BRAGAT, CYNDRILLE JOHN A.

Nov 11, 2019

BSCE - 4th yr RC 5:30pm-7:30pm

Reinforced Concrete:

Is a strong durable building material that can be cast or formed into many various shapes and sizes. Its
utility and versatility is achieved by combining steal and concrete.

History of Reinforced Concrete:

The history of concrete goes all the way to the beginning of human civilizations in ancient times. But it
wasn’t recent centuries that man began reinforcing concrete with rebar and other metals. There were 10
brilliant brain that have supported reinforced concrete, these brilliant people made it easier for us in the
present generation.

The brilliant minds behind Reinforced Concrete:

1848 -Jean-Louis Lambot

Lambot first discovered how to use reinforced concrete by the use of iron bars and wire mesh, he used this to
reinforce several concrete rowboats. In this he discovered that concrete can float.

1854 – William B. Wilkinson

Wilikinson out of his care for his servants, used iron bars ad wire ropes to reinforce the concrete floors of a two-storey
cottage for his servants. Later his idea was generally accepted as the first build to use reinforced conrete.

1850 – 1880 – François Coignet

Coignet a 19th century French industrialist. A pioneer of reinforced concrete, was the first to use iron reinforced
concrete in consturction in which he used it on a widespread scale.

1889 – Gyozo Mihailich

 Gyozo Mihailich designed the first arch bride to use reinforced conrete, he was later on credited to be the first to design
a bridge with reinforce concrete. The bridge was built in Solt, Hungary.

1891 – George Bartholomew

Bartholomew was the first time design a street by the use of concrete in the United States in Bellefontaine, Ohio. His
works are incredible wherein the street is still alive today.

1901 – Arthur Henry Symons

Symons was the firt to designed a column clamp to assist in construction. His works helped in the construction industry
particularly the column clamp. Column clamp was used to tie and fasten the units to hold the form together.

1905 – Frank Lloyd Wright

Wright’s Unity Temple in Oak park, Illinois began in the early 1900s. His architectural style is distinct and recognizable
around the world, he used four massive identical concrete walls on his design. It was to expand the formworks and can be
repeated multiple times.

1927 – Eugene Freyssinet

Freyssinet developed pre-stressed concrete. This revolutionary method in concrete construction involved prestressing
tendons such as cables. This was made to build larger and more resilient structures that could not be made by the use of
traditional reinforced concrete alone.

1935 – Pier Luigi Nervi

Nervi built the Orvieto Aircraft Hangers for the Italian Air Force. He accomplished this one-of-a-kind unique
construction project with thin shell construction. Thin shell construction uses curved structures to reinforce curved surfaces
such as ship hulls or domes.

1962 – Bertrand Goldberg

Goldberg’s twin towers in Marina City, on the bank of the Chicago River in downtown Chicago, marked the beginning of
including reinforced concrete in modern skyscrapers during construction. At the time of their construction in the 60’s, the
towers set the height record at 588 feet.

Properties of Reinforced Concrete:

CONCRETE STEEL
Strength in tension poor good
Strength in compression good good, but slender bars
will buckle
Strength in shear fair good
Durability good corrodes if unprotected
Fire resistance good poor- suffers rapid loss
of strength at high
temperatures
 WSD and USD method:

WSD - Working Stress Design is also called Alternate Design Method by NSCP ( National Structural
Code of the Philippines ) and ACI ( American Concrete Institute ). WSD is a method used for the reinforced concrete
design where concrete is assumed as elastic, steel and concrete act together elastically where the relation ship between
loads and stresses is linear.

Code Reference Notation

NSCP 2010, Section 424: Alternate design method
ACI 318M-99,Appendix A: Alternate design method
Design Principle
-the design concept of WSD is based on Elastic Theory
in which the stress-strain diagram is within the
proportional limit and will obey Hooke’s Law
fc = allowable compressive stress of concrete
fs = allowable tesnile stress of steel reinforcement
f'c = specified compressive strength of concrete
fy = specified yield strength of steel reinforcement
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
n = modular ratio
M = design moment
d = distance from extreme concrete fiber to centroid
 of steel reinforcement
kd = distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber

of concrete
jd = distance between compressive force C

and tensile force T

ρ = ratio of the area of steel to the effective

area of concrete
βc = ratio of long side to short side of concentrated

load or reaction area

As = area of steel reinforcement

Allowable Stresses

(NSCP 2010, 424.4.1 / ACI 318M, A.3.1)

Concrete
1 Flexure
.
Extreme fiber stress in compression 0.45f′c0.45fc′

2 Shear
.
Beams and one-way slabs and footings:
 Shear carried by concrete, vcvc 0.09f′c−−√0.09fc′

Maximum shear carried by concrete plus shear

0.38f′c−−√0.38fc′
reinforcement, vcvc

Joists:

Shear carried by concrete, vcvc 0.09f′c−−√0.09fc′

Two-way slabs and footings:

Shear carried by concrete, vcvc but not greater than 16f 112(1+2/βc)f′c−
′c−−√16fc′ −√112(1+2/βc)fc′

3
Bearing on loaded area 0.3f′c0.3fc′
.

Steel Reinforcement
1. Grade 275 or Grade 350 reinforcement 140 MPa

2. Grade 420 reinforcement or greater and welded wire fabric (plain or

170 MPa
deformed)

3. For flexural reinforcement, 10 mm or less in diameter, in one-way slabs

0.50fy
of not more than 4 m span but not greater than 200 MPa

Assumptions in WSD
1 Plane section remains plane before and after bending.
2 Concrete stress varies from zero at the neutral axis to a maximum at the extreme fiber.
3 Concrete do not carry tensile stress. All tensile stress will be carried by steel reinforcement.
4 The steel and concrete are perfectly bond so that no slippage between the two will occur.
USD
-Ulti
mate

Strength Design ( USD )

Based on the ultimate strength of

the structure assuming a failure
condition either due to concrete
crushing or by yielding of steel.
Additional Strength of steel due to
strain hardening is not encountered in
the analysis or design.
SPECIFICATIONS OF REINFORCED BEAMS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE
Reinforcement detailing in beams

-Beam carries transverse external loads that cause bending moment, shear forces and in some cases torsion

-Concrete is strong in compression and very weak in tension.

-Steel reinforcement counter act tensile stresses in reinforced concrete beams.

-Mild steel bars or Deformed or High yield strength deformed bars (HYSD) used.

-HYSD bars have ribs on the surface and this increases the bond strength at least by 40%
 Types of beams

Based on beam shape:

- Rectangular beam

- L-shape beam

- Circular shape beam

- T- shape beam

MIDSPAN DETAILS OF Tee-Beam.

Based on embedded reinforcement

Singly reinforced

Reinforcement are provided to resist tensile stresses due to bending and shear in beams for singly reinforced sections.

In practice, for singly reinforced beams, two additional bars are provided in compression face of the beam so that stirrups
can be tied with bars. These additional reinforcement are of nominal diameter of 8mm or 10mm.

Doubly reinforced

When depth of section is restricted due to reasons such as architectural reasons, or basement floors, the beam section is
designed as doubly reinforced concrete beam.

These bars shall withstand compressive stresses and are provided with reinforcement in compression face.

Beams when subjected to torsion are provided additional longitudinal and shear reinforcement to resist bending and shear
stresses developed due to torsion.
Types of Reinforcement in Beams

Generally a beam consists of following steel reinforcements:

-Longitudinal reinforcement at tension and compression face.

-Shear reinforcements in the form of vertical stirrups and or bent up longitudinal bars.

1 Side face reinforcement in the web of the beam provided when the depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm.

2 Distribute minimum 0.1% of the web area equally on two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or web thickness,
whichever is less.
Reinforcement Cover in Beam

-Minimum cover in beams must be 25 mm or shall not be less than the larger diameter of bar for all steel reinforcement
including links.

-Nominal cover specified in Table 16 and 16A of IS456-2000 should be used to satisfy the durability criteria.
Stirrups

this type of reinforcement act against shear force. Following are the types of stirrups provided in beams:
STANDARD HOOKS AND BENDS

Commonly, the provision of steel bar anchorage is in form of

bends and hooks provided that straight length insufficient to develop
bars.
Moreover, the anchorage value of bend of bar is taken as 4 times
the diameter of bar for every 450 bend subjected to maximum of 16
times the diameter of bar.
Added to that, the specification for detailing of reinforcement in
beams are given in cl.26.5.1 of IS 456 – 2000. Lastly, standard bends and
hooks required for reinforcing bars are shown in figure below.

CURTAILMENT OF REINFORCEMENT IN BEAMS

Generally, curtailment of reinforcements performed along beam span based on the bending moment at the
section. Moreover, anchorage or development length required at support is provided during curtailment of
reinforcement.
Furthermore, cl.26.2 of IS 456 – 2000 gives the anchorage length required for main reinforcement in
tension and compression.
Lastly, figure 5 shows typical details of curtailment of reinforcement in cantilever and continuous beams.

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH (LD)

Figure 6 provides details of necessary anchorage length for main reinforcement in tension and compression:
Figure 7 illustrates specifications for reinforcements of beams in accordance with SP34:

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

 Drawings generally include a bar bending schedule

 Bending schedule shall specify bar length and number, position and the shape of the bar.
References: https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/reinforcement-detailing-beams-is-456/8384/

https://www. mathalino.com

http://www.bnproducts.com/blog/the-history-of-reinforced-concrete/