Thesis Final

Psycho-Social impacts of Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park
blast on its visitors
Submitted by: M. Fahad Bilal

Roll No: 9602
Session: 2013-17
Submitted to:
Prof. Abdul Aziz Taga
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF SCIENCE WAHDAT ROAD
LAHORE
Supervisory Committee
Research Supervisor
_______________________
(Prof. Muhammad Aslam)
Head of the Department
_______________________
(Prof. Sayyed Muhammad Zia UI Haq)

Dedicated to
My parents
Who always support and love me
In every phase of my life

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………..i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………..ii
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..1
1.1 Electronic Media’s Impact on Pakistani Society………………………………………….6
1.1.1 Positive Impact of Electronic Media……………………………...………………7

1.1.2 Negative Impact of Electronic Media…………………………………………......8
1.2 Research Objectives.............................................................................................................9
1.3 Research statement………………………………………………………………………...9
1.4 Sociological significance………...……………………………………………………..…9
2. Literature Review……………………………………..……………………………………12
2.1 Impacts of Media…………………………………………………………………...……13
2.2 Role of Media In conflict resolution………………………………………….………….14

2.3 Definition of concepts……………………………………………………………………18
2.3.1 Conflict Resolution………………………………………………………...………19
2.3.2 Media……………………………………………………………………...….……19
3. Theoretical Framework………………………………...….……………………………….21
3.1 Structure Functionalism perspective………………………………………….………….21
3.2 Theories of Media………………………………………………………………………..22
4. Methods of Data Collection…….…………………………………………………………..26

4.1 Study Design……………………………………………………………………………..26
4.2 Sampling procedure…………………………………………………………...…………26
4.3 Instrument for Data Collection……………………………………….………………….28
4.4 Construction of Questionnaire……………………………………..…………………….28
4.5 Data collection and field experience………………………………..……………………29
4.6 Issues faced by the researcher……………………………………………………………29
4.7 Data analysis……………………………………………………………..………………29
5. Findings and Tabulation…………………………………….…………………………..…31
6. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations…………………………………….……..56
6.1 Summary…………………………………………………………...…….………………56
6.2 Conclusions……………………………………………...….……………………………57
6.3 Recommendations……………………………………………………………………….57
References…………………………………………………….……………...…………………59
Questionnaire……………………………………………..…………….………………………62
List of Tables
Serial No. Page No.
1. Top 10 Channels in Pakistan and their viewers…………………………………………...3

2. Top 10 News Channels in Pakistan and their viewers…………………………………….4
3. Top 10 Entertainment Channels in Pakistan and their viewers…………………………...5
4. Universe and Sample for the present study……………………………………................27
5. Socio-Demographic characteristics of respondents……………………………………...31
6. Frequencies about way to access to TV………………………………………………….33
7. Public Interest about specific segments of media………………………………….…….34
8. Provide Accurate information ………………………………………………...…………35
9. Provide entertainment……………………………………………………………………35
10. Provide a voice for the voiceless………………………………………………………...36
11. Provide an alternative views……………………………………………………………..36
12. Translate highly political or technical information into popular language………...…….37
13. Monitor implementation of agreements and holding public official account-able….…...37
14. Advocate peace……………………………………………………,…………………….38
15. Through responsible reporting, contribute to the building of a culture of peace
as opposed to sensationalizing violence…………………………………………………38
16. Serve as a communication mechanism when warring parties can’t talk to each………...39
17. Facilitate democratic development and good governance……………………………….39
18. Serve as a model of the democratic process……………………………………………..40
19. Do everything to provide an opportunity for individuals to make informed choices …....40
20. Maintain objectivity……………………………………………………….……………..41
21. Follow specific political agenda…………………………………………….…………...41
22. Follow specific religious agenda…………………………………………….…………..42
23. Present expert opinion on financial issues confronting country……….………………...42
24. Provide alternative solutions on political issues………………………….……………...43
25. Safeguard own interests…………………………………………….……………………43
26. Raise awareness on national issues………………………………….…………………...44
27. Educate people on technical issues………………………………..……..………………44
28. Promote democratic process……………………………………………………………..45
29. Help inform policy on terrorism…………………………………………………………45
30. Help improve governance………………………………………………………………..46
31. Provide programs that aggravate political/religious conflict…………………………….46
32. Help resolve conflicts……………………………………………………………………47
33. Follow journalistic ethics………………………………………………………………..47
34. Involve participants from various walks for peace building initiatives…………………48
35. Compromise journalistic ethics to compete for rating…………………………………..48
36. Combat international propaganda on terrorism………………………………………….49
37. Create an open environment for both the dissemination of factual information
and the expression of wide variety of opinion………………………………………….49
38. Presents divergent opinions that assure both the local citizens and the
international community that the society is moving towards a healthy
openness in dealing with its affairs……………………………………………….…….50
39. Provide warning of potential renewals of violent conflict, early enough
so that these can be diffused or, at the very least, prepared for………………….…..…50
40. Give the citizens the information it needs to make decisions: information
about the economy, about the electoral process, about changes in
governmental policy…………………………………….……………………………….51
41. Tolerate criticism………………………………………………………………………...51
42. Promote religious harmony and understanding among members of different religions...52
43. Free and independent media can help develop Pakistan………………………………...52
44. Journalists are controlled by media owners……………………………………………..53
45. Politicians use media for their own propaganda………………………………………...53
46. you can always trust Pakistani media…………………………………………………...53
47. Media are partially controlled…………………………………………………………...54
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise is for almighty Allah who has bestowed the thinking faculty to a
man. My research work has been accomplished under enthusiastic guidance, inexhaustible
inspiration and enlightened supervision of Prof. Muhammad Aslam, Assistant Professor,
Department of Sociology, Government College of Science, Wahdat Road, Lahore. I offer my
heartiest gratitude to my benefactor for his untiring help, sagacious suggestion, step to step
guidance and close supervision during the conduct of these investigations and in preparation of
this research work.
I am under immense gratitude to Prof. Mustajab Ahmad, Professor,

Department of Sociology, for his helpful suggestions and enlightening views without which it
would have been difficult to complete this study.
I also owe depth of gratitude to Prof. Sayyed Muhammad Zia Ul Haq, head
of sociology department Government College of Science, for his kind patronage and visionary
guidance. I am highly grateful to Assistant Prof. Abdul Aziz Taga, for his generous and
dedicated involvement in this project.
I also thank Dr. Raza Ullah, Associate Prof, of the department who checked
my research work and gave valuable suggestions. I want to express my appreciation and
gratitude to Mr. Kashif Majeed (CTI) for his guidance and support especially related to the
methodology of the study.
I want to pay my thanks to my affectionate Parents for their all inspirations

and guidance which always motivated me to carry myself through the noblest ideas of life and
solving all troubles and boosted my moral to fly high to accomplish my goals.
Mubashar Ishaq
ii
Abstract
The present study was mixed method research in which both techniques qualitative and
quantitative had been used to meet the research objectives. The main objective of the present
research was to find out the psycho-social impacts of Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park blast on its visitors
and also assess the current situation of threat with the subject of terrorism among Gulshan-e-
Iqbal Park visitors. A quantitative plus qualitative survey was carried out to accomplish the
present study. The population for current study was visitors of Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park, those
visitors who were visiting this park before blast in which both witnesses of non-witness were
included. The data were collected from the at least 18 year of old respondent. In which
Explanatory sequential mixed method research design was used. The researcher had used
convenient sampling technique for selecting the respondent for the current study. The data were
collected from 150 respondents in which both witnesses and non-witnesses were included. So the
sample size was 150 visitors.
The findings indicated that Media is major source of news and information. Most of the
respondents have negative perception of the performance of the media. According to the findings
of this research media is mostly controlled by politicians and they use the media for their own
interests and propaganda and the media is less effective in conflict resolution and the fostering
peace in society. However, media is important source of information which not only affects daily
activities of human life but also provides information about other events like developments on
national and international forums. The primary purpose of media is to ensure a well informed
citizenry for our social and political structure. But the findings of the present study indicate that
media promotes disharmony in society. It may safely be concluded from the findings of the
present study that media can play impartial role when various mediums of communication are
less interested in generating revenue from politicized advertisements. Moreover impartiality can
be maintained through objective journalism.
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1
Chapter 1
Introduction
2
Chapter 1
Introduction
The Word “Media” the plural of medium is being used as a singular collective term as a
way of communication in the electronic world (Thompson, 1971, 23). The main means of mass
communication (television, radio, and newspapers) would be studied and analysed collectively in
this study.
The concept of media itself, as a collective term for all forms of non‐official public
means of providing information, is historically a relatively recent one. Ever since the invention
of the printing press, the printed word developed as the only medium of public expression
although its physical embodiments kept changing over the centuries from pamphlets,
broad‐sheets, Almanacs and the like, to newspapers and magazines as we know them today.
Radio ‐ as an auditory medium of communication ‐ only entered the scene during the first part of
the 20th century; and TV ‐ as an audio‐visual medium ‐ in the decade following the end of World
War 2. Electronic media, especially the internet ‐ combining as they do all three (written text,
audio and visual elements) ‐ have become serious players on the scene only since a few decades
before the turn of the millennium (Chair, P.V.F. 2013).
Munawar (2011) Quaid-e-Azam can best describe the media in Pakistan through two
different statements. The founder and the first ruler of Pakistan, Jinnah, who was a strong
believer in the freedom of press, declared after Independence: “I expect you (journalists) to be
completely fearless. If I go wrong or for that matter, the Muslim League goes wrong in any
direction of its policy or program, I want you to criticize it honestly as its friend, in fact, as one
whose heart is beating with the Muslim nation” (The Dawn, 1947).
3
Ali, Jan et al. (2013) The electronic media in Pakistan has made rapid progress. Only
three or four decades ago, radio and state owned TV was considered to be the main sources of
information. Today, we have more than 77Satellite TV Channels, 2346 cable operators,
28landing TV Channels from abroad like BBC, CNN, Sky, Star etc. and more than 129 FM
Stations(on air and in some cases licenses issued) including 46 Radio Channels. The investment
this year is expected US$1.5 billion. Total investment in this sector is US$ 2.5billion. The new
jobs likely to be created are 150000.The indirect employment is 7 million. The advertisement
market in 2008 was US$ 431 Million and in 2009 it was estimated as US$ 691 million. This
growth has made available more knowledge and up to date information in all spheres of life to
the general public. TV started its test transmissions in 1964.Pakistan Television Corporation was
incorporated as a joint stock company in 1967 and in 1984 it was converted into a corporation
under the Companies Ordinance. PTV has been a great source of entertainment. TV has also
effectively disseminated information on a variety of subjects to its viewers.
Table: 1 Top 10 Channels in Pakistan and their viewers
Rank Channels Percentage In Thousand
1 Star Plus 17.645 12,507
2 Geo News 11.434 8,105
3 PTV Home 10.544 7,474
4 Sony 8.925 6,327
5 Cartoon Network 8.543 6,055
6 Geo Entertainment 7.376 5,228
7 ARY Digital 5.078 3,599
8 KTN 5 3,544
9 PTV News 4.825 3,420
10 Hum TV 4.19 2,970
Data Source: Gallup Pakistan National TV Ratings Survey 2014

4
According to Gallup Pakistan National TV Rating Survey 2014 GEO News top the list of
Top 10 News Channels overall, with an average reach of 16.5 percent. PTV News comes in
second with considerably lower average reach to 3.2 percent. ARY News is fast catching up and
has one of the highest growing audience markets in the country.
Table: 2 Top 10 News Channels in Pakistan and their viewers
1 GEO News 17.568 7,027
2 PTV News 3.647 1,547
3 ARY News 3.391 1,438
4 Express News 3.167 1,343
5 Samaa News 2.105 984
6 Aaj News 2.32 893
7 BBC 1.138 483
8 CNN 0.958 406
9 KNT News 0.892 378
10 Indus News 0.851 361

Star plus has top the list of Top 10 Entertainment channels overall, an average reach of
17.64 percent. Second place is taken by PTV home with average reach of 8.10 percent, and the
third place is Sony, with an average reach of 8.9 percent. It is worth nothing the Indian channels
such as Star Plus and Sony are legally banned by PEMRA.
5
Table: 3 Top 10 Entertainment Channels in Pakistan and their viewers
1 Star Plus 17.645 12,507
2 PTV Home 10.544 8,105
3 Sony 8.925 6,327
4 Cartoon Network 8.543 6,055
5 Geo Entertainment 7.376 5,228
6 ARY Digital 5.078 3,599
7 Hum TV 4.19 2,970
8 ATV 3.898 2,763
9 Ten Sports 2.861 2,028
10 A Plus 1.889 1,339
Media is one of the agents that politically socialize masses (Anwar and Jan 2004).
Radio and Television are playing significant role in a politically socialized life. Media is a source
of information which not only affects daily activities of human life but also provides information
about other events like developments being taking place on national and international forums.
The extent of media and its possible effect on general public have been acknowledged in various
media research studies. The primary purpose of media is to ensure a well informed citizenry for
our social and political structure. The mass media provides information and programs that can
promote democracy. Communication system’s democratization has not gained much attention in
the individual countries despite of political awareness in masses. Media can ensure smooth
functioning of a democratic system which is linked with media role for diffusion in field of
innovations and information. The basic aim of democracy in Pakistan is to work for a democratic
system representing opinion of the public. The development of democratic Government by the
6
people is determined through interaction of democracy with public’s aspirations regarding

formation of Government in accordance with their desires.
1.1 Electronic Media’s Impact on Pakistani Society
Ali, Jan et al. (2013) In Pakistan the electronic media is providing information at a very
large scale. It is being recognized as contributing significantly in important national issues. It has
a role in accountability process. The PTV is pursuing an agenda of social responsibility there are
two main challenges of sustainability of democracy and good governance face by the country. In
such a scenario, role of media is to facilitate the democracy. The social impact of communication
and media has seeped deep into social and cultural institutions, paradoxically reviving traditions
as well as introducing new practices. Like other processes, communication and information
media are bound up with other socioeconomic forces, thus making them a strong current of
social change. The electronic media has created markets resulting in the employment of greater
work force in gathering, processing and disseminating information. The electronic media have a
vital role to play in the present day world in Pakistan. The independent electronic media can
demonstrate better performance to provide good quality information with its wider reach. Private
channels highlight causes of miss-governance and bring them to the attention of those who are
responsible. They can raise public awareness about what the public itself should also do to
ensure good governance whether it is correct payment of taxes and bills or issues such as tax
avoidance. Such practices be discouraged and the media has a duty to learn from other countries
how this is being done. Private sector media have an enormous educative and mobilizing role to
play when it comes to what society do and certainly with respect to highlighting the social
responsibility of the media and the citizens.
 How does Pakistani society hold together despite its ethnic divisions, segmented classes,
and fragmented institutions?
 What are the processes that maintain its social cohesion?
This two-part question raises a critical issue about some semblance of functional equilibrium
of society. The electronic media role gives new direction to social behavior, by changing the
boundaries of social situations, electronic media does not simply give us quicker or more
thorough access to events and behaviors. They give us instead, new events and new behavior.
7
Following are some of the roles, both negative and positive being played by electronic media in
Pakistan.
1.1.1 Positive Impact of Electronic Media
The electronic media directs social change and values. The electronic media may be
successful in stimulating the change in the tightly held ideas and rigid attitudes to bring desired
change. The media can give direction to social change, and positively guide the society towards
the desired goals.
The electronic media can greatly facilitate this exercise and help the people and
government to discuss the issues concerning society, to fulfill their desires and achieve their
respective objectives. In Pakistan, the people frequently need to be taken into confidence for the
initiation of new policies and initiatives. The objective discussion on political and policy issues
media can generate support of people for policies of the government.
The social problems of our society revolve around ignorance, traditionalism and
backwardness. The Pakistani society is in transition, social and ethnic issues have become hard,
it happens in many societies, but need to be averted in tolerance. It is an established fact that
blaming circumstances, whether disorders or external factors, for what is happening for Pakistan
is not going to do any good for Pakistan’s survival as a dignified an honorable nation. The
electronic media can partly address the challenge of societal transformation.
The electronic media has also been highlighting financial irregularities, corrupt practices
and inefficiencies of the government functionaries and negative fallouts on the society of the acts
of the extremist elements to adopt an appropriate strategy for their eradication. The media have a
measurable effect on public affairs. In the matter of local, national, economic and social issues,
they help to create an informed citizenry by clarifying the complex matters of public affairs
which exist at the local and national levels. The formation of public opinion towards the civic
problems is generated. As such the media give the public a better understanding of these issues
with which it must deal and influence those who have to resolve these issues.
Identification of social problems has always been a difficult job as they fall into a grey
area and consequently hard to be known. Advances in communication and information
8
dissemination, such as television, videos, Internet, and CDs, have increased the circulation of
ideas, symbols, and images across national and regional borders. People have access to new
sources of news, facts, and entertainment. These media help rationalize, redirect, or impede
changes that are underway through economic and social development.
1.1.2 Negative Impact of Electronic Media
The objectivity of media is becoming increasingly questionable, the coverage of issues of

national interest demand care and restraint. The media in Pakistan is devoid of objectivity, and
just telecast such incidents that sometimes are not factual. The very nature of media is subjective
and selective, and therefore suppressive. The general electronic media content do cover non-
event-centric aspects of life in Pakistan. There is an imbalanced fixation with events, incidents,
accidents and statements. In order to improve their ratings and enhance viewership, the tool of
sensationalism is used. What is important is to think as to what is being done to own sensibilities
and social and moral values.
In these days no news is good news on the Pakistani media. Media has taken away the
sense of hope from the masses and has made them over sensitive to their surroundings.
In today’s world, there is a cross commercialization of the electronic media.

Commercially driven, ultra-powerful media primarily serves their sponsors rather than the
public. Pakistani media is following the saying, ‘We have no obligation to make history. We
have no obligation to make art; we have no obligation to make a positive statement, to make
money is our only objective.
Generally the talk shows do not meet basic tests of responsible journalism; fairness,
objectivity, balance and differentiation between fact and speculation. Honest discussion must be
ruled by reason, not emotion alone. Most anchors try to impose their own perspective, instead of
objectivity. However, unfortunately, this role has moved from delineation to distortion. In
essence, distortion is inbuilt into the very nature of media as it is unable to represent totality of
given situation. Therefore, media managers in any ongoing situation in a society should strive to
minimize that inherent tendency to distort.
9
In some instances, the electronic media is accessed by a small segment of society; due to
vested interests this group projects its identity disproportionately. The media coverage of such
groups is likely to create a polarized society.
All events and happenings in Pakistan are not bad. On the contrary sometime nothing
positive is discussed in the electronic media. The projection of crimes and anti- social elements
all the time is eroding and diminishing the contours of our true identity across the globe.
It is believed that some of Pakistani media has reportedly links with shady foreign
characters, are being funded by different foreign elements and their anchors are on their pay rolls
and thus are furthering their anti- state agendas.
1.2 Research objectives
The major objectives of the present study are:
 To find out the role of media in conflict resolution

 To find out youth perception about positive/negative role of media in conflict resolution
 To find out youth trust on provided media information
1.3 Research statement
Technological advancement is source of much type of social changes. Media is much

important for the people as food and shelter. Electronic media plays its vital role to construct the
youth trust on it to be a good medium between information and people. In present study,
researcher wants to test that how much media influence the behavior of youth. Furthermore, in
the view point of youth, what is the contribution of electronic media to resolve conflict among
political parties.
1.4 Sociological significance of the topic
According to the functionalist perspective, also called functionalism, each aspect

of society is interdependent and contributes to society's functioning as a whole. Media provides
information, directions and education to the masses of society. Media control the behavior of
individuals. Mass media is an agent of socialization, and the dangerous part of it is that it is one
10
way communication. I suppose you could generate a function of the mass media--maybe to teach
children how the world and conflict works and that there are functions displayed that result in
retaining harmonious balance.
Functional analysis provided the foundation for many theories of media effects and of
much of the related research during the 1950s and 1960s. Researcher found that functional
analysis can be very complicated. Some forms of media content can be functional or
dysfunctional for society as a whole, for specific individuals, or for various subgroups in the
society. Thus, entertaining network television crime shows might be functional for the viewing
audience as a whole but dysfunctional for children who learn that aggression is a good way to
deal with problems. The functions for society (the larger audience) may be offset by the
dysfunctions for an individual child or for a particular group of viewers.
The manifest functions of electronic media are providing information and entertainment.
The latent functions of mass media are job recourses and the dysfunction in mass media is
slander and libel.
11
Chapter 2
Literature Review
12
Chapter 2
Literature Review
The importance of the review of the literature lies in the fact that it highlights the
background of the problem to be studied. It also provides further orientations about the problem
and eliminates possibility of unnecessary duplication of efforts. In addition, valuable information
on research techniques may be gained from reports of earlier research (Strehler, 2008).An effort
has been made to review the possible literature related to the present study. The purpose of this
literature review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research on emerging topic of the
role of media in conflict resolution: an opinion of Science college students.
The evaluation of the earlier literature and appropriate studies are evaluated as a
necessary step for future technical analysis, in order to recognize that what has been completed
earlier in the subject matter area. Such reviews help out the researcher in articulating their pains
and allow then to locate innovative area of study. Previous studies may discuss diverse issues in
Media creating peace and conflict resolution at different level. The present study is to find out
the perception of students that is there any Role of Media in Conflict Resolution: An Opinion
Survey of Youth.
According to economic survey of Pakistan 2013-14, total population of Pakistan is

188.02 million while 61.2 Percent (115.42 million) of total population is defined as rural
population. As it is very clear that majority of Pakistan population is living in rural areas to study
them is very significant in new era of technology and to study the impacts of new technologies is
also very noteworthy.
13
2.1 Impacts of Media
According to Elizabeth M. Perse, media and communication has great impact on our
lives, not from now but from emergence of homo-sapiens. She concluded in his study about
effects of media. By his study he noted some intended and some unintended impacts of media.
He noted several of the most commonly mentioned intended media effects, the effects of
advertising on purchasing, and the effects of political campaigns on voting, the effects of public
service announcements (PSAs) on personal behavior and social improvement, the effects of
propaganda on ideology, and the effects of media ritual on social control. He also mentioned the
unintended media effects, the effects of media violence on aggressive behavior, the effects of
media images on social construction of reality, the effects of media bias on stereotyping, the
effects of erotic and sexual material on attitudes and objectionable behaviors, and how media
forms affect cognitive activity and style (Perse, 2008).
Christopher E. Beaudoin & Esther Thorson study interpersonal relation and social capital
in both rural and urban communities and the effects of media on that social capital. This study
examines whether the effects of the mass media on social capital and related processes vary
between rural and urban communities. A distinction is made between indicators of social
networks (association membership and neighborliness), social trust (interpersonal trust and
community trust), and pro-social behaviors (voting and volunteering). They test no recursive
structural equation models with manifest and latent variables on rural and urban U.S. samples.
They concluded that Media effects differ by medium and by community type. Newspaper use
has positive effects in each model, while those of entertainment TV viewing are negative. Local
TV news use has positive effects in only the urban model, while network TV news use has
positive effects in only the rural model. In addition, there is a reciprocal relationship between
social networks and social trust in the rural model, while the relationship is linear from social
networks to social trust in the urban model (Beaudoin & Thorson, 2004).
According to Joshua Meyrowitz, our behaviors, whether general or specific are changed,
revolutionized due to media. He argues with Ervin Goffman and Marshal Mcluhan to describe
14
these changes. He said that media has transformed our group identity, way of socialization and
social hierarchy and due to this diversification three new phenomena take place in society. First
is merging the public sphere, 2nd one is exposing the marginal and stigmatized components of
society while the final one is undermining the place. A new sense arises in society due to media
that he called is “Sense of No Place”. He used the case study method to examine this. He used
changing concepts of masculinity and femininity, childhood and adulthood and political heroes
as case studies He studied the murder of Lee Harvey Oslwald by Jack Ruby. Lee was suspect in
assassination of John F. Kennedy. Millions of US citizens view this murder on their TV screens
and become first hand witness that was impossible in prior age (Meyrowitz, 1985).
2.2 Role of Media in conflict resolution
Conflict resolution is the process of resolving a dispute or a conflict by meeting at least

some of each side’s needs and addressing their interests. Knowing how to manage and resolve
conflict is essential for having a productive work life, and it is important for community and
family life as well. Peace fostering is pre requisite of stable and developed society and that
would be impossible without conflict resolution as UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon, recently
stated: "There can be no peace without development … no development without peace …
and neither can be achieved without full respect for human rights and the rule of law".
(Stevens, 2013). Media is known as 4th of state so role of media in such process is significant to
great extent.
To exhibit such significance, researchers from UNDP carried out a study in Malakand
district in KPK in which especially woman and girls are interviewed while focus group
discussion is held between journalists. Findings show that 64 percent of respondents found the
peace messages on media effective in conflict resolution. While respondents wanted education
and peace programs on media as need of time. This study was done in 2011 when Swat was
recently occupied by TTP and army made it free after operation (Masood, 2011).
Andrew Puddephatt also had the same views as Abeera Masood and her team. Mass
media often plays a key role in today’s conflict. Basically, their role can take two different and
opposed forms. Either the media takes an active part in the conflict and has responsibility for
15
increased violence, or stays independent and out of the conflict, thereby contributing to the
resolution of conflict and alleviation of violence. One best role of media is that it attracts the
global world to such issues such as wars in the Congo since 1997, the renewed civil war in
Angola, the inter-related conflicts in Sierra Leone, Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea and Liberia, Kashmir,
Afghanistan and many more issues. Intervention role of media is also important. Consequently it
is important for the role of the media to be addressed at the earliest stage of intervention. For
example, in any peace negotiations the role of the media should form a part of the agreement.
The media has long been regarded as having a particular role to play in guaranteeing the
individual right to free expression, as it is through the media that the individual right takes public
form. (Puddephatt, 2006).
Eytan Gilboa is Professor and Director of the School of Communication, Bar-Ilan

University, Israel. He is one of notable scholars in field of communication studies. He highlights
the importance of media in peace building in multidisciplinary approach. He argued that the
media play increasingly more significant roles in contemporary international conflicts. Types and
phases of conflicts were changed in new era as well as types, roles and functions of media also
change. These simultaneous and interrelated changes have created a new landscape of actors,
roles, and patterns of interaction and influence. Thus far, research on the new developments has
been limited and dispersed. He suggests that the first priority is to investigate functions and
dysfunctions of the local media; the next is to focus on the prevention and reconciliation phases.
Because the new media are becoming more and more influential, the next priority is to examine
functions and dysfunctions of the new media in all the conflict phases (Gilboa, 2007).
In another article, Eyton Gilboa argues that successive evolutions in communication

technologies have significantly altered the conduct of conflict, warfare, and conflict resolution.
Compared to people of earlier ages, people around the world today know much more and much
sooner about major developments in international relations. Despite the critical significance of
the roles played by media in conflict and conflict resolution, this area has been relatively
neglected by both scholars and practitioners. Most existing studies focus on the often negative
contributions of the media to the escalation and violence phases of conflict. Most contemporary
conflicts occur at the interstate or global level, and this pattern is likely to persist in decades to
16
come. The media can both help and hinder conflict resolution, and it is important to uncover the
conditions determining the outcome. If these conditions are exposed, it would be easier to
maximize the media’s positive contributions and minimize negative contributions. The peace
journalism approach has adopted a highly simplistic and probably unrealistic approach to the
media’s effects (Gilibao, 2009).
United States institute of peace published a report on Media, Conflict Prevention and
Peace building in 2008. This report discussed that there is growing recognition among policy
makers and conflict management experts that the media should be a building block of any
comprehensive peace building strategy. Conflict prevention and peace building programs use a
number of approaches, from facilitating dialogue and negotiations between conflicted groups to
using peacekeeping forces to separate armed factions. By incorporating media strategies,
however, these programs can reach and potentially influence a far larger audience. Recognizing
the media’s reach is but a first step in harnessing its power as a potential peace builder. Care
must be taken to prepare media accordingly for the different roles it can play as information
provider, watchdog, and mobilize and promoter, among others. Currently this is done in a
haphazard manner, with policy makers and peace building media practitioners often working
independently of one another and without reference to previous experiences. Conflict sensitive
and peace journalism is need of time as Conflict-sensitive journalism goes beyond this by
encouraging journalists to be aware of what affects their language and reporting can have on the
conflict as well as show they may become victims of the violence (Sheldon & Megan, 2008).
Nora Kuusik discuss about informational role of media and how media can resolve the
conflicts and restores the peace only by giving correct, objective and unbiased information.
Information is power and insight can impact on public discourse. This way, perceptions can be
changed by access to media. Different types of media are utilized globally to distribute
knowledge and idealistically. Lack of information can, at any stage of a conflict, make people
desperate, restless and easy to manipulate. The ability to make informed decisions strengthens
societies and fosters economic growth, democratic structures and the positive outlook on the
future. For this very reason, the United Nations Millennium Declaration stressed the need “to
ensure the freedom of the media to perform their essential role and the right of the public to have
17
access to information. In case of a crisis or a conflict, the international media can attract
worldwide attention. The mass media is a pervasive part of daily life especially in industrialized
countries and thus able to shine a light on conflicts anywhere in the world (Kuusik, 2010).
Somalia is country located in Africa and over whelmed by local conflicts especially since
90s. So federal government adopts many strategies for conflict of such resolutions in which one
was acceptance of media as intervening tool. Intergovernmental authority of devolvement with
help of ministry of information carried out capacity building and training workshops. Some of
the main areas covered in the trainings were Peace-building through Media, Understanding
Conflicts and Violence, Peace Journalism, the Power of Media in Conflict Resolution, The
Responsibility of Peace Journalism and New Media for Peace and Social Change (IGAD, 2014).
SAARC Information Centre presented a report after workshop in 2013. That report
discussed that the importance of media in this era of information cannot be overemphasized. The
media is double edged sword. It can be a frightful weapon of violence when it propagates
messages of intolerance or disinformation that manipulate public sentiment. Media can help
build peace efforts through its role as media diplomats through thought provoking stories,
articles and features on the importance of peace in the society and among nations. Examples of
resolution of conflict through dialogue, like Iran’s nuclear standoff with the West, North Korean
missile issue, handling of Balkan crisis were prominently brought before the public for resolving
the issues through peaceful means, which was done through what is known as „advocacy
journalism‟. The other example is the peaceful resolution of conflict and peace-building efforts
between India and Pakistan through media have been proved to be successful. Media
professionals from these two nations have floated a forum known as “AmankiAsha” (hope for
the peace) that holds meetings, seminars, visits etc. to strengthen communication and dialogue
which is known as track-II diplomacy. While in Pakistan many case studies are present as
restoration of judiciary and role of media, Malala Yousafzai, Swat Operations and many more
(Pandey, 2013).
Vladimir Braticand Lisa Schirch discussed the negative and positive roles of media in
conflicts building and resolution, in very argumentative way. History has shown that the media
can incite people toward violence. Hitler used the media to create an entire worldview of hatred
18
for Jews, homosexuals, and other minority groups. Rwanda’s radio RTLM urged listeners to pick
up machetes and take to the streets to kill what they called ‘the cockroaches.’ Broadcaster’s in
the Balkans polarized local communities to the point where violence became an acceptable tool
for addressing grievances. The media’s impact on the escalation of conflict is more widely
recognized than the media’s impact on peace building. Yet it is not uncommon to hear experts
pronounce that the media’s impact on peace building must be significant given its powerful
impact on conflict. However, this simple relationship must not be taken for granted and should
be critically examined in order to most effectively use the media for conflict prevention and
peace building. There are ways the media can assist peace building. Media is peace promoter as
media is information provider, interpreter, watchdog, gatekeeper, policy maker, and diplomat
and bridge builder. The media’s role in contributing to cognitive, attitudinal and behavioral
change on a large scale is unique. Conflict prevention and peace building professionals can use
the media in harmony with their other programs –if they know when, why, and how to use the
media for the most strategic impact in lessoning the polarization between groups (Vladimir &
Schirch, 2007).
NajihImtihani carried out a study in Indonesia to find our role of media in conflict
resolution. Case study of Kompas Daily Coverage on Aceh Conflict between 2003- 2005 was
used for this purpose. Method of content analysis was carried out. The data showed that the
events and facts in the field mostly affected the conflict coverage, such as the violence and peace
dialogue coverage. When a lot of violence happened in the field, the coverage was generally
about violence. In the contrary, when both conflicting parties decided to have peace dialog, the
mass media coverage was dominated with this issue. In other words, the role of mass-media in
conflict resolution was mostly affected by the situations and facts happened in the field. The
higher the violence happened, the lesser the mass media played the role in the conflict resolution
processes. In the contrary, the more peace dialogs conducted, the bigger the mass media played
the role in the conflict resolution processes (Imtihani, 2014).
2.3 Definition of concepts

19
2.3.1Conflict Resolution
Conflict is an inevitable part of life. Each of us possesses our own opinions, ideas and
sets of beliefs. We have our own ways of looking at things and we act according to what we
think is proper. Hence, we often find ourselves in conflict in different scenarios; may it involve
other individuals, groups of people, or a struggle within our own selves. Consequently, conflict
influences our actions and decisions in one way or another.
Here what is the contribution of media to resolve conflict in society? Various types of
people living in society as have different religions, different faith and different culture as well.
2.3.2 Media
Communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data, or

promotional messages are disseminated. Media includes every broadcasting and narrowcasting
medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax, and
internet (Dictionary, 2004).
Media as considered forth pillar of the state, can play a pivotal role for the peace
fostering and development of country. It is the responsibility of the institution to aware the
general public with the development of society. Media can pave more the public opinion against
or in the favor of existing government. Media interests may conflict with the public policy and
then it is the responsibility of this institution to remain impartial.
20
Chapter 3
Theoretical Framework
21
Chapter 3
Theoretical Framework
A theory is the analysis and statement of how and why a set of facts relates to each other
(Stolley, 2005). A theoretical framework consists of concepts, together with their definitions, and
existing theory/theories that are used for your particular study. Sociology and other social
sciences have several major theoretical frameworks. Theoretical framework is broad assumptions
about how the world works (Kuhn, 1970). Those frameworks are orientations or sweeping ways
of looking at the social world. They provide collections of assumptions, concepts, and forms of
explanation (Nueman, 2007) While studying interpersonal relations and their variation in rural
areas we see in framework/perspective of symbolic interactionism. As a micro-level perspective,
symbolic interactionism focuses on patterns of individual interactions (Stolley, 2005). According
to this perspective change occurs when we redefined the situation (Stolley, 2005). Instead of
thinking of society in terms of abstract institutions, symbolic interactionist considers immediate
social interaction to be the place where “society” exists (Taylor & Anderson, 2013).
Sociologists analyze social phenomena at different levels and from different perspectives.
From concrete interpretations to sweeping generalizations of society and social behavior,
sociologists study everything from specific events (the micro level of analysis of small social
patterns) to the “big picture” (the macro level of analysis of large social patterns).Media is an
institution of society so my study lies in the paradigm of structure functionalism.
3.1 Structure Functionalism Perspective
According to the functionalist perspective, also called functionalism, each aspect of

society is interdependent and contributes to society's functioning as a whole. Media provides
information, directions and education to the masses of society. Media control the behavior of
22
individuals. Mass media is an agent of socialization, and the dangerous part of it is that it is one
way communication. I suppose you could generate a function of the mass media--maybe to teach
children how the world and conflict works and that there are functions displayed that result in
retaining harmonious balance.
Functional analysis provided the foundation for many theories of media effects and of
much of the related research during the 1950s and 1960s. Researchers found that functional
analysis can be very complicated. Some forms of media content can be functional or
dysfunctional for society as a whole, for specific individuals, or for various subgroups in the
society. Thus, entertaining network television crime shows might be functional for the viewing
audience as a whole but dysfunctional for children who learn that aggression is a good way to
deal with problems. The functions for society (the larger audience) may be offset by the
dysfunctions for an individual child or for a particular group of viewers.
The manifest functions of mass media are providing information and entertainment. The
latent functions of mass media are job recourses and the dysfunction in mass media is slander
and libel.
 Mechanical solidarity
Is a form of social cohesion that arises when people in a society maintain similar values
and beliefs and engages in similar types of work. Mechanical solidarity most commonly
occurs in traditional, simple societies such as those in which everyone herds cattle or
farms. Amish society exemplifies mechanical solidarity.
 Organic solidarity
Is a form of social cohesion that arises when the people in a society are interdependent, but
hold to varying values and beliefs and engage in varying types of work? Organic solidarity
most commonly occurs in industrialized, complex societies such those in large American
cities like New York in the 2000s.
3.2 Theories of Media

23
Early media studies focused on the use of mass media in propaganda and persuasion.
However, journalists and researchers soon looked to behavioral sciences to help figure out the
possible effect of mass media and communications on society. Scholars have developed many
different approaches and theories to figure this out. Other scholars challenge whether research
can ever untangle the relationship of media and effects. You can refer to these theories as you
consider for yourself the media’s effect on individuals and culture.
Direct Effects Model
This model, prevalent in the 1920s and 1930s, assumed that audiences passively accepted
media messages and would exhibit predictable reactions in response to those messages. For
example, following the radio broadcast of War of the Worlds in 1938 (which was a fictional
news report of an alien invasion); some people panicked and believed the story to be true.
Agenda-Setting Theory
Agenda-setting theory of media stated that mass media determine the issues that concern
the public rather than the public’s views. Under this theory, the issues that receive the most
attention from media become the issues that the public discusses, debates, and demands action
on. This means that the media are determining what issues and stories the public thinks about.
Therefore, when the media fail to address a particular issue, it becomes marginalized in the
minds of the public.
Conflict Theory
Conflict theory can be used to explain the media's influence on teens by looking at who
controls the media. The vast majority of media is owned and controlled by society's elite (or
bourgeoisie in conflict theory terminology). For this reason the media is a tool of those in power
to further their agenda which is to keep the poor divided and ineffective. According to conflict
theory, the poor (proletariat) will continue to be exploited until they revolt together and
overthrow the rich who profit at the poor's expense. Teens are especially susceptible to
advertising and propaganda which makes them more easily influenced by the media. The media
pushes the message on these young people that one's value can be determined by how pretty one
is or how much stuff one owns. This in turn fuels insecurities in these young people causing
24
them to become more dependent on the manufacturers who produce the goods they need to feel
happy and popular.
25
Chapter 4
Methods of Data Collection

26
Chapter 4
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Methodology is the science indicating ways of doing something correctly. Methodology

deals with the theory of study, the description, the explanation, and the justification of methods,
not the application of methods themselves (Kumar, 2005). This chapter seeks to explain the
method or procedure which had been adopted by the researchers to conduct the present study.
Different procedures employed in this research are mentioned in this chapter. The aim of the
study was to know the opinion of youth (Govt. College of Science, Wahdat Road, Lahore) about
the role of media in conflict resolution.
4.1 Study Design
Current study is pure and exploratory in nature in the field of Sociology. On basis of
nature of investigation current study is non-experimental as we just observe the phenomena and
just try to establish what caused it.
Survey method is used as data collection technique and Self-administered Questionnaire

was used for the collection of data from respondents. Despite few questions that need elaboration
and detailed answers, several of the demographic and variable questions were closed ended as it
was needed in the study as it is exploratory study.
4.2 Sampling Procedure
The universe consists of all survey elements that qualify for inclusion in the research
study (Lavrakas, 2008). The term universe is used to denote whatever body of people is being
studied. Any segment of society, so long as it can be replicated, can represent a universe. Govt.
College of Science wahdat road, Lahore considered as universe for present study.
The term target population refers to the specific pool of cases that researcher wants to
study (Nueman, 2007). A quantitative survey was carried out to accomplish the present study.
27
The population for current study is comprised of BS students of the Govt. College of Science,
Wahdat Road, Lahore. For adequate representation of universe, target population for current
study there are 13 departments who are teaching BS (Honors) programs in this college. Among
all these departments in the college, researcher has chosen quota sampling technique for
selecting the respondents of the current study. Then, the researcher has selected the quota of 10
students by simple random method is that from each departments. So the sample size is 130
students.
(Department of Business Administration (BBA); Botany; Chemistry; Communication

Study; Economics; English; Information Technology; Mathematics; Political Science ; Physics;
Sociology; Statistics; and Zoology)
All College students, who are permanently studying in particular departments, are
included in our study.
Sample is smaller representation of larger whole. Sampling technique is method by which

a smaller part is deduced from population (Subberwal, 2009). Nonrandom (Quota) sampling
technique is used in present research.
Sample size of 130 was drawn to make a more comprehensive and reliable research
because in most of the previous researches, researcher used sample size of more than or equal
one hundred.
Table: 4 Universe and Sample for the present study
Numbers Name of departments Sample
1 BBA 10
2 Botany 10
3 Chemistry 10
4 Communication Study 10
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5 Economics 10
6 English 10
7 Information Technology 10
8 Mathematics 10
9 Political Science 10
10 Physics 10
11 Sociology 10
12 Statistics 10
13 Zoology 10
4.3 Instrument for Data Collection
Questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection for this study. Large amounts of
information can be collected from a large number of people in a short period of time and in a
relatively cost effective way. It can be carried out by the researcher or by any number of people
with limited affect to its validity and reliability. The results of the questionnaires can usually be
quickly and easily quantified by either a researcher or through the use of a software package. It
can be analyzed more scientifically and objectively than other forms of research. When data has
been quantified, it can be used to compare and contrast other research and may be used to
measure change. Positivists believe that quantitative data can be used to create new theories and /
or test existing hypotheses.
4.4 Construction of Questionnaire
Questionnaire was divided into three sections. The first part of the questionnaire was
specific for the demographic information of the respondents. Demographic information was
consisted of name (optional) gender, background, religion, political affiliation, program,
29
department, income and source of income of the respondents. The next two parts contains
questions about role of media in conflict resolution in the society.
4.5 Data Collection and Field Experience
The data was collected during the first three weeks of November 2015. The process of
data collection was completed in almost three weeks. It was interesting task for the researcher
because researcher had same socio-geographic environment. English was used as medium of
language in questionnaire. All of respondent were the students of higher education so they are
well familiar to the particular language. English is also the official language of Pakistan.
Majority of people were cooperated but many were confused also. Some thought us as
media servants or media agents so perplexed while sharing information but this thing controlled
by rapport building and introducing us. Privacy and confidentiality was assured to respondents
and inform consent was read for them.
4.6 Issues faced by the researcher
 Some respondent refused to give the consent to respond for the questions.
 Some respondents refused because of shortage of time and shyness.
 Some refused due to apprehensions about research.
 Due lack of knowledge and adequate awareness, open ended questions are answered by
very few respondents and in yes/no.
4.7 Data analysis
After collecting data, researcher organized it into tabulation form using frequency
techniques. The careful data entry consumed plenty of time. Researcher entered data into tables
and interpreted each table in sociological and technological perspective.
30
Chapter 5
Findings and Tabulation

31
Chapter 5
Findings and Tabulation
This stage presents two objectives. It explains the sample characteristics and gives the
analysis and interpretation of the collected data on level of perception about the role media in
conflict resolution.
5.1 Socio-Demographic characteristics of respondents
Our respondents are basically the Students studying in the Govt. College of Science,
Wahdat Road, Lahore. Our sample size was 130. Basic demographic information of respondents
is follow in the following table.
Table: 5 Socio-Demographic characteristics of respondents (n=130)
Category Frequency Percentage

Gender
Male 72 55.4
Female 58 44.6
Residential Pattern
Urban 73 56.2
Rural 57 43.8
Religion
Islam 130 130
Others 0 0
Political Affiliation
PML (N) 20 15.4

32
PTI 27 20.8
PPP 12 9.2
JUI (F)/ JI 9 6.9
No Response 62 47.7
Educational Program
BS 130 100
Department
Department of BBA 10 7.7
Department of Botany 10 7.7
Department of Chemistry 10 7.7
Department of Communication study 10 7.7
Department of Economics 10 7.7
Department of English 10 7.7
Department of Information Technology 10 7.7
Department of Mathematics 10 7.7
Department of Political Science 10 7.7
Department of Physics 10 7.7
Department of Sociology 10 7.7
Department of Statistics 10 7.7
Department of Zoology 10 7.7
Average Income Rs. 50,000
Employee 23 17.7
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Agriculture 41 31.5
Business 53 40.8
No Response 13 10
Table 5 shows the socio demographic information of respondents. The male respondents
are 55.4 percent while female respondents are 44.6 percent. Table also shows 56.2 percent of
respondents belong to urban area while 43.8 percent are from rural background. This result
shows the political affiliation of 15.4 percent respondents is with PML (N) moreover PTI 20.8
percent, PPP 9.2 percent, JUI (F)/JI 6.9 percent and 47.7 percent respondent did not show their
political affiliation. Data collected from 13 departments of Govt. College of Science Lahore
include Department of BBA; Department of Botany; Department of Chemistry; Department of
Communication Study; Department of Economics; Department of Mathematics; Department of
Information Technology; Department of Political Science; Department of Physics; Department
of Sociology; Department of Statistics and Department of Zoology.
5.2 Public Interest about specific segments of media
Table: 6 Frequencies about way to access to TV (n=130)
Way to Access to TV
Own TV 44 33.9
Family TV 61 46.9
Other means 25 19.2
Table 6 explain that 33.9 percent respondent watch and have own T.V, 46.9 percent
respondent watch T.V with their family and 19.2 percent students watch T.V through other
means like Café, Hostel and Friends T.V.
34
Table: 7 Public Interest about specific segments of media (n=130)
V-I= Very interested, S-I= somewhat interested, S-U= somewhat uninterested, N-

I=Not interested, D-K= don’t know.
V-I S-I S-U N-I D-K

Specific Segments of Media
International Affairs 54 46 16 11 3
National Issues 58 49 15 5 3
Local politics 38 44 26 14 8
Sports 50 47 18 6 9
Art and Culture 36 47 25 11 11
Crime 21 55 28 13 13
War and Terrorism 61 43 29 25 7
Music 31 46 36 12 5
Talk Shows 36 48 34 7 5
Dramas 25 44 31 21 9
Other (Specify) 1 0 0 0 129
Table 7 explains the interests of respondents about specific segment of media. The
respondent’s very interest about International Affairs is 54 percent and somewhat interested are
46. The interest of respondents about National issues is much that is 58 percent and 5 percent are
not interested. The interests of respondents about Local Politics are 38 percent very interested
and 14 percent are not interested. Data collect from the youth respondent and the students and
youth like the sports channels 50 percent are very interested and 6 percent are not interested. In
art and culture 14 percent are very interested, crime 14 percent very interested, war and terrorism
35
61 percent very interested and in music talk shows and dramas 31, 36 and 25 percent very
interested respectively.
5.3 Public perception about media
Table: 8 Provide Accurate information (n=130)
Strongly Disagree 22 16.9
Disagree 39 30
Moderate 40 30.8
Agree 21 16.2
Strongly Agree 8 6.2
`Table: 8 explain 16.9 percent respondents strongly disagree that the media provide accurate
information 30 percent disagree, 30.8 percent moderate, 16.2 percent agree and six percent
strongly agree.
Table: 9 Provide entertainment (n=130)
Disagree 19 14.6
Moderate 30 23.1
Agree 50 38.5
Table: 9 explain nine percent respondent strongly disagrees that the media provide
entertainment 14.6 percent disagree, 23.1 percent moderate, 38.5 percent agree and 14.6 percent
strongly agree.
36
Table: 10 Provide a voice for the voiceless (n=130)
Disagree 48 36.9
Moderate 28 21.5
Agree 32 24.6
Table: 10 explain nine percent respondent strongly disagrees that the media provide a
voice for voiceless 36.9 percent disagree, 21.5 percent moderate, 24.6 percent agree and 7.7
percent strongly agree.
Table: 11 Provide an alternative views (n=130)

Disagree 23 17.7
Moderate 45 34.6
Agree 40 30.8
Table: 11 explain 7.7 percent respondents strongly disagree that the media provide
alternative views 17.7 percent disagree, 34.6 percent moderate, 30.8 percent agree and nine
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Table: 12 Translate highly political or technical information into popular language

(n=130)

Disagree 28 21.5
Moderate 48 36.9
Agree 29 22.3
Strongly Agree 13 10
Table:12 explains 9.2 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media translate highly
political or technical information into popular language 21.5 percent disagree, 36.9 percent
moderate, 22.3 percent agree and ten percent strongly agree.
Table: 13 Monitor implementation of agreements and holding public official

account-able (n=130)

Disagree 35 26.9
Moderate 42 32.3
Agree 34 26.2
Table: 13 explains 8.5 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media monitors
implementation of agreements and holding public official accountable 26.9 percent disagree,
32.3 percent moderate, 26.2 percent agree and six percent strongly agree.
38
Table: 14 Advocate peace (n=130)

Disagree 31 23.8
Moderate 48 36.9
Agree 21 16.2
Table: 14 explain 14.6 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media advocates
peace 23.8 percent disagree, 36.9 percent moderate, 16.2 percent agree and nine percent strongly
agree.
Table: 15 through responsible reporting, contribute to the building of a culture of

peace as opposed to sensationalizing violence (n=130)

Disagree 31 23.8
Moderate 47 36.2
Agree 26 20
Table: 15 explains 10.8 percent respondent strongly disagree that through media
responsible reporting, contribute to the building of a culture of peace as opposed to
sensationalizing violence 23.8 percent disagree, 36.2 percent moderate, 20 percent agree and
nine percent strongly agree.
39
Table: 16 Serve as a communication mechanism when warring parties can’t talk to

each (n=130)
Disagree 49 37.7
Moderate 39 30
Agree 28 21.5
Table: 16 explains 6.2 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media serve as a
communication mechanism when warring parties can’t talk to each 37.7 percent disagree, 30
percent moderate, 21.5 percent agree and four percent strongly agree.
Table: 17 Facilitate democratic development and good governance (n=130)

Disagree 38 29.2
Moderate 34 26.2
Agree 30 23.1
Table: 17 explain 16.9 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media facilitate
democratic development and good governance 29.2 percent disagree, 26.2 percent moderate,
23.1 percent agree and four percent strongly agree.
40
Table: 18 Serve as a model of the democratic process (n=130)

Disagree 39 30
Moderate 38 29.2
Agree 33 25.4
Table: 18 explain 8.5 percent respondents strongly disagree that the media serve as a
model of the democratic process 30 percent disagree, 29.9 percent moderate, 25.4 percent agree
and six percent strongly agree.
Table: 19 Do everything to provide an opportunity for individuals to make informed

choices (n=130)

Strongly Disagree 13 10
Disagree 36 27.7
Moderate 39 30
Agree 37 28.5
Table: 19 explains ten percent respondent strongly disagree that the media do everything
to provide an opportunity for individuals to make informed choices 27.7 percent disagree, 30
percent moderate, 28.5 percent agree and three percent strongly agree.
41
Table: 20 Maintain objectivity (n=130)
Disagree 33 25.4
Moderate 44 33.8
Agree 27 20.8
Table: 20 explain ten percent respondent strongly disagree that the media maintain
objectivity 25.4 percent disagree, 33.8 percent moderate, 20.8 percent agree and nine percent
strongly agree.
Table: 21 Follow specific political agenda (n=130)
Disagree 22 16.9
Moderate 26 20
Agree 44 33.8
Table: 21 explains 17.7 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media follow
specific political agenda 16.9 percent disagree, 20 percent moderate, 33.8 percent agree and 11.5
42
Table: 22 Follow specific religious agenda (n=130)

Disagree 30 23.1
Moderate 47 36.2
Agree 28 21.5
Table: 22 explains 14.6 percent respondent strongly disagree that media the follow
specific religious agenda 23.1 percent disagree, 36.2 percent moderate, 21.5 percent agree and
four percent strongly agree.
Table: 23 Present expert opinion on financial issues confronting country (n=130)
Disagree 43 33.1
Moderate 44 33.8
Agree 20 15.4
Table: 23 explains 13.8 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media present
expert opinion on financial issues confronting country 33.1 percent disagree, 33.8 percent
moderate, 15.4 percent agree and three percent strongly agree.
43
Table: 24 Provide alternative solutions on political issues (n=130)
Disagree 31 23.8
Moderate 35 26.9
Agree 41 31.5
Table: 24 explains 7.7 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media provide
alternative solutions on political issues 23.8 percent disagree, 26.9 percent moderate, 31.5
percent agree and ten percent strongly agree.
Table: 25 Safeguard own interests (n=130)
Disagree 32 24.6
Moderate 33 25.4
Agree 33 25.4
Table: 25 explain 12.3 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media Safeguard
own interests 24.6 percent disagree, 25.4 percent moderate, 25.4 percent agree and 12.3 percent
strongly agree.
44
Table: 26 Raise awareness on national issues (n=130)
Disagree 25 19.2
Moderate 38 29.2
Agree 35 26.9
Table: 26 explain 6.9 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media raise awareness
on national issues 19.2 percent disagree, 29.2 percent moderate, 26.9 percent agree and 17.7
Table: 27 Educate people on technical issues (n=130)
Disagree 26 20
Moderate 42 32.3
Agree 43 33.1
Table: 27 explain 8.5 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media educate people
on technical issues 20 percent disagree, 32.3 percent moderate, 33.1 percent agree and six
45
Table: 28 Promote democratic process (n=130)
Disagree 45 34.6
Moderate 24 18.5
Agree 33 25.4
Table: 28 explain 15.4 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media promote
democratic process 34.6 percent disagree, 18.5 percent moderate, 25.4 percent agree and six
Table: 29 Help inform policy on terrorism (n=130)

Disagree 22 16.9
Moderate 41 31.5
Agree 48 46.9
Table: 29 explain 6.9 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media help inform
policy on terrorism 16.9 percent disagree, 31.5 percent moderate, 46.9 percent agree and seven
46
Table: 30 Help improve governance (n=130)
Disagree 32 24.6
Moderate 40 30.8
Agree 31 23.8
Table: 30 explain 12.3 percent respondents strongly disagree that the media helps to
improve governance 24.6 percent disagree, 30.8 percent moderate, 23.8 percent agree and eight
Table: 31 Provide programs that aggravate political/religious conflict (n=130)

Disagree 35 26.9
Moderate 40 30.8
Agree 32 24.6
Table: 31 explains ten percent respondent strongly disagree that the media provide
programs that aggravate political/religious conflict 26.9 percent disagree, 30.8 percent moderate,
24.6 percent agree and seven percent strongly agree.
47
Table: 32 Help resolve conflicts (n=130)
Disagree 37 28.5
Moderate 40 30.8
Agree 24 18.5
Table: 32 explains 14.6 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media help to
resolve conflicts 28.5 percent disagree, 30.8 percent moderate, 18.5 percent agree and seven
Table: 33 Follow journalistic ethics (n=130)

Disagree 37 28.5
Moderate 26 20
Agree 31 23.8
Table: 33 explain 17.7 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media follow
journalistic ethics 28.5 percent disagree, 20 percent moderate, 23.8 percent agree and ten percent
strongly agree.
48
Table: 34 Involve participants from various walks for peace building initiatives (n=130)
Disagree 43 33.1
Moderate 24 18.5
Agree 33 25.4
Table: 34 explains 12.3 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media involve
participants from various walks for peace building initiatives 33.1 percent disagree, 18.5 percent
moderate, 25.4 percent agree and ten percent strongly agree.
Table: 35 Compromise journalistic ethics to compete for rating (n=130)
Disagree 39 30
Moderate 35 26.9
Agree 33 25.4
Table: 35 explains ten percent respondent strongly disagree that the media compromise
journalistic ethics to compete for rating 30 percent disagree, 26.9 percent moderate, 25.4 percent
agree and seven percent strongly agree.
49
Table: 36 Combat international propaganda on terrorism (n=130)
Disagree 26 20
Moderate 46 35.4
Agree 37 28.5
Table: 36 explains 10.8 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media combat
international propaganda on terrorism 20 percent disagree, 35.4 percent moderate, 28.5 percent
agree and five percent strongly agree.
Table: 37 Create an open environment for both the dissemination of factual

information and the expression of wide variety of opinion (n=130)

Disagree 30 23.1
Moderate 45 34.6
Agree 35 26.9
Table: 37 explains eight percent respondent strongly disagree that the media create an
open environment for both the dissemination of factual information and the expression of wide
variety of opinion 23.1 percent disagree, 34.6 percent moderate, 26.9 percent agree and six
50
Table: 38 presents divergent opinions that assure both the local citizens and the
international community that the society is moving towards a healthy openness in dealing
with its affairs (n=130)
Disagree 30 23.1
Moderate 44 33.8
Agree 32 24.6
Table: 38 explains 13.1 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media presents
divergent opinions that assure both the local citizens and the international community that the
society is moving towards a healthy openness in dealing with its affairs 23.1 percent disagree,
33.8 percent moderate, 24.6 percent agree and five percent strongly agree.
Table: 39 Provide warning of potential renewals of violent conflict, early enough so

that these can be diffused or, at the very least, prepared for (n=130)
Disagree 27 20.8
Moderate 52 40
Agree 38 29.2
Table: 39 explains 7.7 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media provide
warning of potential renewals of violent conflict, early enough so that these can be diffused or, at
the very least, prepared for 20.8 percent disagree, 40 percent moderate, 29 percent agree and
only two percent strongly agree.
51
Table: 40 Give the citizens the information it needs to make decisions: information
about the economy, about the electoral process, about changes in governmental policy
(n=130)

Disagree 34 26.2
Moderate 41 31.5
Agree 32 24.6
Table: 40 explains 13.1 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media give the
citizens the information it needs to make decisions: information about the economy, about the
electoral process, about changes in governmental policy 26.2 percent disagree, 31.5 percent
moderate, 24.6 percent agree and four percent strongly agree.
Table: 41 Tolerate criticism (n=130)

Disagree 33 25.4
Moderate 37 28.5
Agree 31 23.8
Table: 41 explain 14.6 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media tolerate
criticism 25.4 percent disagree, 28.5 percent moderate, 23.8 percent agree and seven percent
strongly agree.
52
Table: 42 Promote religious harmony and understanding among members of

different religions (n=130)
Disagree 37 28.5
Moderate 29 22.3
Agree 40 30.8
Table: 42 explains 13.1 percent respondent strongly disagree that the media promote
religious harmony and understanding among members of different religions 28.5 percent
disagree, 22.3 percent moderate, 30.8 percent agree and five percent strongly agree.
5.4 Comments of respondent on the following statements
Table: 43 Free and independent media can help develop Pakistan (n=130)

Yes 82 63.1
No 34 26.2
To some extent 14 10.8
Table: 43 explain that 63.1 percent respondents say yes that free and independent media
can help develop Pakistan 26.2 percent no and 10.8 percent say to some extent.
53
Table: 44 Journalists are controlled by media owners (n=130)

Yes 76 58.5
No 39 30
Table: 44 explains that 58.5 percent respondents say yes that journalists are controlled by
media owners 30 percent say no and 11.5 percent say that to some extant media is controlled by
media owners.
Table: 45 Politicians use media for their own propaganda (n=130)

Yes 104 80
No 14 10.8
Table: 45 explains that 80 percent respondents say yes politicians use media for their own
propaganda 10.8 percent no and 9.2 percent say to some extent.
Table: 46 you can always trust Pakistani media (n=130)
Yes 19 14.6
No 96 73.8
Table: 46 explain that 14.6 percent respondents say yes we can trust Pakistani media 73.8
percent no and nine percent say to some extent.
54
Table: 47 Media are partially controlled (n=130)
Yes 88 67.7
No 34 26.2
Table: 47 explain that 67.7 percent respondents say yes media are partially controlled
26.2 percent no and six percent say to some extent.
55
Chapter 6
Summary, Conclusions and

Recommendations
56
Chapter 6
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
6.1 Summary
After going through whole study and data analysis, and keeping in view the objectives of
the research the researcher has concluded that media is very important social institution. Media is
an important part of our life now; it is playing a very important role in every way of life. It
connects us with the scenarios in the world and informs us many things like news, history,
entertainment etc which helps us lot in being an upgraded personality.
The present study has explored the role of media in conflict resolution. The study has
been conducted within the findings of the review of the relevant literature. The researcher has
used survey questionnaire as a tool for the collection of data and the universe for the present
study was the students of various departments of Govt. College of Science Lahore. The sample
size of present study is 130 (Male 72 and female 58). The major objective of present study is to
find out the role of media in conflict resolution in society and to check the perception of youth
about their trust on Pakistani media.
Gilboa (2007) highlights the importance of media in peace building in multidisciplinary

approach. He argued that the media plays increasingly more significant roles in contemporary
international conflicts. As types and phases of conflicts were changed in new era so as the types,
roles and functions of media also changed. These simultaneous and interrelated changes have
created a new landscape of actors, roles, and patterns of interaction and influence.
Findings show that 100 percent respondent has TV access. It shows that people have
more interest in National issues, local politics, sports and talk shows. More than 56 percent
respondents show their interest to National issues and local politics. Findings conclude that 70
percent respondents acknowledge that media does not provide accurate information while 19
57
percent respond that media advocates peace in society through various means. Research
concludes that 11 percent respondents think that media has not been providing accurate news and
it has no role to contribute the culture of peace in society.
Findings show that more than 70 percent respondents have the opinion that media follows
specific political agenda and works for specific political parties. And 11 percent of the
respondents answer that media does no help resolve conflicts between different political parties.
6.2 Conclusions
After going through the whole study and keeping in view, the objectives of the research
the researcher have reached the following conclusions.
 Media has fewer roles in conflict resolution.

 Most of respondents have negative perception about the media.
 Most of respondents show their negative perception that media brings peace in society.
 Researcher has concluded that Pakistani media is controlled by political power and
politicians use media for their personal reputation and agendas.
 Yellow journalism is rampant in Pakistani media and journalists violate the ethics and
have fewer roles in conflict resolution in society.
 Media is not playing role to tolerate criticism but rather it creates violence and criticism.
 Media is not institution for development it shows biasness for their benefits.
 Most of the respondents opine that media and media transmissions are not trustable.
6.3 Recommendations
 The present study was confined to Govt. College of Science, Wahdat Road, Lahore with
limited sample size, so another study should be conducted on different students of
colleges and universities in Lahore and other city using same methodology.
 The present study was confined at urban area it should be conducted at rural areas using
same methodology with large sample size.
58
 Pakistani media should provide accurate information to the society.
 Media should not lift up any agenda of any political party, it should serve as a
communication mechanism.
 Media should initiate programs and campaigns for conflict resolution between different
political and religious parties.
 Media is source of education so it should not allow providing immoral transmission to the
people.
 Media should not be controlled by the political parties for their specific agenda and it
should help the democratic development.
 Journalists should keep in mind the ethics of media while broadcasting information.
 Government should devise the polices to make the media unbiased.
 Conflict should be resolved by media through proper techniques avoiding, collaborating,

competing and compromising.
59
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62
Role of Media in Conflict Resolution: Sociological Analysis
Dear respondent
This study is to investigate the Role of Media in Conflict Resolution: Sociological

Analysis. Your cooperation and response is highly valuable to help analyze the data on the
subject. Information provided by you will be appreciated and used for statistical analysis only.
However, you can stop filling out the questionnaire at any point in time if it is not convenient for
you.
Section I
Instructions: Please put (√) mark in the relevant box.
Name (optional):
Gender: 1. Male 2. Female
Background: 1. Urban 2. Rural
Religion: 1. Islam 2. Other
Political Affiliation (optional):
Program:
Department:
Monthly Household Income:
Occupation:
63
Section-II
Q1. Your access to TV
Own TV----- access through family TV------- access through other means (like Café,
Hostel TV, and friend’s TV)
Q2. People may have different interests affecting their media habits. How interested are
you in the following topics:
Topics Very Somewhat Somewhat Not interested Don’t

interested interested uninterested at all know
International
affairs
National
issues
Local politics
Sports
Art and
culture
Crime
War on
terrorism
Music
Talk shows
Dramas
Other
(specify)
64
Section-III
Q.3 People usually have different opinions about media’s role in conflict resolution. You are
requested to indicate your response with regard to role of media on the subject.
Please encircle any number ranging from 1-5.
1-Strongly disagree, 2-Disagree, 3-Moderate, 4-Agree, 5-Strongly agree.
In your view media Comments
i Provide accurate information 1 2 3 4 5
ii. Provide Entertain 1 2 3 4 5
iii Provide a voice for the voiceless 1 2 3 4 5
iv Provide an alternative views 1 2 3 4 5
v Translate highly political or technical information into popular 1 2 3 4 5

language
vi Monitor implementation of agreements and holding public officials 1 2 3 4 5

account-able
vii Advocate peace 1 2 3 4 5
viii Through responsible reporting, contribute to the building of a culture 1 2 3 4 5

of peace as opposed to sensationalizing violence
ix Serve as a communication mechanism when warring parties can’t 1 2 3 4 5

talk to each
x Facilitate democratic development and good governance 1 2 3 4 5
xi Serve as a model of the democratic process 1 2 3 4 5
xii Do everything to provide an opportunity for individuals to make 1 2 3 4 5

informed choices
xiii Maintain objectivity 1 2 3 4 5
xiv Follow specific political agenda 1 2 3 4 5
xv Follow specific religious agenda 1 2 3 4 5
xvi Present expert opinion on financial issues confronting country 1 2 3 4 5
xvii Provide alternative solutions on political issues 1 2 3 4 5

65
xviii Safeguard own interests 1 2 3 4 5
xix Raise awareness on national issues 1 2 3 4 5
xx Educate people on technical issues 1 2 3 4 5
xxi Promote democratic process 1 2 3 4 5
xxii Help inform policy on terrorism 1 2 3 4 5
xxiii Help improve governance 1 2 3 4 5
xxiv Provide programs that aggravate political/religious conflicts 1 2 3 4 5
xxv Help resolve conflicts 1 2 3 4 5
xxvi Follow journalistic ethics 1 2 3 4 5
xxvii Involve participants from various walks for peace building 1 2 3 4 5

initiatives
xxviii Compromise journalistic ethics to compete for rating 1 2 3 4 5
xxix Combat international propaganda on terrorism 1 2 3 4 5
xxx Create an open environment for both the dissemination of factual 1 2 3 4 5

information and the expression of a wide variety of opinion
xxxi Present divergent opinions that assure both the local citizens and the 1 2 3 4 5
international community that the society is moving towards a healthy
openness in dealing with its affairs.
xxxii provide warning of potential renewals of violent conflict, early 1 2 3 4 5

enough so that these can be diffused or, at the very least, prepared for
xxxiii Give the citizens the information it needs to make decisions: 1 2 3 4 5

information about the economy, about the electoral process, about
changes in government policy
xxxiv Tolerate criticism 1 2 3 4 5
xxxv Promote religious harmony and understanding among members of 1 2 3 4 5

different religions
66
Please tick on the following:
Q.4 Free and independents media can help develop Pakistan
(1) Yes (2) No
Q.5 Journalists are controlled by media owners
(1) Yes (2) No
Q.6 Politicians use media for their own propaganda
(1) Yes (2) No
Q.7 You can always trust Pakistani media
(1) Yes (2) No
Q.8 Media are partially controlled
(1) Yes (2) No

Thesis Final

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Psycho-Social impacts of Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park

blast on its visitors

Submitted by: M. Fahad Bilal

(Prof. Muhammad Aslam)

Head of the Department

(Prof. Sayyed Muhammad Zia UI Haq)

Who always support and love me

In every phase of my life

1.1 Electronic Media’s Impact on Pakistani Society………………………………………….6

1.1.1 Positive Impact of Electronic Media……………………………...………………7

2.1 Impacts of Media…………………………………………………………………...……13

2.2 Role of Media In conflict resolution………………………………………….………….14

3.1 Structure Functionalism perspective………………………………………….………….21

3.2 Theories of Media………………………………………………………………………..22

4. Methods of Data Collection…….…………………………………………………………..26

5. Findings and Tabulation…………………………………….…………………………..…31

6. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations…………………………………….……..56

Serial No. Page No.

1. Top 10 Channels in Pakistan and their viewers…………………………………………...3

I am under immense gratitude to Prof. Mustajab Ahmad, Professor,

I want to pay my thanks to my affectionate Parents for their all inspirations

Table: 1 Top 10 Channels in Pakistan and their viewers

Rank Channels Percentage In Thousand

1 Star Plus 17.645 12,507

2 Geo News 11.434 8,105

3 PTV Home 10.544 7,474

4 Sony 8.925 6,327

5 Cartoon Network 8.543 6,055

6 Geo Entertainment 7.376 5,228

7 ARY Digital 5.078 3,599

9 PTV News 4.825 3,420

10 Hum TV 4.19 2,970

Data Source: Gallup Pakistan National TV Ratings Survey 2014

Table: 2 Top 10 News Channels in Pakistan and their viewers

Rank Channels Percentage In Thousand

1 GEO News 17.568 7,027

2 PTV News 3.647 1,547

3 ARY News 3.391 1,438

4 Express News 3.167 1,343

5 Samaa News 2.105 984

6 Aaj News 2.32 893

7 BBC 1.138 483

8 CNN 0.958 406

9 KNT News 0.892 378

10 Indus News 0.851 361

Table: 3 Top 10 Entertainment Channels in Pakistan and their viewers

Rank Channels Percentage In Thousand

1 Star Plus 17.645 12,507

2 PTV Home 10.544 8,105

3 Sony 8.925 6,327

4 Cartoon Network 8.543 6,055

5 Geo Entertainment 7.376 5,228

6 ARY Digital 5.078 3,599

7 Hum TV 4.19 2,970

8 ATV 3.898 2,763

9 Ten Sports 2.861 2,028

10 A Plus 1.889 1,339

Data Source: Gallup Pakistan National TV Ratings Survey 2014

people is determined through interaction of democracy with public’s aspirations regarding

1.1 Electronic Media’s Impact on Pakistani Society

1.1.1 Positive Impact of Electronic Media

1.1.2 Negative Impact of Electronic Media

The objectivity of media is becoming increasingly questionable, the coverage of issues of