenitic bolting materials shall be in accordance with piping
material classification data sheets.
1.4.6 Proprietary Connectors
Proprietary connectors shall be used as required by project Specifications.
1.5 Design Considerations for Particular Piping Systems
1.5.1 General
This
The SDV valve will be provided at the station inlet and outlet. In case of an
emergency event the SDV valves will cut off the gas supply from the suppliers and
to the pipelines.
The compressor station will be designed for locally manned, fully automatic,
permanent operation from Station Control Room with remote monitoring of the station
from the Central Control Room.
9.2 Pig Receiver
Pig Receivers will be provided at all pipelines entering the compressor station.
The pig receiver is described in section 10.8.
9.3 Filter Separator Skid
The filter separators, as described in section 10.1, shall be provided at Obigbo
Compressor Station at each gas supply source.
The filter separator design and operating conditions are: Parameter Value QIT
Source Obigbo Node Source Cawthorne and Alakiri Source Okono/Okpoho
Design Pressure
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
Design Temperature
within the hole and to improve the condition and stability of the borehole and the
borehole walls.
7.6.11.2 Conditioning reaming tools are to be in good working order and appropriate
to the ground conditions indicated.
7.6.12 Pipe Pullback
7.6.12.1 At the completion of the hole opening and the hole conditioning, the
Contractor will commence the casing/carrier pipe pullback. The pipe pullback is a
critical operation and the following must be controlled by the Contractor:
involve a combination of pipe removal and abandonment-in-place along the length of
the pipeline. A key factor influencing the choice between the two options is
present and future land use.
It is further noted that the abandonment techniques presented are confined to those
possible using currently available technology. While developments in pipeline
removal and abandonment technologies were evaluated, no major improvements to the
methods currently in use were discovered. However, as pipeline abandonments become
more prevalent, improved abandonment methods will likely be developed.
1.5 Objective
The objective of this discussion paper is to assist the user in the development of
a pipeline abandonment plan, a framework for which is provided in Section 2 of this
paper. More particularly, the paper is meant to assist parties in making an
informed decision between abandoning in place or through removal. Section 3
outlines the general technical and environmental issues that should be considered
when abandoning a pipeline, while Section 4 elaborates on post-abandonment
responsibilities. Site-specific issues should be addressed on a case-by-case basis.