Name: __________Nool, Jan Lian E.

___________ BMLS 1_B_ Seat#_29__ Score________ QLLCS

 To be submitted on October 12* , 2019:

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Neuron Anatomy & Physiology

1. The cellular unit of the nervous system is the neuron. What is the major function of this type of cell?
The neuron receives stimuli, conduct action potential, and transmit other signals to other neurons or effector
organ.
2. The supporting cells, or neuroglia, have numerous functions. Name three.
 Supporting cells act as phagocytes.
 Protect and myelinate.
 Act as a selective barrier between the capillary blood supply and the neurons.
3. Match each statement with a response chosen from the key:
Key: Afferent neuron, Association neuron, CNS, Efferent neuron, ganglion, neurotransmitters, nerve, nuclei,
peripheral Nervous system, synapse, tract, myelin sheath, Schwann cells

Central Nervous System 1. The brain and spinal cord collectively

______Synapse_______ 2. Junction or point of close contact between neurons
______Ganglion_______3. A bundle of nerve processes outside the CNS
__ Association neuron__4. Neuron connecting sensory and motor neurons.
Peripheral Nervous System 5. Spinal and cranial nerve ganglia
________Nuclei_______6. Collection of cell bodies inside the CNS
____Efferent neuron___ 7. Neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles or glands
____neurotransmitter _8 chemicals released by axon terminals
____Afferent neuron ___9. Neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery.

4. Draw and color a “Typical neuron in the space below. Include and label the ff. structures on your diagram:
cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier.

5. How is one-way conduction at synapse ensured? Neurons have only one Axon that carries impulses away from
the nerve cell body towards the Synapse.
6. What anatomical characteristic determines whether a particular neuron is classified as unipolar, bipolar, or
multipolar? The number of processes attached to the cell body determines the structural class of a neuron.
Make a simple line drawing of each type here:
 The Nerve Impulse:
7. Match each of the terms in Column B to the appropriate definition in Column A.
A B
___depolarization ____ 1. Reversal of the resting potential owing action Potential
to an influx of sodium ions.
___repolarization _____2. Period during which potassium ions are depolarizartion
Diffusing out of the neuron
__action potential_____3. Transmission of depolarization wave repolarization
Along neuronal membrane
Sodium-potassium pump 4. Mechanism that restores the resting sodium-potassium pump
membrane voltage and intracellular
ionic concentrations
Structure of a Nerve:
8. What is a nerve? A bundle of neuron fibers or processes that extend to or from the center nervous system or
visceral organs or structures of the body periphery such as the skeletal muscles, glands, and the skin.
9. State the location of each of the following connective tissue coverings:
Endoneurium – Connective tissue that surrounds each nerve fiber.
Perineurium – Connective tissue that surrounds a group of nerve fibers.
Epineurium – Connected tissue that surrounds the bundles of fibers called fascicles.
10. What is the importance of the connective tissue wrappings found in a nerve?
The connective tissue wrappings help insulate the nerve.
11. Define mixed nerve: Nerves carrying both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) fibers.

GROSS ANATOMY of the BRAIN & CRANIAL NERVES

1. In which of the cerebral lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, or temporal) would the following functional areas
be found?
Auditory area _________temporal________ Olfactory area _______temporal ____
Primary motor area _______frontal_______ visual area __ ____occipital________
Somatic sensory area _____parietal_______ Broca’s area _________frontal _____
2. Match the letter on the diagram of the human brain (right lateral view) to appropriate terms listed below
the diagram.
 ____h___1. Frontal area ____b___2. Parietal lobe ____J___3. Temporal lobe
____f___4. Precentral gyrus ____c___ 5. parieto-occipital sulcus ____ a___ 6. Postcentral sulcus
____i___7. Lateral sulcus ____g___ 8. Central sulcus ___ e ___ 9. Cerebellum
____l___10. Medulla ____d___11. Occipital lobe ____k___12. Pons
3. Complete the following statements by writing the proper word or phrase in the corresponding blank at the
right.
1. Gyrus A(n) __(1)__ is an elevated ridge of cerebral tissue. Inward folds of
2. Sulci cerebral tissue are called _ (2) _ 0r _( 3 )_ . Gray matter is composed of
3. Fissures __(4) __ . White matter is composed of __(5) __. A bundle of fibers
4. Neuron cell bodies that provides for communications between different parts of the CNS
5. Axon is called a(n) __(6)__ , whereas one that carries impulses between the
6. Tract periphery and CNS is called a(n) _(7) _. Nuclei deep within the cerebral
7. Basal cells hemisphere white matter are collectively called the ___(8)___.
8. Nerves

4. Identify the structures on the following sagittal view of the human brain by matching the lettered areas to
the proper terms.

__p__ 1. Cerebellum
__m__2. Cerebral aqueduct
__a__ 3. Cerebral hemisphere
__l__ 4. Cerebral peduncle
__h__5. Choroid plexus
__k__6. Corpora quadrigemina
__b__7. Corpus callosum
__n__8. Fourth ventricle
__d__9. Hypothalamus
__f__10. Mammillary bodies
__c__11. Intermediate mass
__q__12. Medulla oblongata
__e__13. Optic chiasma
__J__14. Pineal body
__g__15. Pituitary gland
__o__16. Pons
__i__17. Thalamus
5. Using the anatomical terms from item 4, match at the appropriate structures with the following descriptions:
1. ____hypothalamus_ Most important autonomic center of the brain.
2. corpora quadrigemina located in the midbrain; contains reflex centers for vision and hearing.
3. ____cerebellum_____ coordinates complex muscular movements.
4. Medulla oblangata contains autonomic centers regulating heart rate, respiration, and other
Visceral activities
5. ___corpus callosum__ large fiber tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres.
6. ____pituitary gland__ part of the endocrine system
7. _cerebral aqueduct__ canal that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles.
8. ____pineal bodies__ _ the intermediate mass is part of it.
6. Explain why trauma to the base of the brain is often much more dangerous than trauma to the
frontal lobes. (Hint: think about the relative function of the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem
 structures. Which contain centers more vital to life?) The base of the brain is more dangerous than trauma to
frontal lobes because it contains the centers more vital to life such as respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor
centers.

MENINGES of the BRAIN

7. Identify the meningeal (or associated) structures described below:
1. ___dura mater__ outermost layer; tough fibrous connective tissue.
2. _____pia mater _ innermost vascular layer covering the brain; follows every convolution.
3. arachnoid granulations drains Cerebrospinal fluid into the venous blood in the dural venous sinuses.
4. choroid plexus structure that forms the cerebrospinal fluid.
5. _arachnoid mater_ middle layer; delicate with cottony fibers.
6. ___falx cerebri__ a dural fold that attaches the cerebrum to the crista galli of the skull.

Cerebrospinal Fluid
8. Fill in the following flowchart to indicate the path of cerebrospinal fluid from its formation site (assume that
this is one of the lateral ventricles) to where it is reabsorbed onto venous blood.
*Lateral ventricle (1) ______________ (2) ___________________ (3) _____________
th
(4) _________________ via openings in the wall of the 4 ventricle (5)________________
Surrounding the brain and cord (and central canal of the cord) (6) __________________________
(7) ______________ containing venous blood.

1. ependymal cells in the Choroid Plexi

2. Lateral Ventricles

3. Interventricular foreman

4. Cerebral aqueduct

5. Third ventricle

6. Mesocephalic aqueduct

7. Fourth ventricle

CRANIAL NERVES
9. Using the following terms, correctly identify all structures indicated by leader lines on the diagram
Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

10. Complete the following statements by inserting the proper anatomical terms in the answer blanks.
 The superior boundary of the spinal cord is at the level of the _____foramen magnum____, and its inferior
boundary is at the level of vertebra 2nd sacral. The collection of spinal nerves travelling in the vertebral
canal below the terminus of the spinal cord is called __cauda equina___.
11. Using the terms below, correctly identify on the diagram all structures provided with leader lines.

Ventral (anterior) horn – M arachnoid mater – K central canal – A

Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve – H dorsal root ganglion – G dorsal root of spinal nerve – N
Dura mater – J lateral horn – D pia mater – L
Dorsal(posterior) horn – C spinal nerve – F ventral ramus of spinal nerve – I
Ventral root of spinal nerve – E white mater – B gray commissure – O

12. The spinal cord is enlarged in two regions, the ____cervical_____ and the ____lumbar______ regions
13. What is the significance of these enlargements? Because the spinal cord is not that thick but all the nerves
that branch out of the body have to fit in these areas.

Spinal Nerves & Plexuses

14. In the human, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves named according to the region of the vertebral column from
which they arised. The spinal nerves are named below. NOTE: by number and the vertebral level at which
they emerge:
Cervical nerves _C1___ - __C8__; _____ Sacral nerves _S1____ - __S5__; ____ - _____
Lumbar nerves _L1__ - __L5__ Thoracic nerves __T1___ - __T12__
15. What would happen (i.e., loss of sensory or motor function or both) if the following structures were damaged
or transected?
1, Dorsal of a spinal nerve Loss of sensory function
2. ventral root of a spinal nerve Loss of motor function
3. ventral ramus of a spinal nerve Loss of both motor and sensory function

16. Define plexus: Networks of nerves serving motor and sensory needs of the limbs.
17. Name the major nerves that serve the following body areas.
___Axillary nerve ____ 1. Deltoid muscle
_ Phrenic nerve____ 2. Diaphragm
____Sciatic nerve 3. Posterior high
Common Fibular nerve 4. Lateral leg and foot
_____Ulnar nerve_ ___ 5. Flexor muscles of forearm and some hand muscles
Musculocutaneous nerve 6. Flexor muscle of the arm
___Femoral Plexus ___ 7. Lower abdomen and anterior high
_____Radial nerve____ 8. Triceps muscle
___ Tibial nerve_____ 9. Posterior leg and foot.

Human Reflex Physiology

18. Define Reflex: Reflex is an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and
transmitted to the CNS. Rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to stimuli.
19. Name the 5 essential components of a reflex arc: (1) sensory receptor, (2) sensory neuron,
(3) interneurons, (4) motor neuron and (5) effector organ.
20. In general, what is the importance of reflex testing in a routine physical examination?
The importance of reflex testing in a routine physical examination is to test the person’s ability to detect and
react on stimuli on quick or short time.

Somatic & Autonomic Reflex

21. Name one somatic reflex in which the higher brain centers participate. ____abdominal_________
22. Differentiate between the types of activities accomplished by somatic and autonomic reflexes.
Autonomic reflexes _Reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles.
Somatic reflexes Regulate the activity of smooth muscles, heart and blood pressure, glands, digestive system.
SPECIAL SENSES
1. Several accessory eye structures contribute to the formation of tears and/or aid in lubrication of the eyeball.
Match the described accessory structures with their secretion by choosing answers from the key.
______ Conjunctiva_____ ___ 1. Mucus
______ Tarsal gland________ 2. Oil
_______Lacrimal gland______ 3. Salt solution
2. The eyeball is wrapped in adipose tissue within the orbit. What is the function of the adipose tissue.
This soft tissue functions like a cushion if the eye is hit by an object.
3. What is a sty? A sty is red, painful lump near the edge of your eyelid that may look like a boil or a pimple.
What is conjunctivitis? Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctiva. Results in reddened, irritated
eyes.
4. Enumerate the seven bones that form the bony orbit.? 1. _Frontal bone_, 2. Zygomatic bone
3.__Maxillary bone__, 4. _Sphenoid bone_, 5.__Ethmoid bone_, 6. ___Palatine bone______
7. __Lacrimal bone____.
5. Match the key responses with the descriptive statements that follows.
Key: Aqueous humor cornea lens sclera choroid
Canal of Schlemm Iris optic disc fovea centralis conjunctiva
Suspensory ligaments retina ciliary body vitreous humor
_suspensory ligaments 1. Attaches the lens to the ciliary body
___aqueous humor____ 2. Fluid filling the anterior segment of the eye.
______optic disc______ 3. The blind spot
________iris _________ 4. Contains muscle that controls the size of the pupil
___Canal of Schlemm_ _ 5. Drains the aqueous humor from the eye
___ ciliary body ____ 6. “sensory tunic”
____vitreous humor____ 7. Substance occupying the posterior segment of the eyeball
_______choroid_ ______ 8. Forms most of the pigmented vascular tunic
____ fovea centralis ___9. Tiny pit in the macula lutea; contains only cones
_________lens________ 10. Important light-bending structure of the eye; shape can be modified
________cornea_______ 11. Anterior transparent part of the fibrous tunic
_______sclera_________ 12. Composed of tough, white, opaque, fibrous connective tissue.
6. Match the terms in Column B with the descriptions in Column A
Column A Column B
_____refraction______ 1. Light bending accommodation
___accommodation _ _ 2. Ability to focus for close (under 20ft) astigmatism
Vision convergence
____emmetropia_____ 3. Normal vi sion emmetropia
_____hypertropia ____ 4. Inability to focus well on close objects refraction
_______myopia_ __ _ 5. Nearsightedness hyperopia
____astigmatism_____ 6. Blurred vision due to unequal myopia
Curvature of the lens or cornea presbyopia
____convergence_____ 7. Medial movement of the eyes during
focusing on close objects.
7. Identify all indicated structures and ear regions that are provided with leader lines or brackets in the diagram.

Auricle

Internal ear
Middle ear

Tympanic membrane Semicircular canals

Vestibule

Vestibulocochlear
nerve

Oval window

cochlea
Round window
Pharyngotympanic tube

Hammer
External auditory canal Auditory
Anvil
ossicles
Stirrup

External ear