Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Kornati Islands
on Old Geographic Maps and Charts
Josip Farièiæ1 and Zdenko Simièiæ2
1
Department of Geography, University of Zadar, Tuðmanova 24i, Zadar, Croatia
2
Croatian Navy, Zrinsko-frankopanska bb, Split, Croatia
58
The islands belonged administratively to the territory
Abstract: Based on the analysis of cartographic
of Zadar up to the mid 20th century, and ever since they
sources, the paper analyses the historical and
have belonged to the municipality of ibenik. Today, the
geographical development of the Kornati islands, the
largest part of the Kornati is situated within the scope of
largest group of Croatian islands. The old maps were
the Murter Municipality in the ibenik-Knin County. Due
used first of all as the means of geographic research
to the great value of the preserved natural and cultural
that, being necessarily correlated to the simultaneous
heritage, the archipelago enjoys special protection of the
historical written sources and modern topographic and
Republic of Croatia, especially since 1980, when the
maritime maps, make the basis for creating a research
national park was established (Official Gazette, 31/1980).1
platform for relevant scientific results to be achieved.
On the basis of the old maps it is possible, among The entire island group can be divided, regarding its
other things to anticipate that the Kornati islands used spreading direction and geographic position, into four
to have great geotraffic significance on the eastern smaller groups, i.e. the Sit, ut, Kornati and Pikera
Adriatic sailing route. According to the development groups. The scientists are still not certain about the
of geographic concepts and cartographic methods, number of Kornati islands, first of all because of the
the geographic vision of the Kornati islands has been problems in defining the borders between the Dugi otok,
gradually clarified ever since the 16th century. The Kornati and irje island groups. The islanders say that
chart from the Carta di cabotaggio del Mare Adriatico the number of Kornati islands, small islands and cliffs is
edition published by the Military and Geographic the same as the number of days in a year (Friganoviæ,
Institute from Milan (1822-1824) presents the turning 1995), and the data from references vary around the value
point with the first complete and mostly precise of 140 islands, small islands and cliffs (Kuluiæ, 1965,
presentation of the Kornati islands group on the basis Filipi, 1972, Friganoviæ, 1984). Inhabitants of Salj and
of hydrographic and topographic field measurements. Murter divide the archipelago of Kornati into the Upper
(ut and Sit with belonging small islands) and the Lower
Key words: cartography, map, Kornati, Croatia
Kornati islands (Kornat and Pikera with belonging
islands). The islands Kornat (32,44 km2), ut (14,82 km2),
Introduction Pikera (2,66 km2), Levrnaka (1,84 km2), Lavsa (1,78
km2), Sit (1,77 km2), Kurba Vela (1,74 km2) and Smokvica
In their largest part, Kornati islands are a group of Vela (1,04 km2) stand out because of their area (Duplanèiæ
small islands (Kuluiæ, 1965, Filipi, 1972, Friganoviæ, Leder et al., 2004).
1995, Bognar, Grizelj, 1995), situated along the central
part of the eastern Adriatic coast, between the Zadar and 1
Up to 1988, the area of Telaæica, which is situated at the southeastern
ibenik archipelagos (Friganoviæ, 1995). Ever since the part of Dugi otok, was also included in the Kornati National Park.
earliest times of their historical development, the Kornati After the Telaæica Nature Park had been established, the
islands have had a very important maritime and southeastern part of Dugi otok was excluded from the Kornati NP
(Official Gazette, 14/1988). The borders of the national park were
geographic, and also geostrategic role, largely exceeding changed again in 1997 (Official Gazette, 13/1997). Within the Kornati
the role that would be expected from their area, and NP there are 89 islands, small islands and cliffs and the belonging
mostly very poor karst natural-geographic basis. territorial waters with the total area of about 21 800 ha.
KiG 2005, 4 Kornati na starim geografskim i pomorskim kartama
Kornati
na starim geografskim i pomorskim kartama
Josip Farièiæ1 i Zdenko Simièiæ2
1
Odjel za geografiju, Sveuèilite u Zadru, Tuðmanova 24i, Zadar
2
Hrvatska ratna mornarica, Zrinsko-frankopanska bb, Split
59
Otoci su sve do sredine 20. st. administrativno
Saetak: U radu se na temelju analize kartografskih pripadali zadarskom teritoriju, a od tada ibenskoj opæini.
izvora analizira historijsko-geografski razvitak Danas se najveæi dio Kornata nalazi u sklopu Opæine
Kornatskih otoka, koji èine najbrojniju skupinu meðu Murter u ibensko-kninskoj upaniji. Poradi velike
hrvatskim otocima. Stare se karte koriste ponajprije vrijednosti oèuvane prirodne i kulturne batine arhipelag
kao sredstvo geografskih istraivanja, koje u nunoj se nalazi pod posebnom zatitom Republike Hrvatske,
korelaciji s istovremenim povijesnim pisanim izvorima posebno od 1980. kada je osnovan nacionalni park
te modernim topografskim i pomorskim kartama èine (Narodne novine, 31/1980).1
osnovu za oblikovanje istraivaèke platforme na kojoj
se mogu graditi relevantni znanstveni rezultati. Na Cijela se otoèna skupina moe podijeliti, s obzirom na
temelju starih karata moguæe je, uz ostalo, zakljuèiti pravac pruanja i geografski poloaj, na èetiri manje
kako su Kornati imali veliko geoprometno znaèenje skupine, i to sitsku, utsku, kornatsku i pikersku. O broju
na istoènojadranskoj plovidbenoj ruti. U skladu s kornatskih otoka znanstvenici jo dvoje, ponajprije zbog
razvojem geografskih spoznaja i kartografskih metoda problema utvrðivanja granica izmeðu dugootoèke,
od 16. st. postupno se kristalizira geografska vizija kornatske i irajske otoène skupine. Otoèani kau kako je
Kornata. Prekretnicu èini pomorska karta iz edicije broj kornatskih otoka, otoèiæa i hridi jednak broju dana u
Carta di cabotaggio del Mare Adriatico u izdanju godini (Friganoviæ, 1995), a podatci u literaturi kreæu se
Vojno-geografskog instituta iz Milana (1822-1824) na oko vrijednosti od 140 otoka, otoèiæa i hridi (Kuluiæ, 1965,
kojoj je po prvi put, na temelju hidrografske izmjere i Filipi, 1972, Friganoviæ, 1984). Saljani i Murterini kornatski
topografskih snimanja terena, dan cjelovit i uglavnom arhipelag dijele na Gornje (ut i Sit s pripadajuæim
precizan prikaz kornatske otoène skupine. otoèiæima) i Donje Kornate (Kornat i Pikera s pripadajuæim
otoèiæima). Povrinom se istièu Kornat (32,44 km2), ut
Kljuène rijeèi: kartografija, karta, Kornati, Hrvatska (14,82 km2), Pikera (2,66 km2), Levrnaka (1,84 km2), Lavsa
(1,78 km2), Sit (1,77 km2), Kurba Vela (1,74 km2) i Smokvica
Vela (1,04 km2) (Duplanèiæ Leder i dr., 2004).
Uvod Kornatski otoci graðeni su uglavnom od krednih
vapnenaca i dolomita te eocenskih vapnenaca (Mamuiæ,
Kornati su najveæim dijelom usitnjena otoèna skupina 1975). Mehanièkim troenjem i kemijskim otapanjem
(Kuluiæ, 1965, Filipi, 1972, Friganoviæ, 1995, Bognar, karbonatne osnove tijekom pleistocena i kvartara
Grizelj, 1995), poloena uz sredinji dio istoène obale oblikovane su klastiène naslage, meðu kojima se istièu
Jadrana, izmeðu zadarskoga i ibenskog arhipelaga
(Friganoviæ, 1995). Od najranijih vremena povijesnog 1
Do 1988. u sastavu Nacionalnog parka Kornati bio je i prostor
razvitka kornatski su otoci imali vanu pomorsko- Telaæice na jugoistoènom dijelu Dugog otoka. Osnivanjem
geografsku, a s time i geostrateku ulogu, znaèajno Parka prirode Telaæica jugoistoèni dio Dugog otoka izdvojen je
iz NP Kornati (Narodne novine, 14/1988). Granice nacionalnog
nadilazeæi oèekivanu ulogu koja bi proizlazila iz njihove parka ponovno su mijenjane 1997 (Narodne novine, 13/1997).
povrine, prostornog obuhvata i najveæim dijelom Unutar NP Kornati nalazi se 89 otoka, otoèiæa i hridi te
oskudne krke prirodno-geografske osnove. pripadajuæi akvatorij ukupne povrine od oko 21 800 ha.
Kornati Islands on Old Geographic Maps and Charts KiG 2005, 4
The Kornati islands are built mostly of chalk limestone of Angles) and a small citadel on Vela Panitula connected
and dolomites, as well as of Eocene limestone. (Mamuiæ, with Pikera by means of a drawbridge.
1975). Mechanical tearing and chemical melting of the
Century-long pasture, production of lime, and felling
carbonate base during the Pleistocene and the Quarter
of trees for torches used as light in night fishing of small
caused the formation of clastic layers with correlating
blue fish, are the main reasons for degradation of
slope sediments and red-soil zone in the areas of island
vegetation on the Kornati islands. Hence, only karst bare
fields standing out among them (Tarac, Trtua, Koritnica,
mountains prevailed (rocky ground, with low and rare
Kneak, Æukino polje and others). The karst relief of the
vegetation), and rare olive-groves and vineyards make
Kornati islands is special because of its structural steeps
but small oases in the island landscape.
on the external sides of the Kornat and the Pikera island
groups making the continuation of the cleft structure of ***
Dugi otok.
The historical and geographical development of Kornati
Because of carbonate secondary porous geological can be followed partly on the basis of old geographic maps
structure and inconvenient annual distribution of and charts. Although medieval and renaissance
precipitation on the islands, there are no larger cartographic presentations of Kornati have been
appearances of surface waters. Smaller pools are generalized and mostly schematised, the presentation of
exceptions, being precious water containers for cattle in the islands itself on the small-scale maps indicates their
the time of almost permanent lack of water, but also for spatial and functional significance. The old geographic and
irrigation purposes. maritime cartographic presentations are clear evidence of
A relatively poor natural and geographic basis is the role Kornat had in sailing on the eastern Adriatic sea
apparently the most important factor that made it route, especially of the significance of the Kornati channel,
impossible for people to settle permanently on the Kornati. the Toreta fortification and the Proversa passage mentioned
60 The whole island group was actually a colony of large on all old maps almost without exception.
estate owners from Zadar (Skraèiæ, Baiæ, 2004). The From the end of the 17th century till the first half of
islanders from the neighbouring Dugi otok (especially the 19th century, more detailed and more realistic
from the settlements Sali and Zaglav) farmed the land presentations were gradually made on topographic maps
on their estates, and from the 18th century on, the and charts and they enable the reconstruction of
inhabitants of Betina and Murter on the island of Murter geographic notions and the course of historical and
did that more and more. These people lived on the islands geographic changes in the landscape of Kornati. The
only temporarily during the seasonal farming activities, problem of the desertification of Kornati karst stopped
and a part of them used to live there, watching over only in the middle of the 20th century, mostly due to
sheeps and goats in turn. The inhabitants of Murter intensive deagrarisation is especially emphasized. It
bought off the largest part of the estates on Kornati on seems that modern regeneration of the island vegetation,
several occasions in the second half of the 19th century, in the time when there is almost no cattle-breeding and
and they became the owners of the majority of the other types of agricultural production, indicates the
archipelago (Kuluiæ, 1965, 2000, 2001). Ever since, the reverse development in forming the island landscape in
Kornati have been firmly connected with Murter and the the periods of intensive agrarian valorisation.
rest of the region of ibenik. After the most fertile land
that at the same time had very small area had been
bought off, it remained the property of the people in Sali Goal and methodology of research
and Zaglav, so the owners from Murter were forced to
farm the land with poor soil, which significantly changed The goal of the research is to define the course of
the landscape of the islands along with the dry walls that historical and geographic development on the basis of
were built to divide pasture areas. cartographic sources, i.e. to confirm the known written
and material evidence of various forms of economic
The territorial waters of Kornati were the main fishing
evaluation of the Kornati archipelago. Bearing in mind
area of Zadar, and together with the territorial waters of
the limited abilities of cartographic technology in older
Hvar and Vis, it was the most important fishing area of
periods of the historical development of cartography
the eastern Adriatic coast (Basioli, 1962, Filipi, 1976). It
(Bagrow, Skelton, 1966, Markoviæ, 1993, Slukan Altiæ,
is therefore quite understandable that V. M. Coronelli,
2003) and poor geographic knowledge about the area of
the leading Italian cartographer from the end of the 17th
Kornati, we must be aware that old maps are not always
century, wrote a note on the maps along with a
a reliable source of geographic data, so it is not possible
presentation of the Kornati saying pesche di Zara.
to expect encouraging results.
Coronelli was followed by other cartographers during the
18th century. The fishermen from Sali had exclusive right A progressive method is used where the interpretation
to fish, and the others (the inhabitants from I, Murter, of geographic contents on old maps is in function:
Vrgað and others) managed to get some smaller a) of defining the historical and geographic changes of
privileges in fishing at worse locations (posts) after the Kornati islands landscape and the development
investing a lot of efforts. The fishermen from Sali erected of social and economic system within the island part
a fishing settlement, the only one of such kind in the of the Zadar region
Adriatic area, with fishermen houses, church (of the Lady
KiG 2005, 4 Kornati na starim geografskim i pomorskim kartama
korelativni padinski sedimenti i zone crvenice u predjelima Historijsko-geografski razvoj Kornata moguæe je
otoènih polja (Tarac, Trtua, Koritnica, Kneak, Æukino dijelom pratiti na temelju starih geografskih i pomorskih
polje i dr.). U krkom reljefu kornatskih otoka na poseban karata. Iako su srednjovjekovni i renesansni kartografski
se naèin istièu strukturni strmci na vanjskim stranama prikazi Kornata uopæeni i uglavnom shematizirani, sâmo
kornatske i pikerske otoène skupine, koji èine nastavak prikazivanje otoka na kartama sitnoga mjerila upuæuje
rasjedne strukture Dugog otoka. na njihovo prostorno-funkcionalno znaèenje. Stari
geografski i pomorski kartografski prikazi zorno su
Poradi karbonatne sekundarno propusne geoloke
svjedoèanstvo o ulozi Kornata pri plovidbi istoèno-
graðe i nepovoljnoga godinjeg hoda oborina na otocima
jadranskim pomorskim pravcem, posebno o znaèenju
nema veæih pojava povrinskih voda. Iznimku èine manje
Kornatskog kanala, utvrde Toreta i prolaza Proversa, èiji
lokve, koje su u uvjetima posvemanje bezvodice èinile
je spomen na svim starim kartama gotovo neizostavan.
dragocjene spremnike vode za napajanje stoke, a u
manjoj mjeri i za navodnajvanje pojedinih kultura. Od kraja 17. st. do prve polovice 19. st. na
topografskim i pomorskim kartama postupno se izraðuju
Relativno krta prirodno-geografska osnova, èini se,
detaljniji i realniji prikazi koji omoguæuju rekonstrukciju
presudan je èimbenik koji je onemoguæio stvaranje
razvojnog puta geografskih spoznaja te tijeka historijsko-
stalnog naselja na Kornatima. Cijela je otoèna skupina
geografskih mijena krajolika Kornata. Posebno se istièe
zapravo èinila koloniju pojedinih zadarskih veleposjednika
problem dezertifikacije kornatskog kra, koji je zaustavljen
(Skraèiæ, Baiæ, 2004). Na njihovim posjedima zemlju su
tek sredinom 20. st. uglavnom poradi intenzivne
obraðivali i sitnu stoku napasali otoèani sa susjednoga
deagrarizacije. Èini se da upravo suvremena regeneracija
Dugog otoka (posebno iz mjesta Sali i Zaglava), a od 18.
otoènoga biljnog pokrova, u vremenu kada stoèarstva i
st. sve vie i stanovnici Betine i Murtera s otoka Murtera.
drugih oblika agrarne proizvodnje gotovo i nema, upuæuje
Ti su koloni na otoku boravili samo privremeno tijekom
na obrnuti tijek oblikovanja otoènog krajolika u
sezonskih poljodjelskih poslova, a dio je na otoku boravio
razdobljima intenzivnije agrarne valorizacije. 61
naizmjenice èuvajuæi velika stada ovaca i koza. Murterini
su tzv. kupovtinom u vie navrata tijekom druge polovice
19. st. otkupili najveæi dio kornatskih posjeda i postali Cilj i metodologija istraivanja
veæinski vlasnici cijeloga arhipelaga (Kuluiæ, 1965, 2000,
2001). Od tada postoje neraskidive funkcionalne veze Cilj istraivanja je na temelju kartografskih izvora
Kornata s Murterom i ostatkom ibenske regije. Nakon utvrditi tijek povijesno-geografskog razvitka, odnosno
kupovtine najplodnije, ali povrinom neznatne povrine, potvrditi poznata pisana i materijalna svjedoèanstva o
ostale su u vlasnitvu Saljana i Zaglavaca pa su razlièitim oblicima gospodarskoga vrjednovanja
murterinski Kurnatari bili primorani kulturi privoditi kornatskog arhipelaga. S obzirom na ogranièene
povrine s oskudnim tlima, to je, uz izgradnju dugih moguænosti kartografske tehnologije u starijim
suhozida za potrebe razgranièenja panjaèkih povrina, razdobljima povijesnog razvoja kartografije (Bagrow,
znaèajno pridonijelo izmjeni kulturnoga krajolika otoka. Skelton, 1966, Markoviæ, 1993, Slukan Altiæ, 2003) te na
Kornatski akvatorij èinio je glavno zadarsko ribolovno skromne geografske spoznaje o kornatskom prostoru,
podruèje, a uz hvarsko-viki akvatorij, bio je najvanije stare karte nisu uvijek pouzdan izvor geografskih
ribolovno podruèje istoène obale Jadrana (Basioli, 1962, podataka pa stoga nije moguæe oèekivati prekretnièke
Filipi, 1976). Razumljivo je stoga to V. M. Coronelli, rezultate.
vodeæi talijanski kartograf s kraja 17. st., na kartama uz Koristi se progresivna metoda pri èemu je
prikaz Kornata navodi biljeku pesche di Zara. interpretacija geografskog sadraja na starim kartama u
Coronellija slijede i drugi kartografi tijekom 18. st. funkciji:
Iskljuèivo pravo ribolova imali su saljski ribari, a ostali
(Iani, Murterini, Vrgaðani i dr.) su se upornim a) utvrðivanja historijsko-geografskih mijena kornatskoga
nastojanjima uspjeli izboriti tek za manje povlastice otoènog krajolika i razvoja drutveno-gospodarskog
ribolova na loijim pozicijima (potama). Saljski su ribari sustava unutar otoènog dijela zadarske regije
na Jadri (Pikeri) podigli ribarsko naselje, jedino takve b) utvrðivanja slijeda geografskih spoznaja o kornatskim
vrste na cijelom Jadranu, s ribarskim stanovima, crkvom otocima tijekom prolosti od prvih detaljnijih
(Gospe od Anðela) i malim katelom na Veloj Panituli kartografskih prikaza do poèetka 19. st., neposredno
koji je s Pikerom bio povezan pokretnim mostom. prije katastarskih i hidrografskih izmjera, koje su
Viestoljetna ispaa, proizvodnja vapna u rezultirale prvim pouzdanim kartama.
vapnenicama te sjeèa drva za potrebe loenja luèi s Karte nerijetko, s obzirom na prikazani geografski
kojima se svjetlilo u noænom ribolovu na malu plavu ribu sadraj, kronoloki kasne za pisanim izvorima (arhivskim
osnovni su uzroci degradacije biljnog pokrova na dokumentima) pa u trenutku izdanja vie nisu aktualne.
kornatskim otocima. Poradi toga prevladavaju krke goleti Taj je problem posebno izraen kod brojnih karata na
(zone kamenjara te niskog i rijetkog raslinja), a rijetki kojima je manje ili vie uspjeno reproducirana
maslinici i vinogradi èine tek male oaze u otoènom kartografsko-geografska graða vodeæih europskih
krajoliku. kartografskih autoriteta (Pagana, Gastaldija, Coronellija
i dr.) ili pojedinih domaæih autora, posebno Koluniæa i
***
Kornati Islands on Old Geographic Maps and Charts KiG 2005, 4
b) of defining the course of geographic notions about of Kornati. Along with the above mentioned, we should
the Kornati islands during the past from the first also point out the works by J. Basioli (1962, 1974a, 1974b,
detailed cartographic presentations till the beginning 1978), who has given a thorough presentation of the
of the 19th century, immediately before the cadastral development of fishing activities in the territorial waters
and hydrographic surveys resulting in the first reliable of Kornati on the basis of the archive material.
maps.
Special contribution to the studying of Kornati has been
Maps are very often chronologically late, referring to made by the research the results of which have been
the presented geographic contents, as related to the published in the proceedings Kornati (Ecological
written sources (archive documents, and they are very monographs 7) from the Natural basis, protection, social
often not updated at the moment of their publication. This and economic valorisation of Kornati symposium (Murter,
problem is especially emphasized on numerous maps Tisno, Kornati, ibenik, 1995). In spite of many valuable
on which the cartographic and geographic contents are contributions from various scientific disciplines (from
more or less successfully reproduced by leading geology and geography to botany and ichtiology), some
European cartographers (Pagano, Gastaldi, Coronelli and key issues referring to historical and geographical problems
others) or by some homeland authors, especially Koluniæ of the Kornati area have still not been solved, especially
and Bonifacio (Kozlièiæ, 1995, Farièiæ, 2003a, 2003b). the problem of no permanent island settlement existing on
Nevertheless, the spatial data from old geographic maps the Kornati islands. It would be logical to expect some
and charts significantly complete the picture of social and settlements having in mind the area of the islands and some
economic development of Kornati in the past, even in analogous examples at the Adriatic Sea.3
such circumstances.
There have also been no special works published so
In order to make optimal estimation of the quality of far about old cartographic presentations of Kornati,
geographic contents from the old maps, the comparison although M. Markoviæ (1993) gave the reproductions of
62 has been made with modern charts and topographic some old maps with Kornati presented there in the work
maps (Markoviæ, 1993, Slukan Altiæ, 2003, Farièiæ, Descriptio Croatiae, and M. Kozlièiæ (1995) set forth a
2003b), and one has also used the results of multiple useful overview of the island toponymy along with
field researches. Relevant reference sources have been numerous reproductions in his synthesis about the
consulted that have made influence on the creation of mapping of the Croatian coast. Valuable reproductions
scientific and methodological research framework. were also published by L. Lago (1998) in his monograph
about old maps of the Adriatic Sea. In any case, the above
The paper includes the chronological sequence from
mentioned historical and cartographic synthesis by M.
the first presentations of the Kornati islands till the
Markoviæ,4 M. Kozlièiæ and L. Lago and the most recent
beginning of the 19th century. The final part contains the
works by M. Slukan Altiæ (2003) and M. Lapaine with
cartographic presentation of Kornati on the 7th map from
collaborators (Novak et al., 2005) make a good basis for
the Carta di Cabottagio del Mare Adriatico edition
systematic research of mapping of the Croatian coastal
published by the Military and Geographic Institute from
area, as well as of the Kornati island group.
Milan in 1824. The group of Kornati islands is presented
there comprehensively for the first time as the result of
systematic hydrographic survey of the Adriatic Sea that Kornati on geographic maps and
significantly changed the methodology of mapping the
charts till the end of the 17th century
Croatian coastal area.2
If we exclude the schematic presentation of the whole
Overview of former research northern Dalmatian island group on the 5th map of Europe
by Claudius Ptolemy from the 2nd century (Markoviæ,
There has been a lot written about Kornati in the 1993, Kozlièiæ, 1995, Farièiæ, 2003a), the first cartographic
Croatian geographic literature. A concise overview of presentations of Kornati are late medieval portolan charts.
geographic features is given by Marèiæ (1930) and Rubiæ According to the basic features of portolans of the
(1952). The best overview of geographic problems is Mediterranean Sea and the Adriatic Sea (Markoviæ, 1974,
given by S. Kuluiæ (1965, 1999, 2000, 2001), A.-R. Filipi Tomoviæ, 1979, Kozlièiæ, 1995, Wigal, 2000), the islands
(1972, 1976, 2003) and M. A. Friganoviæ (1984, 1995), are presented in a stereotype manner, without some
and recently, the works by V. Skraèiæ (Skraèiæ, 1987,
Skraèiæ, Baiæ, 2004) are quite prominent. In these works, 3
Of course, this does not imply the conclusion that the lack of a
one can find a detailed survey of historical development, permanent settlement automatically means that Kornat was
uninhabited; on the contrary, there are many evidences of the
as well as the synthesis of all relevant geographic features beginnings of social-economic valorisation of the whole island group.
See more in Farièiæ, J. (2005): Zato se na Kornatu nije razvilo stalno
2
The Austrian hydrographic survey was preceded by the French survey naselje?, www.geografija.hr (http://www.geografija.hr/novosti.asp?
conducted at the beginning of the 19th century by Ch. F. Beautemps id_novosti= 666&id_projekta=0).
Beaupré (Grakaliæ, 1962, Racetin, 1983), but it did not include the 4
Unfortunately, of significantly lower value are the historical-geographic
whole eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. Among other things, the data about Kornati in Markoviæs synthesis about Croatian islands
territorial water of Paman and ibenik channel in the neighbourhood where, by some awkward criteria, already known facts about the
of Kornati were also surveyed and mapped (Beautemps Beaupré, islands are listed, but with no scientific facts from after mid 1970s
1808). (Markoviæ, 2004).
KiG 2005, 4 Kornati na starim geografskim i pomorskim kartama
Bonifacija (Kozlièiæ, 1995, Farièiæ, 2003a, 2003b). Ipak, i u Takoðer, do sada nisu objavljeni posebni radovi o
takvim okolnostima prostorni podatci sa starih geografskih starim kartografskim prikazima Kornata, premda je M.
i pomorskih karata bitno upotpunjuju sliku o drutveno- Markoviæ (1993) u djelu Descriptio Croatiae dao
gospodarskom razvitku Kornata tijekom prolosti. reprodukcije nekih starih karata s prikazom Kornata, a
M. Kozlièiæ (1995) uz brojne reprodukcije iznio i koristan
Kako bi se optimalno procijenila kakvoæa geo-
pregled otoène toponimije u svojoj sintezi o kartografiranju
grafskog sadraja sa starih karata uèinjena je usporedba
hrvatske obale. Vrijedne reprodukcije objavio je i L. Lago
sa suvremenim pomorskim i topografskim karatama
(1998) u monografiji o starim kartama Jadrana. U svakom
(Markoviæ, 1993, Slukan Altiæ, 2003, Farièiæ, 2003b), a
sluèaju, spomenute povijesno-kartografske sinteze M.
koriteni su i rezultati viekratnih terenskih istraivanja.
Markoviæa,4 M. Kozlièiæa i L. Laga te najnovija djela M.
Konzultirana je i relevantna literatura koja je utjecala na
Slukan Altiæ (2003) i M. Lapainea sa suradnicima (Novak
stvaranje znanstveno-metodolokog okvira istraivanja.
i dr., 2005) èine dobar temelj sustavnim istraivanjima
U radu je obuhvaæen kronoloki slijed od prvih prikaza razvoja kartografiranja hrvatskoga primorskog prostora,
kornatskih otoka do poèetka 19. st. U zavrnom je dijelu pa tako i kornatske otoène skupine.
ukljuèen kartografski prikaz Kornata na VII. karti edicije
Carta di Cabottagio del Mare Adriatico, to ju je objavio
Vojno-geografski institut iz Milana 1824. Tada se po prvi Kornati na geografskim i pomorskim
put kornatska otoèna skupina prikazuje sveobuhvatno, kartama do kraja 17. st.
to je rezultat sustavne hidrografske izmjere Jadrana
èime se bitno mijenja metodologija kartografiranja Ako se izuzme shematizirani prikaz cijele sjeverno-
hrvatskoga primorskog prostora.2 dalmatinske otoène skupine na 5. karti Europe Klaudija
Ptolemeja iz 2. st. (Markoviæ, 1993, Kozlièiæ, 1995, Farièiæ,
2003a), prvi kartografski prikazi Kornata jesu kasno-
Pregled dosadanjih istraivanja srednjovjekovne portulanske karte. U skladu s osnovnim 63
obiljejima portulana Sredozemnog mora i Jadrana
O Kornatima se do sada dosta pisalo u hrvatskoj (Markoviæ, 1974, Tomoviæ, 1979, Kozlièiæ, 1995, Wigal,
geografskoj literaturi. Saeti pregled geografskih obiljeja 2000), otoci su prikazani ablonizirano, bez pojedinih
daju Marèiæ (1930) i Rubiæ (1952). Ponajbolji pregled geografskih detalja. Meðutim, veæ samo kartografiranje i
geografske problematike dali su S. Kuluiæ (1965, 1999, imenovanje Kornata (redovito se koristio nesonim
2000, 2001), A.-R. Filipi (1972, 1976, 2003) i M. A. Encoronata, odnosno Incoronata5) na tim kartama sitnog
Friganoviæ (1984, 1995), a u novije vrijeme istièu se radovi mjerila (primjerice Vesconteova karta iz 1318.6, Benincasina
V. Skraèiæa (Skraèiæ, 1987, Skraèiæ, Baiæ, 2004). U tim je karta iz 1480.,7 Coppova karta iz 1525.8, Vavassoreova
radovima dan iscrpan pregled povijesnog razvoja te sinteza karta iz 1539.9 i dr.) ukazuje na njihovo znaèenje u sustavu
svih relevantnih geografskih znaèajki Kornata. Uz istoènojadranske obalne plovidbe. Geografski sadraj s
navedeno, potrebno je istaknuti i radove J. Basiolija (1962, portulanskih karata najèeæe je reproduciran i na
1974a, 1974b, 1978) koji je na temelju arhivske graðe dao (opæe)geografskim kartama, koje su nerijetko nastajale kao
temeljit prikaz razvitka ribolova u kornatskom akvatoriju. rezultat kompilacije razlièitih kartografskih i pisanih
Poseban prinos prouèavanju Kornata èine istraivanja geografskih, navigacijskih, diplomatskih, vojnih i drugih
èiji su rezultati objavljeni u zborniku Kornati (Ekoloke izvora. Geografska vizija Kornata dugo je bila nepro-
monografije 7) sa simpozija Prirodna podloga, zatita, mijenjena (usp. Gastaldijeva karta iz 1560.10, Camociova
drutveno i gospodarsko valoriziranje Kornata (Murter,
Tisno, Kornati, ibenik, 1995). Unatoè vrijednim prilozima
4
Na alost, znatno manju vrijednost imaju povijesno-geografski podatci
o Kornatima u Markoviæevoj sintezi o hrvatskim otocima u kojoj se, po
iz razlièitih znanstvenih disciplina (od geologije i geografije nekom neobiènom kriteriju iznose veæ poznate èinjenice o otocima, ali
do botanike i ihtiologije), jo uvijek nisu rijeena neka bez znanstvenih spoznaja mlaðih od sredine 1970-ih (Markoviæ, 2004).
kljuèna pitanja iz historijsko-geografske problematike 5
Znanstvenici jo dvoje oko imena otoka Kornata (Skok, 1950, Kuluiæ,
Kornata, posebno problem (ne)postojanja bar jednoga 1965, Filipi, 1972, Skraèiæ, 1987, Friganoviæ, 1995). U srednjovjekovnim
ispravama otok se naziva Insula Sanctae Mariae, odnosno Stomorin
stalnog otoènog naselja na samom Kornatu, koje bi bilo otok. To ime potjeèe od titulara kasnoantièke, a kasnije i
logièno oèekivati s obzirom na povrinu otoka i analogne srednjovjekovne crkve Sv. Marije, tj. Pohoðenja Marijina (Murterini je
primjere na Jadranu.3 nazivaju Gospa od Tarca) na poloaju Tarac podno bizantske utvrde
Torete. Moda latinski toponim Incoronata potjeèe od Marijine krune
krune Kraljice neba. Meðutim, kako murterinski Kurnatari kornatske
2
Austrijskoj hidrografskoj izmjeri prethodila je francuska izmjera koju je strukturne strmce nazivaju krune (Dugootoèani ih nazivaju stene),
na samom poèetku 19. st. predvodio Ch. F. Beautemps Beaupré postoji moguænost veze nesonima najveæeg otoka i cijele otoène
(Grakaliæ, 1962, Racetin, 1983), ali ona nije obuhvatila cijelu istoènu skupine upravo s tim pojmom. U puèkoj tradiciji do danas se oèuvao
obalu Jadrana. Uz ostalo, izmjeren je i kartografiran Kornatima nesonim Krunarski otoci.
susjedan akvatorij Pamanskoga i ibenskog kanala (Beautemps 6
Petrus Vesconte: /Jadransko more/, Venezia, 1318. (Kozlièiæ, 1995)
Beaupré, 1808). 7
Gratiosus Benincasa: /Istoèno Sredozemlje/, Ancona, 1480. (Kozlièiæ,
3
Dakako, s time se ne implicira zakljuèak kako nepostojanje stalnog 1995)
naselja automatski znaèi kako je Kornat bio nenaseljen, èak tovie, 8
Pietro Coppo: Carta del Colfo Adrian, Venezia, 1515. (Kozlièiæ, 1995)
postoje brojni tragovi koji svjedoèe o ranim poèetcima drutveno- 9
Giovanni Andreas Vavassore: Qvesta e la perfetta et vera descrittione
gospodarskoga vrjednovanja cijele otoène skupine. Vie o tome vidi et il vero disegno et sito del Mare Adriatico,
, Venezia, 1558.
kod Farièiæ, J. (2005): Zato se na Kornatu nije razvilo stalno naselje?, (Markoviæ, 1993, Kozlièiæ, 1995, Lago, 1998)
www.geografija.hr (http://www.geo-grafija.hr/novosti.asp? id_novosti 10
Giacomo Gastaldi: Il disegno della geografia moderna del tvta la
=666&id_projekta=0). provincia de la Italia, Rim, 1560. (Lago, 1998)
Kornati Islands on Old Geographic Maps and Charts KiG 2005, 4
Fig. 3. Kornati on the map of the Zadar archipelago by Piri Reis, 1525
Slika 3. Kornati na karti zadarskog arhipelaga Piri Reisa, 1525.
66 2004). The approach to Proversa could be controlled from the Adriatic area was made in a renaissance manner. The
them, as well as the navigation through the Kornati channel Ortelius's map of Iliricum from 1595 15 is especially
closed by the Kornat and the Pikera island group. distinguished among them with Kornati named there with
a name Celadussae Insulae also mentioned by Plinius the
On the basis of the comparison made between the
Older in the work titled Naturalis historia (Kuluiæ, 2000).
Reis's presentation of Kornati, but also of the whole Zadar
archipelago with the presentation on the Venetian maps G. Rosaccio named the whole Kornat with the name
made at the same time, it was possible to conclude that Torreta 16 at the beginning of the 17th century. It is
the Ottoman Turks used to have remarkably detailed unusual that the island was named like that in the
geographic notions about the cartographic space. They moment when the fortification itself had already lost its
needed them in planning military operations at the eastern significance. It is obvious that there were medieval
Adriatic Sea and its immediate background that were reminiscences about its significance for the control of
developing with great intensity exactly at the time of navigation in those northern Dalmatian territorial waters.
Suleyman the Legislator reigning, the first half of the 16th Rosaccio mapped Pikera as well (Peschiere).
century (Matuz, 1992). Only a very small map of the Zadar
Janssonius's presentation of Kornati on the map of
and the ibenik region by Pagano from the beginning of
Zadar and ibenik region17 originates from the first half
1530s can be faced with the above-mentioned map with
of the 17th century. It was the most detailed cartographic
regard to its quality and richness. Unfortunately, this map
presentation of the Kornati archipelago until that time.
lacks the presentation of the largest part of the northern
Along with Kornat (Incoronata), other larger islands were
Dalmatian territorial waters including the Kornati islands.
also mentioned: ut (Zunchio), Sit (Sit) and Katina
The charts made by D. Homen (Slukan, 1998) with
(Catina). The Proversa passage (Prouersa) is especially
Kornati (Incoronata), Proversa (Pasara), Toreta (Toreta)
distinguished. The settlement Pikera (Peschiere) is
and Pikera (Peshera) presented on them are
incorrectly delineated at the location of the Vrulja bay on
distinguished by their to some extent detailed production
Kornat. In spite of the mistake, the presentations made
referring to the small map scale. This is the first known
by Janssonius make a valuable synthesis of older
presentation of Pikera, the fishing settlement built in the
cartographic works and, after P. Reis, the best
first half of the 16th century in the sheltered bay between
presentation of the Kornati island group until that time.
the island Panitula and Jadro (Pikera). In this settlement,
the fishermen from the place Sali stayed during the fishing Numerous later presentations (e.g. the presentation
season (summer darkness, i.e. the time of the new moon) of the island on Lucius's map of Iliricum from 1669 and
who were there for fishing small blue fish using lights others), have not brought anything new in mapping the
(torches) that attracted large blue fish. The significance
of this fishing settlement, i.e. the surrounding blue fish 15
Abraham Ortelius: Pannoniae, et Illyrici veteris tabvla, Theatrum
fishing area was very big because the fishermen from Orbis Terrarum, Antwerpen 1595. (Markoviæ, 1993)
16
Giuseppe Rosaccio: Descrittione Di quello, che I Turchi possedono
Sali provided fish (salted) not only for Zadar, but also for in Europa, con i confini dì Pr(inci)pi (Christ)ianni, Venecija, 1606.
Venice (Basioli, 1962, Filipi, 1976). (Kozlièiæ, 1995)
17
Jan Janssonius: Sicvm at Aenona Vulgo Zara, Sebenico et Nona
At the end of the 16th century, a large number of cum Insulis adjacentibus in Parte Dalmatiae Boreali (No 99), Novus
historical maps with presentations of antique geography of atlas sive theatrum orbis terrarum, Amsterdam, 1646.
KiG 2005, 4 Kornati na starim geografskim i pomorskim kartama
Kornati islands until the end of the 17th century, so it is of vegetation on Kornat and ut is also very unusual. It is
not possible to make any relevant conclusions about the not quite clear what Coronelli wanted to present using
development of geographic notions or about some other stereotype drawings of trees. According to some other
more important information that would enable the historical sources (Kuluiæ, 2000), it can be concluded that
reconstruction of historical and geographic development. the vegetation on the island was degraded at that time with
various types of economic valorisation.
68
Coronelli's and Coronellian Westwards from Kornati there was a note saying
Pesche di Zara, and Pikera (Peschiere) was specially
presentations of Kornati
mapped, which was also used by this cartographer to
indicate a very important fishing area of Zadar region.
The island group of Kornati is presented in a specially
detailed manner on the maps made by V. M. Coronelli, Coronelli had significantly widened the geographic
the official Venetian cartographer from the end of the 17th notions about Kornati, but also about the whole Croatian
century (Markoviæ, 1993, Kozlièiæ, 1995, Farièiæ, 1998, coastal area. His contemporaries recognized it, so he
2003a). Coronelli presented Kornati on general became very respected. Coronelli's geographic material
geographic maps of the Adriatic Sea (Golfo di Venezia), was accepted as a kind of cartographic canon, and very
the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea (Ristretto della soon various reproductions followed, made by numerous
Dalmazia Diuisa ne Suoi Contadi, gia presenta alla European cartographers. The whole 18th century was
Serenissima Republica di Venezia, et. c., Parte characterized by a whole series of so-called Coronellian
Occidentale) and on the topographic map of Zadar cartographic presentations. The most prominent among
administrative and territorial region (Contado di Zara. them are first of all the works by Coronelli's contemporaries
Parte della Dalmatia) published in the Mari, Golfi, Isole, G. Cantelli19 and the works by J. B. Nolin,20 N. Sanson
... isolario18 in Venice in 1688, and on the Corso del junior,21 the brothers R. and J. Ottens,22 J. B. Homan,23 M.
Danubio da Vienna Sin à Nicopoli e Paesi Adiacenti map, Seutter24 and J. N. Bellin25.
published in the Corso Geografico Universale atlas, in
Venice in 1692. The presentation on the map of the Zadar
19
Giacomo Cantelli da Vignola: La Croatia e Contea di Zara , Rim,
1690. (Markoviæ, 1993)
region is made in a specially detailed manner. 20
Jean B. Nolin: Le Royaume de Dalmacie Divise en ses comtez,
Coronelli mapped all larger Kornati islands: Kornat territoires etc. La Morlaquie, et la Bosnie, Paris, 1690. (Markoviæ, 1993)
21
Nicolas Sanson: Le Golfe de Venise Avec ses Principaux Caps,
(Isola Coronata), ut (Isola di Suth ò Zunchio), Raip Promontoires, & Ports de Mer, Paris, 1693.
(Rachio), Jadra (Giadra Sc.), Lavsa (Iapsa Sc.), Vela 22
Reiner i Joshua Ottens: Nouvelle Carte Du Royaume de Dalmacie
Smokvica (Smoguizza), kulj (Paghara), Kurba Vela Divise en ses Comtes, Territoires, etc la Morlaquie, la Bosnie, et la
(Pougliana Sc.) and Dajna (Dagna Sc.). All external Kornati Servie, Partie de la Hongrie, Croatie, Albanie, Istrie, & Roy.e de Naples
Amsterdam, 1720. (DAZd, Geographic and topographic maps, Sign.
islands were named with a unique name Scogli Coronati. 25)
23
Johann Baptist Homann: Danubii Fluminis (ab urbe Lentia usque et
The presentations of the islands Kornat and ut are
ultra Bydenam urbem cum influentibus fluviis delineati) Pars Media,
distinguished because of the given details. Coronelli in qua Hungaria, Sclavonia, Bosnia, Dalmatia, et Servia cum vicinis
delineated the central island ridge in the middle of the aliis Regionibus accurate describuntur à Ioh. Bapt. Homanno S. C.
islands, using the so-called molehill method. The M. Geographo Norimbergae, cca 1740. (Scinetific Library in Zadar,
Sign. 10421 A, list XXX)
Kravljaèica and Vrulje bays are pointed out on Kornat 24
Georg Matthaus Seutter: Nova et accurata Hungarie cum adiacentib.
(where occasional settlements having the same names Regn. et Principatibus Tabula aeri incisa et venum exposita à Matth.
would be developed), as well as the Opat (P. dOrih) cape. Seuttero S. Caes. M. Geogr. Augusta, cca 1740. (Scientific Library
Toreta (Toretta) was also mapped. Coronelli's presentation in Zadar, Sign. 10421 A, list XCIX)
25
Jacques Nicolas Bellin: 2e Feuille Suite de la Coste de Dalmatie Et
18
Vincenzo Maria Coronelli: Mari, golfi, isole, spiaggie, porti, citta, Environs de Zara et de Sebenico Avec les Isles qui en sont au Sud,
fortezze, ed altri Luoghi DellIstria, Quarner, Dalmazia, Albania, Epiro, Description Géographique du Golphe de Venise et de la Morée, Paris,
e Livadia, Venezia, 1688. (DAZd, Sign. 784/II. E. 12 i 784 II. A*) 1771.
KiG 2005, 4 Kornati na starim geografskim i pomorskim kartama
69
Fig. 7. Representation of Kornati on Coronellis map of the Zadara region, 1688.
Slika 7. Prikaz Kornata na Coronellijevoj karti zadarske regije, 1688.
Coronelli je znatno produbio geografske spoznaje o Na osobit naèin moguæe je Coronellijeve podatke
Kornatima, ali i o cijelom hrvatskom priobalju. Njegovi su suèeliti s geografskim podatcima talijanskog geografa G.
suvremenici to prepoznali pa je stekao velik ugled. Albrizzija iz sredine 18. st.26 Otok Kornat (Coronata),
Coronellijeva geografska graða prihvaæena je kao navodi Albrizzi, ima opseg od 40 milja (tj. 74,2 km), iako
svojevrsni kartografski kanon pa su ubrzo uslijedile je duljina obalne crte zapravo neto manja i iznosi 68,7
razlièite reprodukcije brojnih europskih kartografa. km (Duplanèiæ Leder i dr., 2004). I Albrizzi u svom
Tijekom cijeloga 18. st. provlaèi èitav niz tzv. geografskom kompendiju posebno izdvaja kornatsku
coronellijanskih kartografskih prikaza. Meðu njima se utvrdu Toretu (Torretta). Zanimljiva je biljeka kako je
ponajprije istièu kasniji radovi Coronellijevoga
suvremenika G. Cantellija19 te radovi J. B. Nolina,20 N.
Sansona mlaðeg,21 braæe R. i J. Ottens,22 J. B. Homana,23
M. Seuttera24 i J. N. Bellina25.
19
Giacomo Cantelli da Vignola: La Croatia e Contea di Zara , Rim,
1690. (Markoviæ, 1993)
20
Jean B. Nolin: Le Royaume de Dalmacie Divise en ses comtez,
territoires etc. La Morlaquie, et la Bosnie, Pariz, 1690. (Markoviæ,
1993)
21
Nicolas Sanson: Le Golfe de Venise Avec ses Principaux Caps,
Promontoires, & Ports de Mer, Pariz, 1693.
22
Reiner i Joshua Ottens: Nouvelle Carte Du Royaume de Dalmacie
Divise en ses Comtes, Territoires, etc la Morlaquie, la Bosnie, et la
Servie, Partie de la Hongrie, Croatie, Albanie, Istrie, & Roy.e de
Naples Amsterdam, 1720. (DAZd, Geografske i topografske karte,
Sign. 25)
23
Johann Baptist Homann: Danubii Fluminis (ab urbe Lentia usque et Fig. 8. Coronellian presentation of the Kornati island
ultra Bydenam urbem cum influentibus fluviis delineati) Pars Media,
group on the map of the Adriatic Sea made by the
in qua Hungaria, Sclavonia, Bosnia, Dalmatia, et Servia cum vicinis
aliis Regionibus accurate describuntur à Ioh. Bapt. Homanno S. C.
Ottens brothers, 1720
M. Geographo Norimbergae, cca 1740. (Znanstvena knjinica u Slika 8. Coronellijanski prikaz kornatske otoène
Zadru, Sign. 10421 A, list XXX) skupine na karti Jadrana braæe Ottens, 1720.
24
Georg Matthaus Seutter: Nova et accurata Hungarie cum adiacentib.
Regn. et Principatibus Tabula aeri incisa et venum exposita à Matth.
Seuttero S. Caes. M. Geogr. Augusta, cca 1740. (Znanstvena 26
Giambatista Albrizzi: Lo Stato presente di Tutti i Paesi, e popoli del
knjinica u Zadru, Sign. 10421 A, list XCIX) Mondo naturale, politico, e morale, con nuove osservazioni, e
25
Jacques Nicolas Bellin: 2e Feuille Suite de la Coste de Dalmatie Et correzioni degli antichi e moderni viaggiatori, Libro XX. (Primo parte):
Environs de Zara et de Sebenico Avec les Isles qui en sont au Sud, Continuazione DellItalia o sia descrizione degli altri stati del Dominio
Description Géographique du Golphe de Venise et de la Morée, Pariz, Veneto, cioe del Dogado, Trivigiano, Friuli, Istria, Dalmazia e levante
1771. (Sveuèilina knjinica u Splitu, Sign. R-684) Veneto, Isole del Contado di Zara.,Venecija 1753.
Kornati Islands on Old Geographic Maps and Charts KiG 2005, 4
It is possible to face the Coronelli's data with the occurring at the end of the 17th century and at the
geographic data given by the Italian geographer G. Albrizzi beginning of the 18th century in the area of Dalmatinska
from the middle of the 18th century26. The island Kornat Zagora and the area of Lower Neretva river (aquisto
(Coronata), as stated by Albrizzi, has the circumference of nuovo and aquisto nuovissimo; Raukar et al., 1987,
40 miles (i.e. 74.2 km), although the length of the coast Antoljak, 1994). On that occasion, adequate survey
70
line is somewhat smaller and runs up to 68.7 km (Duplanèiæ procedures were also carried out in the island part of the
Leder et al., 2004). In his geographic opus Albrizzi also region resulting in a detailed presentation of Kornati27,
separates the Kornat fortification Toreta (Torretta). The note among other things.
about Kornat being too rich with pastures (abbondatissima
Kornat (Isola Coronata with the cape Opat), Sit (Sit),
di pascoli) is very interesting. The cattle-raising valorisation
Kurba Mala (Curba), æitna (Schitna), ut (Zut), Kamenar
of the pastures on Kornat was specially intensified after
(Camenar), Dajna (Daina), Katina (Catena), Levrnaka
the inhabitants of Murter started to deal with this activity
(Louernaca), Mana (Mana), Raip (Rasir), Pikera-Jadra
from the first half of the 17th century, raising their cattle, as
(Iadra and Peschiere), Lavsa (Lapsa), Babina Guzica
well as the cattle of landowners from Zadar and Sali
(Babinaguzizza), kulj (Scuglio) and Vela and Mala Kurba
(Kuluiæ, 2001). There are 60 abandoned islands in the
(Curba mala, Curba vela) are mentioned on the topographic
group of Kornati islands, states Albrizzi, with ut (Suth o
map. Although there are no more significant data enabling
Zonchio), Dajna (Dagna), Smokvica (Smoquizza) and
the observation in continuo of historical and geographic
Kurba Vela (Pougliana) standing out. One gets the
development of Kornati, a lot of toponymes and the advance
impression that he used Coronelli's map writing about
in the presentation of the coastal line indicate that there
Kornati. This is confirmed in the geographic map that was
was further development of geographic notions about this
published as an attachment to Albrizzi's geographic
part of South Croatia. This topographic map has been
encyclopaedia.
reproduced with some smaller changes and supplements
by many later cartographers during the 18th century,
Geographic crystallization of the especially P. Santini, A. Grandis, F. Zavoreo with Melchiori
and L. Furlanetto28 and at the beginning of the 19th century,
Kornati island group on the maps from
again F. Zavoreo (Farièiæ, 2003a). P. Santini supplemented
the 18th and the beginning of the 19th in 178029 the above mentioned topographic presentation
century by mapping Trimuliæ near ut (Tremoli) and Tajer, i.e. Vela
Sestrica (Tuglier) situated on the western (sea) side of the
Geographic crystallization of notions about the Kornati entrance of the narrow territorial waters between Dugi otok
island group was possible due to topographic surveys and Kornati30.
made at the beginning of the 18th century that cannot be
actually considered true geodetic surveys that were first 27
Most of the topographic maps of Dalmatia produced in 1718 are
made somewhat later in France (Lovriæ, 1988), but they kept at the War Archive in Vienna, while in Croatia, as far as it is
are a very important step in the development of known, tere is only the Dissegno corografico della provinzia di
Dalmazia map by an unknown author (DAZd, Geografske i
cartographic methods. Venetians tried to survey and map topografske karte Dalmacije, Sign. 6 i 10)
the territory of Dalmatia after considerable expansions 28
Melchiori, Zavoreo i Furlanetto: Nuova carta Topografica della
Provincia di Dalmazia divisa ne suoi territori, Venecija, 1787. (DAZd,
26
Giambatista Albrizzi: Lo Stato presente di Tutti i Paesi, e popoli del Geografske i topografske karte Dalmacije, Sign. 222)
Mondo naturale, politico, e morale, con nuove osservazioni, e 29
Pietro Santini: Nouvelle Carte de la Partie Occidentale de Dalmatie,
correzioni degli antichi e moderni viaggiatori, Libro XX. (Primo parte): dressée sur les lieux, Venecija, 1780. (DAZd, Geografske i
Continuazione DellItalia o sia descrizione degli altri stati del Dominio topografske karte Dalmacije, Sign. 26 and 30)
Veneto, cioe del Dogado, Trivigiano, Friuli, Istria, Dalmazia e levante 30
A lighthouse with permanent crew was erected on Tajer in 19th centruy
Veneto, Isole del Contado di Zara.,Venecija 1753. due to great importance for terestric navigation of Kornati waters.
KiG 2005, 4 Kornati na starim geografskim i pomorskim kartama
Fig. 11. The archipelago of Kornati on the map of Dalmatia by Melciori, Zavoreo and Furlaneto, 1787
Slika 11. Kornatski arhipelag na karti Dalmacije Melciorija, Zavorea i Furlanetta, 1787.
On the topographic model from 1718, A. Grandis Obscene toponymic figures suggest the fieldwork of
made a new geographic map of Dalmatia31. This map by cartographers and polling of native speakers, perhaps
Grandis was largely reproduced by M. de Traux in 181032 without true understanding of what single toponymes
72 and F. Zavoreo in 181133. For this map Grandis applied mean. It is possible to notice other interesting things
the hatching technique in order to achieve the plastic among toponymes. The cartographer distinguishes Jadra
presentation of basic geomorphological forms. This (island) and Pikera (fishing settlement), although a
method was, however, insufficient to present real height unique toponyme Pikera is used on modern topographic
relationships on the islands of the Kornati archipelago, maps. The example of the small island of Glavoè situated
and since the applied method was not yet standardized northwest from ut is also very interesting. The islanders
(it was made about twenty years later by G. Lehman; called this island after the fish belonging to the group
Peterca et al., 1988), the presentation of slope inclination Gobidae. On modern charts and topographic maps, the
angles is not appropriate. name Glamoè after standard name of that fish (according
to Jardas, 1996), and not after its local name (glavoè).
Grandis has made significant completion of the island
These examples suggest the need for redefining of
toponymy. Sit (Sit), Balabra (Lopis), æitna (Schitna),
geographic contents on modern maps because they
Kurba Mala (Curba), Skala (Scala) and Boikovac
contain toponymes that are not used by the islanders
(Bosichna) are presented in the Sit island group, Trimuliæi
themselves, i.e. that they do not exist in the living
(Trimoli), Glamoè (Glavoz), ut (Scoglio Zut), Tovarnjak
language of the area where the objects they were named
(Tovergnac; the small island is incorrectly mapped in the
after are.
ut channel, instead in the Kornati channel), Svrata
(Sferzata), Kamenar (Kamenar) and Dajna (Daina) in the In 1783 F. Gironci made the topographic map
ut island group, Aba (Aba), Katina (Cattena) and the presenting a part of the northern Dalmatian island group34
Proversa (Proverse) passage between Dugi otok and with the Kornati archipelago presented on it as well. More
Kornat, and Kornat with the Opat (Is. Coronata, Pnta Opat) important objects of the island infrastructure are
cape, Velo ilo (Sitan), Obruèan (Costaz), Levrnaka presented there, too. This map was made in similar
(Lavernata), Balun (Balon), Mana (Mana), Pleæina circumstances as the majority of maps from the collection
(Pleschina and Borofnich), Mali Raip (Basir mali), Veli of Grimani's maps named after Grimani who, in 1756,
Raip (Basir veli), Bisagica (Bisagiz), Koritnjak (Corgnaz), passed the Regulation about defining the land
Jadra (Iadra), Pikera (Peschiera), Lavsa (Lapsa), kulj relationships in Dalmatia (so called Grimani's act;
(Scugli), Smokvica (Smoguizza), Kurba Mala (Curba Ungarov, 1992, Martinoviæ et al., 2003). However, it is
mala), Kurba Vela (Curba vela) and Babina guzica not in the collection of Grimani's maps or in the collection
(Babina gusizza) in the Kornat and the Pikera island of Geographic and topographic maps of Dalmatia, and
group. Kuluiæ (2000) who made very good reproductions of two
segments of the above mentioned maps does not mention
31
Antonio Grandis: Dissegno o carta topografica della Dalmazia coretta, the collection and signature of where the map is.
retificata, e dellineata da me Giul.e Ant.o Grandis Put.o Perit.o 1781.
(DAZd, Geografske i topografske karte Dalmacije, Sign. 321) The presentation of Kornati by Gironci called Opat (Isola
32
Maximilian de Traux: Carte von Dalmatien und dem Gebieth von Opat) after the outermost southeastern cape of the island,
Ragusa, Beè i Peta 1810. (DAZd, Geografske i topografske karte contains interesting details of the area of Tarac with Toreto
Damacije, Sign. 12)
33
Frane Zavoreo: Carta della Dalmazia, Stato di Ragusa e Bocche di
Cataro nella qualle sono disegnate tutte le strade fabricate. le 34
Fran Gironci: Disegno Topografico di uno porozone d'Isole e Scogli
incominciate, e le progettate per lesercizio del 1811, Zadar, 1811. spettanti rispettavimente alla giurisdicione di Zara e sebenico, Zadar,
(DAZd, Geografske i topografske karte Dalmacije, Sign. 5) 1783 (State Archives in Zadar; as stated by Kuluiæ, 2000)
KiG 2005, 4 Kornati na starim geografskim i pomorskim kartama
prikaz osnovnih geomorfolokih oblika. Tom metodom, toponimi koje ne koriste sami otoèani, odnosno koji ne
dakako, nije uspio prikazati realne visinske odnose na postoje u ivom jeziku prostora u kojem se nalaze objekti
73
otocima kornatskog arhipelaga, a kako primijenjena koji su s njima imenovani.
metoda jo nije bila standardizirana (to je uèinio G.
Godine 1783. F. Gironci izradio je topografsku kartu
Lehman dvadesetak godina kasnije; Peterca i dr., 1988),
dijela sjevernodalmatinske otoène skupine34 na kojoj je
nije vjeran ni prikaz kutova nagiba padina.
prikazan i kornatski arhipelag. Na karti su, uz ostalo,
Grandis je na karti znaèajno upotpunio otoènu prikazani vaniji objekti otoène infrastrukture. Ta je karta
toponimiju. Prikazani su: Sit (Sit), Balabra (Lopis), æitna nastala u sliènim okolnostima kao i veæina karata zbirke
(Schitna), Kurba Mala (Curba), Skala (Scala) i Boikovac Grimanijevih mapa, nazvane prema generalnom
(Bosichna) u sitskoj otoènoj skupini, Trimuliæi (Trimoli), providuru Francescu Grimaniju koji je 1756. donio
Glamoè (Glavoz), ut (Scoglio Zut), Tovarnjak Odredbu o ureðenju zemljinih odnosa u Dalmaciji (tzv.
(Tovergnac; otoèiæ je krivo kartografiran u utskom Grimanijev zakon; Ungarov, 1992, Martinoviæ i dr., 2003).
namjesto u Kornatskom kanalu), Svrata (Sferzata), Meðutim, u fondu zbirke Grimanijevih mapa ni u fondu
Kamenar (Kamenar) i Dajna (Daina) u utskoj otoènoj Geografske i topografske karte Dalmacije je nema, a
skupini, Aba (Aba), Katina (Cattena) i prolaz Proversa Kuluiæ (2000) koji donosi dobre reprodukcije dvaju
(Proverse) izmeðu Dugog otoka i Kornata, te Kornat s segmenata navedene karte ne navodi fond i signaturu u
rtom Opat (Is. Coronata, Pnta Opat), Velo ilo (Sitan), kojemu se karta nalazi.
Obruèan (Costaz), Levrnaka (Lavernata), Balun (Balon),
Na Gironcijevom prikazu Kornata, koji se naziva Opat
Mana (Mana), Pleæina (Pleschina i Borofnich), Mali
(Isola Opat) po krajnjem jugoistoènom rtu otoka, zanimljivi
Raip (Basir mali), Veli Raip (Basir veli), Bisagica
su detalji predjela Tarac s Toretom i crkvom Pohoðenja
(Bisagiz), Koritnjak (Corgnaz), Jadra (Iadra), Pikera
Marijina, sagraðenom na temeljima veæe kasnoantièke
(Peschiera), Lavsa (Lapsa), kulj (Scugli), Smokvica
bazilike te plan ribarskoga naselja Pikera s crteom
(Smoguizza), Kurba Mala (Curba mala), Kurba Vela
Gospe od Anðela i mletaèkim katelom na Veloj Panituli.
(Curba vela) i Babina guzica (Babina gusizza) kornatskoj
i pikerskoj otoènoj skupini. S obzirom na osnovne znaèajke prikazanoga
geografskog sadraja na geografskim kartama tijekom
Opsceni toponimijski likovi ukazuju na terenski rad
18. st. nije moguæe utvrditi nikakve promjene u historijsko-
kartografa i anketiranje izvornih govornika, moda bez
geografskom razvoju kornatske otoène skupine.
pravog razumijevanja znaèenja pojedinih toponima. Meðu
Meðutim, njima se znaèajno upotpunjuju geografske
toponimima je moguæe uoèiti i druge zanimljivosti.
spoznaje o Kornatima s kojih se postupno skida veo
Kartograf razlikuje Jadru (otok) i Pikeru (ribarsko
kartografske tame. Poseban napredak uoèljiv je u
naselje), iako se na suvremenim topografskim kartama
prikazivanju razvedene obalne crte, koja je stanovnicima
koristi jedinstveni toponim Pikera. Znakovit je i primjer
okolnih otoka, ponajvie Saljanima s Dugog otoka, a od
otoèiæa Glavoè, koji se nalazi sjeverozapadno od uta.
17. st. sve vie i Murterinima, omoguæavala razlièite oblike
Otoèani su taj otoèiæ nazvali po ribi iz skupine Gobidae.
gospodarske valorizacije (ribolov, proizvodnja vapna i
Na modernim pomorskim i topografskim kartama koristi
kamenarstvo uz obalu poradi lakega transporta i sl.;
se nesonim Glamoè po knjievnom (prema Jardas, 1996),
a ne lokalnom imenu te ribe (glavoè). Ti primjeri ukazuju 34
Fran Gironci: Disegno Topografico di uno porozone dIsole e Scogli
na potrebu redefiniranja geografskog sadraja na spettanti rispettavimente alla giurisdicione di Zara e sebenico, Zadar,
suvremenim kartama jer su na njima oèito upisani 1783 (Dravni arhiv u Zadru; prema navodu Kuluiæ, 2000)
Kornati Islands on Old Geographic Maps and Charts KiG 2005, 4
Fig. 15. Kornati islands on the 7th Atlas sheet in the Carta di cabottagio del Mare Adriatico edition, 1822-1824
Slika 15. Kornatski otoci na VII. atlasnom listu edicije Carta di cabottagio del Mare Adriatico, 1822.-1824.
76
Kornati islands were presented) suggest the specific cattle rising, the old maps have no detailed presentation
management of the island territory and the belonging of the contents from the inner parts of individual islands
territorial waters, especially the prevailing significance (Kornat and ut).
of maritime affairs and the fishing trade.
The presented results should serve as geographic
Since the sources of geographic data were mostly and cartographic introduction, and especially as
from maritime milieu, and on Kornati islands themselves encouragement for more complex research of historical
there was no intensive economy, apart from extensive and geographic problems of Kornati.
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