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Module 1-4
Management – is a process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve specific objectives.
Coordinating work activities so that they are completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people.
Efficiency: getting the most output from the least input
Effectiveness: completing activities so that the organization’s goals are attained.
Functions of management:
Planning – a prerequisite of doing anything
- It involves determining objectives to be achieved and how they are going to achieve them.
- It is a mental effort by which managers anticipate the possible causes that may affect or change the activities of
an organizations
Organizing – can be viewed as a bridge connecting the conceptual ideas developed in planning
- It is the process of bringing together physical, financial, and human resources and developing productive
relationship amongst them for achievement of organizational goals.
Staffing – its main purpose is to hire the right people for the right jobs to achieve the objectives of the organization
Directing/Leading – involves guiding and leading the subordinates.
Controlling – is the process of checking whether or not proper progress is being made towards the objectives and goals and
acting if necessary to correct any deviation.
What is Organization?
Organization is defined as a social setting composed of several groups of people who bond and work together to
achieve a common purpose.
Types of Organization:
I. Government Organization - Aim to provide specific services to the general public related to improvement of lives and
protection of liberties. Government organizations may be in the form of national government agencies or local
government units (LGUs).
• National government agencies are mandated by law to perform specific duties and responsibilities and provide
services for people nationwide.
• Local Government units (LGUS) are also mandated by law to perform specific duties and provide services but only
for people within their respective areas of jurisdiction and responsibilities.
Skills of a Manager
Skill is the ability to perform a specific task to achieve the desired results.
Technical skills – This pertains to abilities or expertise to do the job required. For instance, a marketing officer has
to know how to analyze customers and to satisfy their needs.
Human skills – This pertains to interpersonal skills or the ability to work well with other people. This skill is
essential in handling and addressing individual differences and challenging tasks required among members.
Conceptual skills – This pertains to the ability to think critically and analytically. Conceptual skills are characterized
with the ability to see the big picture of things, understand their interrelationships, and analyze the causes and
implications of actions or situations.
Environmental Scanning – the process of assessing the internal and external operating environment of a firm to analyze
its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT Analysis). To formulate strategies for the firm, a manager
needs to conduct environmental scanning.
External analysis examines the opportunities and threats in the firm based on the different forces in the
environment (PEST). It also includes analysis of the competitive forces in specific industry where the firm belongs, such as
competitors, buyers/customers), suppliers, and substitutes for the firm’s product or service.
Internal analysis examines the strengths and weaknesses of the conditions inside the firm, such as skills and
competencies of employees, capacities of resources, organizational culture, and team spirit.
PEST – various forces in the macro environment that affect a firm.
Political-legal forces in the environment pertain to legal regulations, political orientations, government policies,
and compliance procedures of government bodies that affect or control the operations of a firm.
Economic forces include employment rates, income levels, inflation rates, savings and investment rates, insurance
rates, and monetary policies.
Sociocultural forces are people’s characteristics and lifestyles that impinge on the operations of a firm. They
pertain to social norms, customs, and values.
Technological forces recent advancements in technology have led to great strides in product innovations, process
improvements, and integrated systems in manufacturing and service sectors.