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17
Dec
Animal Husbandry – Dairy Management
2017
Ever since the beginning of civilisation, humans have depended on animals for many requirements, s
as that of food (milk, meat and egg), clothing (hide or wool), labour (pulling, carrying the load) and secur
etc. Humans have consistently tried to improve the breeds of domesticated animals to make them more
useful for them.
The branch of agricultural science, which deals with the study of various breeds of domesticated anim
and their management for obtaining better products and services from them is known as Animal Husban
The term husbandry derives from the word “husband” which means ‘one who takes care’.
The rearing of animals for specific purposes is called domestication and animals are called domestica
animals. When animal husbandry incorporates the study of proper utilisation of economically important
domestic animals, it is called Livestock Management. Livestock is used for di erent purposes. Cattles like
and bu alo provide milk. Goats provide milk, meat, hair and skin. Sheep, poultry and pigs also provide m
Horses, camels, donkeys are the beasts of burdens, they are used for carrying load and transport. Some
insects are the sources of wax and honey.
Animal husbandry provides high yielding and high breeding livestock. It gives supplementary income
farmers and tribals. It has importance in national income.
Livestock management of farm management includes selection of high yielding breeds, their food
requirements, supply of adequate nutrient sources, cleanliness of en the ironment, maintenance of healt
and veterinary supervision, vaccination, high yield cross-breed development, preservation and productio
corresponding products, distribution and marketing.

Categories of Animals:

Wild:

The animals which breed better where they are free than they do when they are captivated are called
animals. Example Lion, Tiger, Rhinoceros, Deer etc.
They have no common use for humans.
Tamed:

The animals, which are caught from the wild and trained to be useful to humans in some way are calle
tamed animals. Examples: Elephant, Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Yak etc.

Domesticated:

The animals which are of use at home and are easily bred and looked a er by humans are called
domesticated animals. Examples:  dog, horse, cow, sheep, bu alo, fowl etc.

Classification of Domesticated Animals:

Milk giving animals. e.g. Cattle, bu alo, goat, sheep etc.

Draught animals (used for load). e.g.  Bullock, horse, donkey, mule, camel, elephant, yak etc.
Fibre, hide and skin yielding animals. e.g.  Sheep, goat, cattle, bu alo, camel
Meat and egg yielding animals. e.g. fowl (hen) and duck, goat, bu alo, pig etc.

Dairy Management:
The main aim of dairy management is to deal with processes and systems that increase yield and imp
quality of milk.  Bullocks are used for ploughing, harrowing, threshing, transport and drawing water from
well. They provide hides, horns and hooves and other byproducts. Their dungs are used in Gober gas pla
for biogas generation and manure.
India is the world’s largest producer of milk. The majority of the milk consumed is also in liquid form i
India. In India cattle like cow and bu alo primarily provide milk which is a perfect diet and important sou
of nutrients and proteins. Production of processed milk products is very less compared to developed
countries. The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) is the main agency behind the cooperative
movement in India. India is now seeking joint ventures and financial participation from the private secto
including foreign investment for production of milk and milk products in India.

Breeds of Cattle:

Lactation Period is the period of milk production between the birth of a young one and the next
pregnancy and it usually lasts about 300 days.
A breed is a group of one species of animals, which have the same descent and are similar in body sha
size and structure. There are three categories of breeds.
India possesses 27 good breeds of cattle and seven breeds of bu aloes. They di er from each other o
basis of body colours, horns and foreheads. They are well-known world over for their quality of hardiness
endurance and resistance to tropical diseases.
On the basis of utility, they are classified into three types.
Milch Breeds: They give higher milk production. e.g. Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Deoni
 Draught Breeds: They have a higher capacity of work. e.g. Amruthmahal, Malvi, Nageri, Hallikar, Siri
Khillari and Kangayam
General Utility Breeds: They give more milk and do have a higher capacity for work. e.g. Hariana,
Ongole, Kankrej, Tharparkar
Holstein-Friesion is American breed which is the largest producer of milk per lactation. It has less
percentage of fat. Brown Swiss breed is raised in Switzerland it has a high content of minerals and lactose
and its milk is used for making cheese. Jersey is a breed which is low milk producing breed but it has mo
content. Red Dane breed from a cold region of Europe is more milk producing breed.

Indian breeds:

Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Thararkar, Kankrej etc. are some high yielding varieties of Indian cattle.

Exotic Breeds:

Hilstein, Friesian, Jersey, Swiss etc. are some of the high yielding varieties that have been imported fr
abroad and reared widely in India.
Improved breeds:

Some improved breeds have been developed by making a cross between two desired breeds. A cross
between Sahiwal and Friesian varieties has been named as Friewal, Karan Swiss is another improved bre
for milk production in large quantities.

Some Indian Breeds of Cow and Their Distributions:

 Gir (Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra)
Red Sindhi (Andhra Pradesh, all part of world including India and Pakistan)
Sahiwal (Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat)
Kankrej (Gujarat)
Tharparkar (Rajasthan)
Mewati (Rajasthan)
Ongole (Andhra Pradesh)
Hariana (Gujarat, Rajasthan)
Hallikar (South India)
Kangayam (Tamilnadu)
Murrah (Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh)

Some Indian Breeds of Bu alo and Their Distributions:

Murrah (Haryana, Punjab)

Bhadawari (Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh)
Ja arabadi (Gujarat)
Surti (Gujarat)
Mehsana (Cross between Murrah and Surti) Gujarat
Nagpuri (Maharashtra)
Nill Ravi (Punjab)
Porlakmedi (Orissa)

Cattle Feed:

The cattle feed consists of two components a) roughage and b) concentrates.

The main feed of cows and bu aloes are grass but this does not provide them all the nourishment. Th
roughage (Silage) is fibrous food containing a large amount of fibres such as hay fodder, leguminous plan
soybeans, peas and cereals like maize, jowar etc. and concentrates are grains, oil cakes and seeds, miner
salts and vitamins, cereal like bajra, gram, rice polish, etc. Roughage has less nutritive value while
concentrates are rich in nutrients.
The diet of animals should be balanced and its vary with the age, state, health, breed type etc.

Cattle Farm Management:

Cattles are to be well looked a er. Quantity and quality of cattle feed should be maintained.
Cleanliness and hygiene of cattle, handlers, milk and milk products should be maintained. Cleanlines
and hygiene should be maintained during storage and transport of milk and mil products.
The process should be mechanised to avoid direct contact with handlers.
The shed must be clean, spacious with adequate facilities for feeding, watering and light.
Identification of health problems, diseases, and rectification by veterinary doctors is mandatory.
Dairy Products:

Milk, as drawn from the animals, is known as full cream milk. When the cream is separated and the
remaining milk is called toned milk. This milk contains no fat and is known as skimmed milk. On the basi
fat contents the classification of various milk product is as follows:

Cream:

It is prepared by churning milk, the fat comes on the top which is separated by draining out the liquid
known as cream with 10-70% fat contents.

Curd:

Milk is converted to curd due to bacterial activities.

Butter Milk:

It is the le over liquid a er removal of butter.

Ghee:

A er heating butter, the water evaporates and fat contents are almost 100%.

Condensed milk:

Milk is concentrated by removing water contents with or without adding sugar. It has 31% milk solids
9% fats.

Powdered milk:

It is the powdered form of milk.