EM.EE.3 Power Electronic Lab.

‫مختبر الكترونيات القدرة‬ 3

Experiment No ( 1 )
Resistor Triggering Circuit
1.1Objective:
Study of the Resistor Triggering Circuit.

1.2Apparatus required:
List of Equipments Quantity

Resistance IK, 1/4W 1

Resistance 511E, 1/4W 2
Potentiometer 1M (on board) 1
SCR 2P4M (on board) 1
Diode 1N4007 (on board) 1

1.3-Theory:
An SCR can be switched from off-state to on-state in several ways ; these
are forward voltage triggering,(dv/dt) triggering, temperature triggering,
light triggering and gate triggering. The most common for controlling the
onset of conduction in an SCR by means of gate voltage control. The gate
control circuit is also called firing or triggering circuit .A firing circuit ,in
general, consist of the components shown in Fig.(l.l),A regulated DC power
supply is obtained from an AC source . Pulse generator supplied from both
AC and DC sources, gives out voltage pulses which are then fed to pulse
amplifier for their amplification .The function of pulse transformer is to
isolate the low voltage gate cathode circuit from the high voltage anode-
cathode circuit.
The firing(triggering) circuits schemes can be classified to the following :
a- Resistance(R) firing circuits.
b- Resistance- Capacitance(RC) firing circuits
c- UJT firing circuits.
d- UJT oscillator firing circuits.
e- Synchronized UJT(Ramp) firing circuits.
f- Pulse transformer firing circuits.
g- TR1AC firing circuits.
i-Gate pulse amplifiers firing circuits.
j- Cosine firing circuits.
In this experiment we will Study of the Resistance( R) triggering Circuit.
1.3.1 - Resistance( R) Triggering Circuit:
Resistance( R) triggering Circuit is not in commercial use these days, and is
the simplest and most economical .They however, suffer from a limited
range of firing angle control( 0° to 90°),great dependence on temperature
and deference and performance between individual SCRs. Fig.(1.2) shows
the most basic SCRs resistance triggering Circuit connection diagram.
fig.(1.3) shows waveforms of (R ) firing circuit of a half-wave circuit with
DC load for various angles( α ).

Fig.(l .3) Waveforms of (R) firing circuit

(a)No triggering of SCR (b) α=90° (c) α < 90°

1.4-Procedure :
1. Make circuit as shown in the figure (1.2) using patch cords
Rotate the potentiometer P1 fully in the CW (clockwise direction).
Switch ‘On’ the power supply.
Connect the oscilloscope CHI across the load and observe the Phase angle
and voltage.
Now, connect the oscilloscope probe across the thyristor and observe the
waveform.
Vary the potentiometer slowly; you can see the phase angle variation.
Repeat the experiment from step 5 for various angles and plot the graphs by
the formula :
T = ( α X 1 0 ms ) / 1 8 0
- Results and Calculations:
Plot the waveforms of V s ,V g ,V 0 , i 0 and VT Vs Time( wt) with the help of
Oscilloscope .
Measure and write down the readings of Load voltage(V) and Phase
Angle(a).
Steps Load voltage (V) Phase Angle(α) .
NO.

1
2
3
4
5
6
- Discussion:
Explain each waveform part by part clearly and briefly .
Compare the waveforms taken by the experiment with theoretical one.
Discussion
Explain each waveform part by part and briefly.
These type of signal waveform can then be used for either timing
signals, clock sign or a stagger pulses however before can being to
look at how the different types of wave forms are produced we firstly
need to understand the basic characteristics that make up.
Compare the wave forms taken by the exp. With theoretical one.
An alternating function or AC wave form on the other hand is defined
as one that varies in both magnitude and direction in more or less an
even manner with respect to time making it a "Bi directional" wave
form an AC function can represent either a power source or a signal
sources with the shope of an AC wave form generally following that
of mathematic sinusoidal as defined by
A(t)= Amax x Sin (2Πft)
 Experiment No.( 2 )

Thyristor( UJT) firing circuit

Objective:
1. Study of UJT-thyristor firing circuit.
(a)UJT as relaxation oscillator.
(I))Study of output pulses of relaxation oscillator on CRO.
(b)Study of CRO triggering using relaxation oscillator.
(c)Study of variable time delay ,to switch on the circuit.

Apparatus required:
List of Equipments Quantity

Fixed output dc regulator power supply of 12 volt/250 mA. 1

Circuit diagram is printed on the front panel with components
mounted inside the cabinet. 1

SCR(2P4M) is mounted' on the front panel. 1

UJT (2N 2646) is mounted on the front panel. 1

Resistances(R)l0ka ,50kaΩ,100Ωk,200kΩ,300kΩ,400kΩ,500kΩ 7
Capacitors (C) 0.1µf,o.47µ f, 1 µ f, 10µf,100 µf,220 fs470µ.f are
provided on the front panel selectable through band switch to 7
control the time delay.

LED is provided on the front panel to observe the output status. 1

2.3-Theory:
Many techniques are- used for triggering SCR I A low power source . may
cause erratic SCR triggering whereas a high power source ensuring
consistent SCR turn on, may overheat and cause it to bum out. An ideal
solution-would suggest triggering . The SCR with sharp, high powered
pulses of short duration, whose peak and average power do not exceed .the
power capacities of the SCR gate for which they are intended the injunction
transistor(UJT) is frequently employed as a trigger source, because, it can
generate- the required pulses. The UJT connected as a relaxation oscillator
generates a voltage waveform across B, which is applied as a triggering
pulse to an SCR gate to turn on-the SCR.

Results and Calculations:

Plot the waveforms of V s , Vg , Vo , i o and VT Time( w t) with the help of
Oscilloscope.
Measure and write down the- reading of Load voltage(V)and Phase
Angle(a).

Step Load voltage(V) Phase Angle(n)

NO
1
2
3
4
5
6

1.6- Discussion:
1- Explain each waveform part by part clearly and briefly .
2- Compare the waveforms taken by the experiment with theoretical one.

2 .4 - P r o c e d u r e :
1-Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.(2.1.a)by connecting dotted lines
through patch cords i.e connect- B1 of UJT to one end of (22Ω) resistance
connected at the gate of SCR &connect the output to output indicator(LED).

2-Switch ON the instrument using ON/OFF toggle switch provided on the

front panel.
3-Select any-value of R & C and observe the output status on LED when it
glows and compare it with calculate time period, i.e.

T = RC * in (1/1-ŋ)
Where
in= Natural log.
n for UJT = 0.27 from reverse calculation(in general it varies from (0.51to
0.8).
Value of R is in ohm(to convert R in ohm multiple KΩ by 103).
Value of C is in farad(to convert .C in farad µf multiple by 10-6 ).
4-Change the value of R& C and not down different time observations.
5-Tocheck the wave shape across C & RBl(56Ω)resistance, connect CRO
across these points. And check wave shape, (across resistance you will get
spikes after specified /observed time and across capacitor saw tooth wave).

TABLE FOR OBSERVATION

TIME(sec)
Sr.no Resistance(kΩ) Capacitor(µf)
Calculated Observed
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

When power is applied to the circuit capacitor(C) starts charging

exponentially through R to the applied voltage . the voltage across( C ) is the
voltage( V E ) applied to the emitter of the UJT .When ( C ) is charged to the
peak point voltage of the UJT 5 the UJT is turned ON .decreasing greatly the
effective resistance RB ,(internal).
NOTE: to take differing observations of time period , switch off instruments
once and select the combination of resistance & capacitor through band
switch.
2.6 discussion:
- Explain each waveform part by part clearly and briefly .
2-Compare the- waveforms taken by the experiment with theoretical one.
3-Compare between (R) and( UJT) firing circuits .

6.To check the output on CRO, connect CRO across output resistance(l kΩ),
Set the mode of CRO to DC and repeat steps (1 to 4), when SCR turns on
DC lever on CRO s h i f t s .
 TABLE FOR OBSERVATION

TIME(sec)
Sr.no Resistance(k Ω) Capacitor
Calculated Observed

1. 500 0.47 0.29 0.5

2. .50 10 0.63 0.75

3. 100 10 1.272 1.5

10 470 5.98 6
4.
200 100 25.45 26
5.
300 220 92.79 95
6.
7. 400 470 239.31 256
.

2.5 - Calculations Procedure:

When R=200(kΩ)=200*103 Ω
C=100(µf)= 100*10-6 Farad
Formula used to calculate time period:
T= RC ln (1/1- ŋ) (where ln=Natural log)…. (i)
(where ŋ=eta)
Solve the equation. In(1/1-ŋ)
= 2.3026 log10(1/1-ŋ) (ln= 2.3026 log10)
= 2.3026 log10 (1/1- 0.72) (because ŋ =0.72, standard value for UJT)
=2.3026 log10 (3.57)
=2.3026*0.552 =1.27 (because log10 3.57=0.552)
Now put the value of ln(1/1 - ŋ) in eq.(i) and also put the value of R&C-
so that:
T= 2003* 10* 100-6*10*1.27
T=2003*10*100-6*10*1.27-6/10
T=200* 100*1.27/1000 =20* 1.27 =25.4 sec
To calculate the time period for any value of R &C. But the value of R&C
in eq.(i) and value of In(1 / 1 - ŋ) = 1.27.

SR,NO Resistance(kΩ) Capacitor(Mf) Timer(sec)

calculate observed
1 500 0.74 0.298 0.5
2 50 10 0.635 0.75
3 100 10 1.27 1.5
4 10 470 5.96 6
5 200 100 25.45 26
6 300 220 83,82 95
7 400 470 23.876 256

Discussion:-
1-Explain each wave from part by part clearly and bratty.
Crest and through the section of the wave that risesa bore the undisturbed
position is called crest.
Amplitude the them amplitude can have slightly different meaning
depending upon the context of the situdion wave length it a wave the context
of the studio wave length it a wave thain this distance is usually measured is
one of three ways.
2-Compare the wave forms taken by the experiment with theoretical one.
We are shows the different between the experiment and theoretical wave
form that the different occur result to.
1)Measurement error
2)Instrument calibration error.
3-Compare between (R) and (VJT) firing circuits.
R: it include one fixed resistance variable resistor SCR load resistor.
VJT: is include VJT trigging SCR load R initially the capacitor charges
through R, whose voltage is applied to the emitter of UJT when the capacitor
voltage reaches peak point of UJT.
The UJT will switch toon condition
Circuit of R trigging
 Experiment No.( 3 )
Single phase half-wave uncontrolled rectifier
3.1-Objective
1- To study the performance and waveforms of single phase half wave
(diode) uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load (R), inductive load
(R-L)
and inductive load with freewheeling diode ( FWD).

2-To Plot the waveforms of V s , V o , i o and V D vs Time (wt).

3-To calculate P omeam , P orms ,ŋ ,FF,RF.

3.2- Apparatus required:

3.3-Theory:

Rectification is the process of conversion of alternating input voltage

to direct output voltage i.e. a rectifier converts ac power to dc.
In diode-based rectifiers, the output voltage cannot be controlled.
In a single phase half wave rectifier, for one cycle of supply voltage,
there is one half cycle of output, or load voltage.
The load on the output side of rectifier may be R, RL or RL with a
freewheeling diode .These are now discussed briefly.

3.3.1. R-Load
The circuit diagram of a single half wave rectifier is shown in
fig.(3.l-a). The waveforms of V 3 , V o , i o and V d are sketched in
fig.(3.1-b). for a resistive load, output current i 0 has the same
waveform as that of the output voltage V 0 . Diode voltage is zero
when diode conducts.

Fig. (3.1) Single phase half wave diode rectifier with R load (a)
circuit diagram and (b) waveforms
Vs= VD + Vo
When diode is forward biased ,it is therefore turned on
V D = (ideal)
VS = Vo
V mo a n =V o [∫ m sin ]=
Lmean = lo = =
Vorms =
Lrms = lo = =
Pomeam = Vo Io
The efficiency of a rectifier
ŋ=

The form factor (FF), which is a measure of the shape of output

voltage
VV
The ripple factor (RF), which is a measure of the ripple content
√
RF= = =√ =√

3.3.R L-load
A single phase half wave rectifier feeding RL load is shown in fig. (3 -
2-a ).
Current continues to flow-even after source voltage Vs has become
negative; this is because of the presence of inductance L in the load
circuit.

Voltage V R = i o R has the same wave shape as i o . Inductor voltage

VL = V S – V R is also shown. The current io flows till the two areas A
and B
are equal. Area A represents the energy stored by L and area B the
energy
released by L. It must be noted that mean value of voltage V L . across
inductor L is zero.
 Fig.(3-2) Single phase half wave diode rectifier with RL load (a)
Circuit diagram and (b) waveforms

Vmean = ∫ = (1-cos )

Imean = = (1-Cos )

Is = sin ( - ) , = tan-1 , X= L
√

The transient component it can be obtained from equation

it = Ac t , A Constant
i o = i s + it
= [ Sin ( ) + Sin (R/L)t , where Z=√

3.3.3.RL- load with freewheeling diode

Performance of single phase half wave diode rectifier with RL load can be
improved by connecting a freewheeling diode across the load as shown in
fig.(3.3-a). The waveforms for the Vs , V , io ,VD , is and i are drawn in
fig.(3.3-b).

Fig.(3.3) Single phase half wave diode rectifier with RL load and
freewheeling diode (a) circuit diagram and (b) waveforms

The effects of using freewheeling diode arc as under:

1-It prevents the output voltage from becoming negative.
2-As the energy stored in L is transferred to load R through FD, the system
efficiency is improved.
3-The load current waveform is more smooth, the load performance is
therefore improved.
Vmean = Vo = [∫ ]=
Imean =
3.4. Procedure :
1-Connect the circuit diagram of single phase half wave diode rectifier
with R- load as shown in Fig(3.4).
2-Switch on the rectifier.
3-Connect the oscilloscope channel across the load terminals.
4-Vary a variable resistive load(R) in step-by-step gradually to obtain
rated current.
5-For Inductive Load(RL) repeat steps I,2,3&4 for the circuit shown
in Fig(3.5).
6-For Inductive Load(RL) with (FWD) repeat steps I,2,3&4 for the
circuit shown in Fig(3.6).

3.5 . Results and Calculations:

1- Plot the waveforms of V S , V O , I o and V d vs Time( ) with the
help of Oscilloscope.
2-Measure and write down the readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter.

LOAD Vs(volt) Vo(volt) (A) VD(volt) Vm(volt)

R-L

R-L with
Fwd

3- Calculate Pomeam , Porms , ŋ , FF , RF

LOAD Pomeam Porms ŋ FF RF

R-L

R-L

3.6-Discussion:
1-Explain each waveform part by part clearly and briefly.
2-Compare the waveforms taken by the experiment with theoretical one.

RL ( vd.c IO (mA) Va.c(V)

50 3.6 75 4.3
100 3.9 35 4.7
200 4 20 4.8
 300 4.1 15 4.9
400 4.1 10 4.9
IKµ 4.2 5 5

RL(µ) Poman porms y f.f Rf

50 0.025wat 0.064wat 39% 1.57 121%

100 0.014 0.037wat 37% 1.57 121%

200 7.8*10-3wat 1.26 wat 6.19*10-3wat 1.57 121%

300 5.5*10-3wat 0.013 wat 42% 1.57 1.2

1000 1.6*10-3wat 0.044wat 36% 1.57 1.12

Discussion

1 - Explain each wave form part by part clearly and briefly.

In diode based rectifiers, the output voltage cannot be controlled.

In a single phase half wave rectifier for one cycle of supply voltage, there is
one half cycle of output or Load on the output side of rectifier may be R, RL
or RL with a freewheeling diode.