Sterling K.

Berberian

A First Course
in Real Analysis
With 19 Illustrations

Springer
 Contents

Preface vii

CHAPTER l
Axioms for the Field M. of Real Numbers 1
§1.1. The field axioms 1
§1.2. The order axioms 4
§1.3. Bounded sets, LUB and GLB 8
§1.4. The completeness axiom (existence of LUB's) 11

CHAPTER 2
First Properties of K. 15
§2.1. Dual of the completeness axiom (existence of GLB's) 15
§2.2. Archimedean property 16
§2.3. Bracket function 19
§2.4. Density of the rationals 20
§2.5. Monotone sequences 21
§2.6. Theorem on nested intervals 23
§2.7. Dedekind cut property 26
§2.8. Square roots 28
§2.9. Absolute value 30

CHAPTER 3
Sequences of Real Numbers, Convergence 33
§3.1. Bounded sequences 33
§3.2. Ultimately, frequently 35
§3.3. Null sequences 36
§3.4. Convergent sequences 39
§3.5. Subsequences, Weierstrass-Bolzano theorem 43
§3.6. Cauchy's criterion for convergence 48
§3.7. limsup and liminf of a bounded sequence 50
x Contents

CHAPTER 4
Special Subsets of K 56
§4.1. Intervals 56
§4.2. Closed sets ; 61
§4.3. Open sets, neighborhoods 65
§4.4. Finite and infinite sets 71
§4.5. Heine-Borel covering theorem 75

CHAPTER 5
Continuity 80
§5.1. Functions, direct images, inverse images 80
§5.2. Continuity at a point 84
§5.3. Algebra of continuity 88
§5.4. Continuous functions 90
§5.5. One-sided continuity 92
§5.6. Composition 96

CHAPTER 6
Continuous Functions on an Interval 98
§6.1. Intermediate value theorem 98
§6.2. n'th roots 100
§6.3. Continuous functions on a closed interval 101
§6.4. Monotonic continuous functions 103
§6.5. Inverse function theorem 105
§6.6. Uniform continuity 106

CHAPTER 7
Limits of Functions 110
§7.1. Deleted neighborhoods 110
§7.2. Limits 112
§7.3. Limits and continuity 115
§7.4. e, 6 characterization of limits 117
§7.5. Algebra of limits 118

CHAPTER 8
Derivatives 121
§8.1. Differentiability 121
§8.2. Algebra of derivatives 124
§8.3. Composition (Chain Rule) 126
§8.4. Local max and min 128
§8.5. Mean value theorem 129
Contents xi

CHAPTER 9
Riemann Integral 135
§9.1. Upper and lower integrals: the machinery 135
§9.2. First properties of upper and lower integrals 142
§9.3. Indefinite upper and lower integrals 145
§9.4. Riemann-integrable functions 149
§9.5. An application: log and exp 154
§9.6. Piecewise pleasant functions 161
§9.7. Darboux's theorem 167
§9.8. The integral as a limit of Riemann sums 174

CHAPTER 10
Infinite Series 179
§10.1. Infinite series: convergence, divergence 179
§10.2. Algebra of convergence 183
§10.3. Positive-term series 184
§10.4. Absolute convergence 189

CHAPTER 11
Beyond the Riemann Integral 194
§11.1. Negligible sets 196
§11.2. Absolutely continuous functions 203
§11.3. The uniqueness theorem 208
§11.4. Lebesgue's criterion for Riemann-integrability 211
§11.5. Lebesgue-integrable functions 215

Appendix 220
§A.l. Proofs, logical shorthand 220
§A.2. Set notations 222
§A.3. Functions 224
§A.4. Integers 226

Index of Notations 231

Index 233