Fluid Statics

P
Pressure and
dMMeasuring
i Devices
D i -contt

Lecture 6
 Pressure Measuring
g Devices
Manometers

Simple U-Tube Differential

Manometer
„ Bent glass tube with both ends
attached to the fluid being measured
„ Pressure measurement is
possible using the fact that
pressure is constant for points
at same level in continuous fluid
„ Measures the pressure difference
 Pressure Measuring
g Devices
Manometers

Simple U-Tube Differential

Manometer ρ

p X = p1 + ρ g (a + h )
p X ' = p 2 + ρ ga + ρ m gh
h
pX = pX '

p1 − p 2 = ( ρ m − ρ ) g h ρm
 Pressure Measuring
g Devices
Manometers
Differential U-tube Manometer
„ Used when difference between two pressures
needed
„ Configuration A suitable
for large pressure
differences and requires
dense measuring fluid
(e.g. mercury)
„ Configuration B for small differences and
needs light measuring fluid
 Pressure Measuring Devices
M
Manometers
t
ρm
Inverted U - tube manometer

p X = p1 − ρ g (a + h )

p X ' = p 2 − ρ ga − ρ m gh

ρ
pX = pX '

p1 − p 2 = ( ρ − ρ m ) g h
 Pressure Measuring
g Devices
Manometers
U - tube with one leg enlarged

used for more

accurate readings ρ ρm
p1 − p 2 = ( ρ m − ρ ) g h h
 Pressure Measuring Devices
Manometers y2

Two fluid U-tube manometer y1

ΔH
(micromanometer) γ1 γ4
used for small pressure differences
or accurate determination of large ΔH

pressure difference γ2 y3
ΔH occurs due to the pressure difference
between 1, 2
Let p1 > p2 but small difference
pa = pb
a b
using
⎛ h⎞ ⎛ h⎞
p1 + γ 1 ( y1 + ΔH ) + γ 2 ⎜ y3 − ΔH + ⎟ = p2 + γ 4 ( y2 − ΔH ) + γ 2 ⎜ y3 + ΔH − ⎟ + γ 3 h γ3
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
 Pressure Measuring Devices
Manometers y2

Two fluid U-tube manometer y1

ΔH
(micromanometer) γ1 γ4
⎛ h⎞
p1 + γ 1 ( y1 + ΔH ) + γ 2 ⎜ y3 − ΔH + ⎟ = ΔH
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ h⎞
p 2 + γ 4 ( y 2 − ΔH ) + γ 2 ⎜ y 3 + ΔH − ⎟ + γ 3 h
γ2 y3
⎝ 2⎠
h
Using ΔH × A = × a
2
ha
p1 − p2 = h(γ 3 − γ 2 ) + y2γ 4 − y1γ 1 + (2γ 2 − γ 1 − γ 4 ) a b
2A
γ3
 Pressure Measuring Devices
Manometers
Four fluid U-tube manometer

pA − γ4 h4 + γ3 (h4 + h5 ) + γ2h2 − γ1h1 = pB

∴ pA − pB = γ4h4 −γ3 (h4 + h5 ) − γ2h2 + γ1h1 γ3 γ1

γ4

γ2
 E
Example
l 4
„ A tank contains two fluids with γA > γB
„ Which graph depicts the correct pressure distribution?
 Example 7

Find the location of the surface in the manometer

The
h distance
d Δh is the
h
height of the liquid in the
manomoter above the A
heavier liquid in the tank. D

p A + 0.1× γ w − Δh × γ m = pD B C

p A = pD = 0
γ
Δh = 0.1× w
γm
1
Δh = 0.1× = 3.33 cm
3
 Example 9
D

Find: Specific weight of fluid 2 cm3

Solution: A l
π 2 π
V= d l= (0.5) 2 l = 2 cm3 B
C
4 4
l = 10.186 cm Manometer Equation
p A + (l − 0.05)γ w − lγ liq = pD
(l − 0.05)
γ liq = γw
l
(0.10186 − 0.05)
= (9810)
0.10186
γ liq = 4,995 N / m 3
 E
Example
l 10

„ The figure shows a water tower used to maintain water

pressure in a city’s water lines. Find the height that the
t
tower water
t llevell mustt b
be above
b the
th hi
highest
h t point,
i t A,
A in
i
the city for a water pressure of 400 kPa gage at this
point. Also find the gage pressure pB
solution
ƒ Height H
t k + γH = patm
p A = ptan t + γH

∴ p A − patm = γH = 400 kPa

400000
H= = 40.77 m
9810
„ gage pressure pB
pB = pA + γ (20) = 400,000 + 9810× 20
= 596.2 kPa