Section A [15 marks]

Answer all questions in this section

1 Based on the table below, match the properties of wáter and the physiological roles.

Property Physiological role

I bipolar molecule (a) acts as a termal buffer
II low viscosity (b) evaporation of sweat has a cooling effect on the body
III high specific heat capacity (c) as a universal solvent
IV high heat of vapourisation (d) flows with less friction through narrow vessels

I II III IV
A (c) (d) (a) (b)
B (c) (d) (b) (a)
C (d) (a) (b) (c)
D (d) (c) (a) (b)

2 The chromatogram shows the products of hydrolysis of five disaccharides. Spot P represents the
hydrolysis of lactose.Which results were obtained from the hydrolysis of maltose and sucrose?

Maltose Sucrose

A Q R
B R S
C S T
D T Q

3 A marine mammal, such as a seal or porpoise, stores large amounts of subcutaneous fat as
blubber. Which one of the following is an incorrect statement about the adaptive value of
this fats?
A it has lower energy content for its mass in comparison to other food reserves such as
glycogen
B it has an insulating function, fat having a low heat conductivity
C it may act to streamline contours for swimming and be a protective shock absorber
below the skin
D it acts as an energy store, being utilized when the animal is short of food

4 Which structure is found in all eukaryotic cells?

A Chloroplast C Mesosome
B Centriole D Ribosome

5 What are the types of muscle tissue found in wall of aorta, wall of ileum and wall of ventricles of
the heart?
 wall of aorta wall of ileum wall of ventricles of the
heart

A Smooth muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle

B Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle

C Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle

D Involuntary Involuntary
Myogenic muscle
muscle muscle

6 The diagram below shows an onion cell that has been immersed in a concentrated sucrose
solution. Which of the following would be found in P?

A. Pure water C. Sucrose solution

B. Cell sap D. Cytoplasm

7 Which tissue corresponds to its cell shape correctly?

Tissue Cell shape

A Parenchyma Elongated and tubular

B Collenchyma Elongated and polygonal with tapering ends

C Sclereids Roughly spherical to elongated

D Sieve tubes Roughly spherical or irregular

8 A plant cell is found to have a solute potential of -1000 kPa and its pressure potential is
200 kPa What is the water potential that will cause water entry into the plant cell when
placed in a sucrose solution with a solute potential of -300 kPa ?
A -500kPa C -1100kPa
B -800kPa D -1500kPa

9. The diagram below shows part of the plasma membrane.

 Which components affect the fluidity of the plasma membrane?
A. P, Q, R and S B. P, Q and S C. P and S D. Q and R

10 Which class of enzyme catalyses the reaction below?

Malate + NAD+ Oxaloacetate + NADH+H+

A Oxidoreductases
B Transferases
C Lyases
D Ligases

11 Which of the following are the components of biosensor?

i. A transduser
ii. A signal generator
iii. An amplifier
iv. A biological screening material
v A operator

A. i, ii and iii C i, iv and v

B i, ii, iii and iv D ii, iii, iv and v

12 The diagram below shows the structure of NAD. Which of the following is nicotinamide?

13 The diagram below shows parts of the electron transport chain.

What are P, Q, R, S and T

P Q R S T
A Fumarate Cytochrome b Cytochrome a Cytochrome c Cytochrome a3
B Malate Cytochrome c Cytochrome a Cytochrome b Cytochrome a3
C Fumarate Cytochrome b Cytochrome c Cytochrome a3 Cytochrome a
D Malate Cytochrome a Cytochrome a3 Cytochrome b Cytochrome c
14 Which of the following are the effects of photolysis of water?
i. increases the concentration of proton in thylakoid space
ii produces electrons to reduced oxidised photosystem II
iii produces CO2 in photosynthesis
iv photoactivates photosystem II

A i and ii C iii and iv

B ii and iii D i and iii

15 The graph shows changes in the pH of water in a fresh water lake on a summer day

.
What is the probable cause of the rise in pH between times X and Y?
A decreased levels of mineral nutrients in the water
B decreased levels of carbon dioxide due to photosynthesis
C increased levels of carbon dioxide due to respiration
D increased oxygen released by the producers

Answers for Section A

1 A B C D 9 A B C D

2 A B C D 10 A B C D

3 A B C D 11 A B C D

4 A B C D 12 A B C D

5 A B C D 13 A B C D

6 A B C D 14 A B C D

7 A B C D 15 A B C D

8 A B C D

Total = / 15
 Section B [ 15 marks ]

Answer all questions in this section

16 Given below is a Michaelis-Menten equation,

Vo = Vmax [S]
KM + [S]

(a) Change the above equation to Lineweaver-Burk equation. [3 marks]

(b) Below is a Lineweaver-Burk graph for an enzymatic reaction without inhibitor.

(i) What is P and Q? [2 marks]

P: _______________________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________________

(ii) Draw and label two graphs to show the effect of competitive and a non competitive
inhibitor, on the same graph above. [2 marks]

c) State ONE difference between non competitive inhibitor (reversible ) and non competitive
inhibitor (non reversible ) [1 mark]

_______________________________________________________________________________
17 The diagram below shows cross section of a bone

a) Identify structures of A, B, C and D [4 marks]

A: _____________________________________________________________

B:______________________________________________________________

D:______________________________________________________________

E:______________________________________________________________

b) State the function of cell X in the development of bone [1 mark]

_________________________________________________________________________

c) State TWO functions of bone besides providing support and shape to body [2 marks]

__________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
 Section C [ 30 marks ]

Answer any two questions in this section

18 (a) Protein can be divided into two groups, namely fibrous proteins and globular proteins, based on the
shape of the molecule. Describe the differences between the two types of proteins.
[7 marks ]
(b) i. Describe the differences between DNA and RNA. [4 marks]
ii. Distinguish phagocytosis and pinocytosis [4 marks]

19 (a) i) Compare and contrast the process of anaerobic respiration in plants and in animals.
[6 marks]
ii) List two application of anaerobic in industry [2 marks]

(b) There are three stages in the release of energy from a molecule of glucose : glycolysis,
Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. What are the essential features of each of
these processes? [7 marks]

20 (a) Describe the photosynthetic pathway which occurs in a named CAM plant. [9 marks]
(b) Explain how photorespiration is a wasteful process in C3 plants [6 marks]
 MARKING SCHEME TRIAL SEMESTER 1 964/1 2018

Section A

1. A 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. B
6. C 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. A
11. A 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. B

Section B

16 a) 1 = KM + [S] 1m
Vo Vmax [S]

1 = KM + [S] 1m
Vo Vmax [S] Vmax [S]

1 = KM 1 + 1 1m
Vo Vmax [S] Vmax

b) P = -1/Km 1m
Q = 1/Vmax 1m

c) 2m

c)
Non- Competitive inhibitors (Non reversible) Non- Competitive inhibitors (reversible)

1. increasing in substrate concentration will 1. Effect can be overcome by reducing the end
not overcome the effect of inhibitor product produced

2. inhibitor bind to the active site forms 2. inhibitor bind to temporarily to the allostearic
permanent covalent bonds with active site of site of an enzyme in metabolic pathway
an enzyme
Any 1 (1/0 mark)

17 a) A : Haversian system/ osteon 1 mark

B : Bone lamellae 1 mark
D: canaliculus 1 mark
E: Haversian canal 1 mark

b) – Osteoblast secrete matrix that contain calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate and protein.
1 mark
 c) – act as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus 1 mark
- protect the internal organs 1 mark
- site for the blood cell synthesis ( bone marrow) 1 mark
- provide surfaces for attachment of skeletal muscles to enable movement 1 mark
Any 2
Section C

18 a) Differences between fibrous protein & globular protein 7 marks

Fibrous proteins Globular protein

They are secondary structure Have a tertiary structure 1/0
Polypeptide chains are cross-linked at interval Polypeptide chain is tightly folded to form a 1/0
to form a long fibers/sheet spherical shape
Insoluble in water, (due to the large number of Soluble in water 1/0
hydrophobic R groups)
Amino acid sequence may vary slightly Amino acid sequence is highly specific between 1/0
two samples
The length of polypeptide may vary in two The length of polypeptide is identical in two 1/0
samples of the same fibrous protein samples
Amino acid sequence is remarkable regular Amino acid sequence is rarely exhibit
regularities 1/0
Perform structural function Perform metabolic function
1/0
Eg: keratin, fibroin,collagen Eg:Enzymes 1/0

18 b) (i ) Describe the differences between DNA and RNA. 4 marks

DNA RNA
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a double- Ribonucleic acid is a single-stranded 1/0
stranded, antiparallel polynucleotide chains. polynucleotide chain.
Nitrogenous bases of DNA are Adenine, Nitrogenous bases of RNA are Adenine, 1/0
Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine. / Do not have Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil./ Do not have
Uracil Thymine
Pentose/ 5C sugar of DNA is deoxyribose sugar. Pentose/ 5C sugar of RNA is ribose sugar. 1/0
DNA is formed/ replicated in the nucleus/ RNA is formed/ transcript in the nucleus and
Found almost entirely in the nucleus translate in the cytoplasm / Found in the 1/0
nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell
There is only one type of DNA There are three types of RNA such as mRNA,
rRNA and tRNA 1/0
Two strands coil around each other to form Straight chain and not spiral shape. 1/0
double helix
4 marks

(ii) Distinguish phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
Material taken into cell is in solid form/ cell Material taken into cells in liquid form/ cell 1/0
eating drinking
Selective process Not selective process 1/0
Particles are taken into cell by invagination of Liquids is taken into cell by invagination of 1/0
membrane or by pseudopodia membrane
It forms food vacuoles or phagosomes. It forms very tiny vesicles or pinosome/
pinocyctic vesicles 1/0

Hydrolases are added to digest its content. Hydrolase may not be added. 1/0
 It occurs in amoeboid cells or phagocytes. It occurs also in the cells of intestines and liver. 1/0

19 a) i) Compare and contrast the process of anaerobic respiration in plants and in animals. 6 marks

Anerobic in plants Anaerobic in animals

1. Occurs when root are submerged // 1. Occurs when muscles are actively 1/0
oxygen supply decreases contracting
2. products are ethanol and carbon dioxide 2. product is lactic acid 1/0
3. pyruvate changed / reduced to ethanal 3. pyruvate directly changed / reduced to its 1/0
first then to its final product ethanol final product lactic acids
4. Accumulation of ethanol poison the plant 4. Accumulation of lactate causes fatigue of 1/0
muscle/lower blood pH
5. Ethanol cannot be converted back to 5. lactic acid can be converted back to
glucose glucose 1/0
6. occurs in roots/ seed/ /storage organ / 7. occur in skeletal muscles
tuber 1/0

Any 4
Similarities
1
1. Both regenerate NAD+ 1
2. Both remove pyruvate 1
3. Both occurs in cytoplasm of cell Any 2

2 marks
ii) List two application of anaerobic in industry. 1
1. Produce ethanol/alcohol to make beer/wine in brewing industry 1
2. Yeast produces CO2 to rise the dough in bread making industry
(may also accept production of yogurt, tapai or other suitable examples)

19 b) There are three stages in the release of energy from a molecule of glucose : glycolysis, Krebs 7 marks
cycle and the electron transport chain. What are the essential features of each of these processes?

Glycolysis :
P1. phosphorylation of glucose 1
P2. splitting of hexose (6C) to two triose molecules (3C) 1
P3. production of ATP directly / substrate level phosphorylation 1
P4. production of ATP indirectly – via electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation 1
Any 2
Krebs cycle :
P5. lost of CO2 to give a 2 carbon molecule. 1
P6. combination of two carbon and 4 carbon molecule to give 6 carbon molecule. 1
P7. oxidation of 2 carbon atoms to CO2 to generate a 4 carbon molecule 1
P8. production of ATP / GTP direct / substrate level phosphorylation 1
P9. indirect ATP via electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation 1
Any 3
Electron transport chain
P10. progressive transfer of electron to carriers at lower energy levels. 1
P11. the use of the energy associated with the electrons transfer to generate ATP from ADP 1
P12. the reduction of oxygen to water 1
Any 2

20. a) Describe the photosynthetic pathway which occurs in a named CAM plant. 9 marks
 An example of CAM plant is the cactus / pineapple. 1
P1: It shows the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism pathway. 1
P2: The stomata in CAM plants are closed during the day and opened at night. 1
P3: Fixation of carbon dioxide occurs at night in the cytoplasm of mesophyll cell. 1
P4: The carbon dioxide combines with phosphoenolpyruvate /PEP (3C acceptor) to produce 1
oxaloacetate (4C)/ OAA.
P5: The process is catalysed by the enzyme phsphoenolpyruvate carboxylase / PEP carboxylase// 1
PePCo which has higher affinity for carbon dioxide.
P6: The oxaloacetate is reduced to malate (4C acid) by NADPH 1
P7: The malate formed is stored in the cell vacuole at night to prevent pH changes in the cytoplasm. 1
P8: During day time, malate is oxidised producing pyruvate and carbon dioxide. 1
P9: The concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the cells of CAM plant and photorespiration is 1
prevented.
P10: Carbon dioxide combines with Ribulose Bisphosphate / RuBP, enter into Calvin Cycle, producing 1
organic molecules.
P11:Pyruvate is phosphorylated to regenerate phosphoenolpyruvate by ATP 1
Any 9
20 b) Explain how photorespiration is a wasteful process in C3 plants 6 marks

P1: In C3 plants, photorespiration occurs when oxygen concentration is high, compared to carbon 1
dioxide.
P2: Rubisco / RuBP carboxylase has higher affinity to oxygen 1
P3: Oxygen acts as competitive inhibitor in the enzyme RuBP carboxylase (Rubisco) // Oxygen 1
competes with carbon dioxide for the active site of the enzyme.
P4: Resulting ,RuBP is break down to one molecule of 2- phosphoglycolate (2C) and one molecule of 1
glycerate 3-phosphate / PGA (3C).
P5: Phosphoglycolate is converted into glycolate 1
P6: Glycolate is converted into glycine 1
P7: Glycine break down back to released carbon dioxide by using ATP and NADPH 1
P8: Lower photosynthesis rate// Less organic products are synthesised. 1
P9: Photorespiration will reduced the potential photosynthesis yield by up to 50%. 1

Any 6