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Reciprocal Identities
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𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
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𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
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𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Pythagorean Identities
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
Odd-Even Identities
sin(−𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 csc(−𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
cos(−𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 sec(−𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
tan(−𝑥) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 cot(−𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
Sum and Difference Formula – Identities
sin(𝑢 + 𝑣) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 cos(𝑢 + 𝑣) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣
sin(𝑢 − 𝑣) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 cos(𝑢 + 𝑣) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣
tan(𝑢 + 𝑣) = tan(𝑢 − 𝑣) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣
Product-to-Sum Formulas
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𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 = [cos(𝑢 − 𝑣) − cos(𝑢 + 𝑣)] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 = [sin(𝑢 + 𝑣) + sin(𝑢 − 𝑣)]
2 2
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𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 = [cos(𝑢 − 𝑣) − cos(𝑢 + 𝑣)] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 = [sin(𝑢 + 𝑣) − sin(𝑢 − 𝑣)]
2 2
Sum-to-Product Formulas
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2 2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 2 cos ( ) sin ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = −2 sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2 2 2
Law of Sines
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
= = = =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Law of Cosines