1.

Coffee-what is it?
A hot drink made from the roasted and ground seeds (coffee beans) of a tropical shrub.
Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries from certain Coffea species.
Source of coffee
The genus Coffea is native to tropical Africa (specifically having its origin in Ethiopia and Sudan)
and Madagascar, the Comoros, Mauritius, and Réunion in the Indian Ocean.[2] Coffee plants are now cultivated
in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia, Indian subcontinent,
and Africa. The two most commonly grown are C. arabica and C. robusta. Once ripe, coffee berries are picked,
processed, and dried. Dried coffee seeds (referred to as "beans") are roasted to varying degrees, depending
on the desired flavor. Roasted beans are ground and then brewed with near-boiling water to produce the
beverage known as coffee.
While coffee is native to Ethiopia and Sudan, the earliest credible evidence of coffee-drinking as the modern
beverage appears in modern-day Yemen in southern Arabia in the middle of the 15th century
in Sufi shrines.[6] It was in what is now Yemen that coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner
similar to how it is now prepared for drinking. But the coffee seeds had to be first exported from East Africa to
Yemen, as Coffea arabica is thought to have been indigenous to the former.[7] The Yemenis obtained their
coffee via Somali traders from Berbera (who in turn procured the beans from the Ethiopian Highlands) and
began to cultivate the seed. By the 16th century, the drink had reached Persia, Turkey, and North Africa. From
there, it spread to Europe and the rest of the world.
Country of origin- Yemen(drink) ,Ethiopia(plant)
Introduced -15th century

2.
Types of coffee beans
Robusta and Arabica
Once roasted, pretty much all coffee beans look the same. But, the two varieties differ in taste, growing
conditions and price. Arabica beans tend to have a sweeter, softer taste, with tones of sugar, fruit, and berries.
Their acidity is higher, with that winey taste that characterizes coffee with excellent acidity.

Robusta, however, has a stronger, harsher taste, with a grain-like overtone and peanutty aftertaste. They
contain twice as much caffeine as Arabica beans, and they are generally considered to be of inferior quality
compared to Arabica. Some robustas, however, are of high quality and valued especially in espressos for their
deep flavor and good crema.

Robustas, however, are easier to grow. They can grow at lower altitutes than Arabicas, and they are less
vulnerable to pests and weather conditions. They produce fruit much more quickly than the Arabicas, which
need several years to come to maturity, and they yield more crop per tree.

Robusta is grown exclusively in the Eastern HemisphereColombia only produces Arabica beans. Some
countries, like Brazil and India, produce both.

Arabica, then, ends up being pricier, of course. Most supermarket coffee is exclusively robusta, and instant and
cheap ground coffees are certainly robusta.
 3, 4.
Types of coffee drinks

Black Coffee
Simply put, black coffee is a combination of water and coffee without any milk. It is served without any added
flavors such as honey, cream, and milk.

 Espresso  Batch Brew  Vacuum Coffee

 Ristretto  Doppio  Immersion Coffee
 Americano  Pour Over Coffee
 Long Black  Instant Coffee
 Drip Coffee  AeroPress Coffee

Milk Based Coffee

Despite a lot of people opting for one of the black varieties, adding milk to coffee can provide
a special type of aroma. Other than that, baristas enjoy milk-based coffee due to the use of
foamed milk which allows them to decorate their coffee in stunning ways.

Milk-based coffee also contains lower concentrations of caffeine and acidity, making it the
best coffee for the evening hours.
 Flat White  Caffe Breve  Gibraltar
 Cappuccino  Macchiato  Mocha(ccino)
 Latte  Latte Macchiato
 Piccolo Latte  Cortado

Iced and Cold Coffees

Iced coffee represents a perfect balance of refreshing beverage and soothing coffee aroma. It
can be made in two different ways. One way is to brew it cold, which will give it a different
flavor, and the other is to make it hot and then cool it with ice, cold milk, or even ice cream.

 Cold Brew Coffee

 Nitro Coffee
 Japanese Iced Coffee
 Espresso Tonic
5.
Effects of coffee on human body

Coffee is darkly colored, bitter, slightly acidic and has a stimulating effect in humans, primarily due to
its caffeine content.[3] It is one of the most popular drinks in the world,[4] and it can be prepared and presented
in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, French press, caffè latte). It is usually served hot, although iced coffee is a
popular alternative. Clinical studies indicate that moderate coffee consumption is benign or mildly beneficial in
healthy adults, with continuing research on whether long-term consumption lowers the risk of some diseases.

6.7.8.

Top Coffee Health Benefits

1. Cut the Pain
Two cups of coffee can cut post-workout muscle pain by up to 48%. Increase your
fiber intake
A cup of brewed coffee represents a contribution of up to 1.8 grams of fiber of the
recommended intake of 20-38 grams.

2. Protection against cirrhosis of the liver

3. A more recent study also showed coffee’s liver protecting benefits. Yet another study
showed that both coffee and decaffeinated coffee lowered the liver enzyme levels of
coffee drinkers.

4. Lowered risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Those who consumed 6 or more cups per day had a 22% lower risk of diabetes. The
risk of type II diabetes decreases by 9% for each daily cup of coffee consumed. Decaf
coffee decreased risk by 6% per cup.

5. Lowered risk of Alzheimer’s disease

There is considerable evidence that caffeine may protect against Alzheimer’s disease.

6. Reduces suicide risk and Depression

A 10-year study of 86,000 female nurses shows a reduced risk of suicide in the coffee
drinkers. Another study found that women who drink 4 or more cups of coffee were
20% less likely to suffer from depression.

7. Protection against Parkinson’s

People with Parkinson’s disease are less likely to be smokers and coffee drinkers than
their healthy siblings. Even newer research out of Sweden revealed that drinking coffee
reduces the risk of Parkinson’s even when genetic factors come into play.

8. Coffee drinkers have less risk of heart disease. Korean researchers found that
study participants who consumed 3 to 5 cups of coffee a day were less likely to show
the beginning signs of heart disease.

9. Coffee drinkers have stronger DNA. A study showed that coffee drinkers have DNA
with stronger integrity since the white blood cells of coffee drinkers had far fewer
instances of spontaneous DNA strand breakage.

10. Lower Risk of Multiple Sclerosis. Recent research showed that at least 4 cups
of coffee a day may help protect against the development and reoccurrence of MS.
 11. Coffee reduces colorectal cancer risk. Even moderate consumption of coffee
can reduce the odds of developing colorectal cancer by 26%. This protective benefit
increases with more consumption.

12. Reduced Liver Cancer Risk: Researchers found that those that consume 1-3
cups of coffee a day have a 29% reduced risk of developing liver cancer.

13. Less Gout Risk: Risk for developing gout (in men) decreases with increasing
coffee consumption.

14. Longevity: Greek boiled coffee linked to longevity and heart health. Those that
drink coffee live longer than those who don’t.

15. Prevents Retinal Damage. A Study showed that coffee may prevent retinal
damage due to oxidative stress.

16. Black coffee prevents cavities. Researchers found that strong black coffee kills
the bacteria on teeth that promote tooth decay.

17. Coffee may protect against melanoma. A study found that melanoma risk
decreases with coffee consumption and that this risk decreases with each cup
consumed.

18. dietary guidelines recommend it for better health. Dieticians advise people
that having 3 to 5 cups of coffee a day is good for their overall health and reduces the
risk of disease.

19. Reduced heart attack mortality risk. Researchers found that those who drink
two or more cups of coffee daily after having a heart attack have the least risk of dying
from the heart attack.

20. Coffee’s Health Promoting Antioxidants. Coffee’s health-promoting properties

are likely due to the antioxidants naturally occurring in the coffee bean.

9.10.11.12.

DISADVANTAGES AND RISKS OF COFFEE DRINKING

1. Bad coffee can be toxic.

Bad quality coffee can have a lot of impurities in it, which can cause sickness, headache or a general bad
feeling. This can happen if your coffee is made from beans that have been over ripped or otherwise ruined.
Even one ruined bean can make your cup toxic. If you invest and buy high quality, speciality coffee you don’t
have to worry about this.

2. Coffee can kill you.

Yes, if you drink 80-100 cups (23 litres) in a short session. This dose is lethal and will amount in 10-13 grams
of caffeine within your body. Before you reach this point, however, you'll be vomiting most of it out since 23
litres of any liquid is a lot. Even drinking 23 litres of water can kill you.

3. Coffee can cause insomnia and restlessness.

Again, it's the caffeine working here. Your recommended maximum amount of caffeine is 400 milligrams,
roughly the amount that you’ll get from 4 cups of coffee. If you’re caffeine-sensitive, be careful with coffee. You
are probably already aware what amount and what kind of coffee suits, or doesn't suit you. The amount of
caffeine that is safe for human consumption is actually written in our DNA.

4. Don’t drink more than one cup a day if you’re pregnant.

Studies on coffee's effect on a fetus have been controversial, but one thing is sure: if you drink coffee when
pregnant, caffeine will also reach the fetus, and your baby is highly sensitive to caffeine. So, if you’re a
heavyweight coffee drinker and can’t stop drinking it while pregnant, at least reduce your coffee intake to one
cup a day.

5. If you have high cholesterol please choose filtered coffee.

Coffee beans contain cafestol and kahweol, two ingredients that appear to raise LDL cholesterol levels.
Filtering the coffee traps most of the LDL, but cafestol and kahweol are found in espresso, turkish coffee,
french press and scandinavian style “cooked coffee”.

6. Coffee for kids, may increase bedwetting.

One survey reported that caffeine consumption of 5-7 year old kids may increase enuresis a.k.a. bedwetting.

1. Stimulates your heart, respiratory system, and central nervous system.

2. Makes your blood more `sludgy' by raising the level of fatty acids in the blood.
3. Causes messages to be passed along your nervous system more quickly
4. Stimulates blood circulation
5. Raises blood pressure
6. Causes your stomach to produce more acid
7. Irritates the stomach lining
8. Makes digestion less effective by relaxing the muscles of your intestinal system
9. Its diuretic effect caused increased urination - although you would have to drink about 8 coups of coffee in
one sitting for this to occur
10. Stimulates the cortex of your brain heightening the intensity of mental activity. This can result in a
temporary feeling of alertness and, in the short term, banishes drowsiness and feelings of fatigue. In those who
already have high levels of anxiety the heightened intensity of mental activity can produce unpleasant effects.
But check out below which contradicts this.
11. Affects the length and quality of sleep. Heavy caffeine users suffer from sleep-deprivation because their
nervous system is too stimulated to allow them deep, restful or prolonged sleep.
12. The American Medical Journal has reported a correlation between caffeine and decreased bone density or
osteoporosis in women.
In addition to the above effects prolonged or very heavy caffeine use can produce the following:
13. `Caffeine nerves' a jittery feeling with shaking hands, palpitations, and wobbliness in the legs.
14. Caffeine addiction which involves nervousness, irritability, agitation, headaches or ringing in the ears.
15. Causes your adrenal glands to release their hormones into your bloodstream
16. Causes blood sugar, or blood glucose, to be released from storage through the effects of the adrenal
hormones. This gives you a temporary lift but…
17. …requires your pancreas to over-work. This is because your pancreas now has to produce extra insulin to
reduce this extra blood sugar.

13.

Overuse

In large amounts, and especially over extended periods of time, caffeine can lead to a condition known as
caffeinism. Caffeinism usually combines caffeine dependency with a wide range of unpleasant physical and
mental conditions including nervousness, irritability, anxiety, tremulousness, muscle twitching (hyperreflexia),
insomnia, headaches, respiratory alkalosis, and heart palpitations.[103][104] Furthermore, because caffeine
increases the production of stomach acid, high usage over time can lead to peptic ulcers, erosive esophagitis,
and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Caffeine may also increase the toxicity of certain other drugs, such as
paracetamol.
There are four caffeine-induced psychiatric disorders recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: caffeine intoxication, caffeine-induced anxiety disorder, caffeine-induced
sleep disorder, and caffeine-related disorder not otherwise specified

14.15.

How to know if you’re addicted

1. You get a headache if you miss a cup

If you're a regular coffee drinker and have ever skipped your morning cup of coffee, you'll be familiar with that
pounding in your head.

'Coffee headaches' are definitely a thing, and it's all because stopping daily caffeine consumption produces
changes in cerebral blood flow. In other words, caffeine slows blood flow to your brain.

2. You're super grumpy before (or without) your fix

Hate absolutely everyone before your morning coffee? You're not alone. Caffeine stimulates the dopamine
receptors (the 'pleasure centre') in your brain, as well as adrenaline, both which make us feel good.
Without coffee, our body relies on itself to regulate mood. Hence the feeling of grumpiness or lethargy.

3. You can't concentrate without caffeine

Foggy brain is another sign that you may be caffeine dependent, and this again relates to caffeine's ability to
boost adrenaline, which helps keep us alert and focused. If we get used to that boost, when we go without
coffee we can feel foggy and lack concentration.

4. You need more and more coffee for the same effect

If you started with one cup of coffee and now drink five cups a day, just to get the same effect, this is your body
building up a tolerance to caffeine's effects.

This is where many people get stuck -- do we drink more to get the effects and go overboard, or cut back and
feel the withdrawals?

5. You feel nervous or anxious

Everyone processes caffeine differently -- some can drink three cups with no problems, while others are more
sensitive. If high doses of caffeine make you feel nervous, anxious, edgy, nauseated or jittery, it might be time
to cut back.

Essentially, coffee creates stress in the body (via adrenaline), producing those 'coffee symptoms' we often feel.

6. You can't bear the thought of giving up coffee

If you can't imagine a world without coffee, chances are you're more dependent on coffee than you thought. In
order to cut down, experts suggest doing so slowly, not cold turkey, so as not to 'shock' your body.

Two Methods for Quitting Caffeine

1. The Weaning Method (Recommended)

With this method, instead of quitting caffeine all at once, a person gradually reduces the
amount of caffeine he/she is consuming daily.

Pros:

 Withdrawal symptoms are much less severe or can be completely avoided.

 Less shocking to the system.

Cons:

 Can take longer to detox depending on the beginning daily dose amount.
  Requires tracking caffeine and being intentional about what’s being consumed and how
much.

2. The Cold Turkey Method

With this method, a person simply ceases to consume caffeine all at once. While this can be
the fastest way to detox, it does come with a price and a huge shock to your system.

Pros:

 The fastest way to detox from caffeine.

 A realization of caffeine’s influence on body functioning.

Cons:

 Can produce severe caffeine withdrawal symptoms.

 Invokes more of a tendency to give up because of how horrible it makes people feel.
Bibliography
 www.huffingtonpost.com
 www.warriorcoffee.com
 www.caffeineinformer.com
 www.homegrounds.com
 www.thekitchn.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.caffeineinformer.com