Pakistan Studies

Teacher: Sir Ghulam Baloch

By: Sarmad (26678)
Question 1:
What was the vision of Jinnah about two nation theory?

Answer:
The two-nation theory was the basis for the partition of India in 1947.
This theory supported the proposal that Muslims and non-Muslims
should be two separate nations. It states that Muslims and Hindus are
two separate nations by every definition. Therefore, Muslims should
be able to have their own separate homeland in the Muslim majority
areas of India, in which Islam can be practiced as the dominant
religion. It states that Muslims and Hindus are two separate nations
by every definition therefore, Muslims should be able to have their
own separate homeland in the Muslim majority areas of India, in
which Islam can be practiced as the dominant religion.

It was adopted by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who termed it as the

awakening of Muslims for the creation of Pakistan. Jinnah described
Muslims and Hindus as two separate nations.
“It is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common
nationality," he said.
“Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies,
social customs and literary traditions. They neither intermarry nor eat
together, and indeed they belong to two different civilizations which
are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions."
Muhammad Ali Jinnah refused to accept the Nehru’s notion that there
are only two forces in India, British imperialism and Indian nationalism
as represented by the Congress. He sharply reminded Nehru that
there was another party. The ‘Muslim League’ which alone had the
right to represent the Muslim’s of India. It has always been taken for
granted mistakenly that Muslims are a minority. He said, Muslims are
a nation by any definition of a nation. Hindu and Muslims belong to
two religions, philosophies, social customs and literature. The Muslims
were in a state of agony at the hands of Hindus and the British as
well. Jinnah believed that religion is a main conflict between Muslims
and Hindus of India. Jinnah stated, “We don’t demand Pakistan
simply to have a piece of land but we want a laboratory where we can
experiment on Islamic principles.”
He wanted a state where everyone irrespective of class and creed
were supposed to be equal and where religion would not play a
determining factor in the business of the state. At this critical time Sir
Syed Ahmad Khan, emerged as the only ray of hope for the
depressed Muslims. He rendered tremendous services for the uplift
the Muslims of India. In his speech at Lucknow on 15 Oct, 1937 Mr.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah said that:
“The majority community have clearly shown that Hindustan is for the
Hindus”
The Muslim under the dynamic and spirited leadership of Quaid-i-
Azam stood like a rock under the Muslim League flag. Urdu our
national language proved a battering ram for rousing the Muslim
nationalism and Pakistan’s spirit among the Muslim masses.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah had no confusion about the Hindu tactics. He
was finally convinced that the Hindu majority wanted to coerce and
dominate the Muslims, and had no desire to give them a fair
treatment.
The Muslim League held its annual session at Minto
Park in Lahore, Punjab, that lasted from 22 to 24 March
1940.[8] During this event, the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali
Jinnah and other Founding Fathers narrated the events regarding the
differences between Hindus and Muslims, and introduced
the historical resolution that cemented the formation of a nation-
state in South Asia as Pakistan. The resolution was moved by Abul
Kashem Fazlul Huq, often called Sher-e-Bangla, passed on 24 March
and had its signatures from the Founding Fathers of Pakistan. A
resolution saying that Muslims in India wanted independence and
separate homeland and they were persecuted in India.
The Muslims of the subcontinent responded very well to the Lahore
Resolution of 1940. The demand of Pakistan not only meant freedom
from the oppressive Hindus, but it presented the concept of a
separate and completely independent Islamic state where in the
Muslims were absolutely free to live according to the dictate of their
religion.
The achievement of Pakistan was undeniably the result of the
Jinnah’s most capable leadership. The way he confronted with the
British and the Hindu forces was most admirable. In the Hindu
activities of the Hindu dominated Congress he saw that they were
working in the establishment of the Hindu Raj. This realization was
further confirmed in 1937 when Congress ministries came to power
and started undermining to the Muslims interests. Undoubtedly,
Jinnah’s task was more arduous than that of any other freedom
fighter. He founded a new country on the basis of an idea, that British
India's Muslim needed a country of their own in which they could not
only practice their religion but develop their culture and their society
without having to worry about the social and cultural weight of the
Hindu majority. And after tremendous sacrifices the quest of hundreds
of million Muslims of the Indian subcontinent was realized under the
unique and unprecedented leadership of Jinnah, the Muslim state of
Pakistan had come into being on August 14, 1947.
However, unfortunately we are unable to fulfill Jinnah’s dream and
vision for Pakistan, even though he mentioned his vison in his
speeches. Unfortunately, Jinnah’s teachings died with him. We as the
citizens of Pakistan should realize where we are now and where we
should have been.
Question 2:
Write a note on Indus civilization, specially highlight urban planning
and civic amenities provided to the citizens.

Answer:
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization spanning
along the lower Indus River and the Ghaggar River-Hakra River in
what is now Pakistan and western India from the 28 century BCE to
the 18 century BCE. Another name for this civilization is the Harappan
Civilization of the Indus Valley. The civilization developed in three
phases: Early Harappan Phase (3300 BCE-2600 BCE), Mature
Harappan Phase (2600 BCE-1900 BCE), and Late Harappan Phase
(1900 BCE-1300 BCE). Records state that the Indus Valley
Civilization had a population of more than five million at its peak.
Inhabitants of the ancient Indus River valley developed new
techniques in handicraft, including Carnelian products and seal
carving, and metallurgy with copper, bronze, lead, and tin.

The civilization was discovered in 1920s in what was then the Punjab
province of British India and is now in Pakistan. Harappa was a
guarded and secure city that is believed to have been home to as
many as 23,500 residents living in sculpted houses with flat roofs
made of red sand and clay. The city spread over 150 hectares (370
acres) and had fortified administrative and religious centers of the
same type used in Mohenjo-Daro. During the past two decades
substantial additions have been made to our knowledge of the Indus
civilization. Numerous excavations have been made to by various
archaeological agencies at different sites of the civilization. The Indus
River Valley Civilization contained urban centers with well-conceived
and organized infrastructure, architecture, and systems of
governance. These cities contained well-organized wastewater
drainage systems, trash collection systems, and possibly even
public granaries and baths. Although there were large walls
and fortresses on high grounds, there is no evidence of monuments,
palaces, or temples. The quality of urban planning suggests efficient
municipal governments that placed a high priority on hygiene or
religious ritual. The ancient Indus system of sewerage and drainage
developed and used in cities throughout the Indus region was far
more advanced than any found in urban sites which existed in same
time period in the Middle East, and even more efficient than those in
many areas of Pakistan and India today. Individual homes drew water
from wells, while waste water was directed to covered drains on the
main streets. Cleanliness was a matter of great importance. The city
of Harappa had massive protective walls which protected the
Harappans from floods and may have prevented military conflicts.
The people of the Indus Valley achieved many notable advances in
technology, including great accuracy in their systems and tools for
measuring length and mass. The people of Indus River Civilization
were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and
measures that were accurate to a successive scale. Another
indication of an advanced measurement system is the fact that the
bricks used to build Indus cities were uniform in size. The street lights
system, watch and ward arrangement at night to catch the law
breakers, specific places to throw rubbish and waste materials, public
wells in every street, well in every house etc. revealed the high sense
of engineering and town planning of the people.

The Indus Valley Civilization declined around 1800 BCE due to

climate change and migration. Scholars have put forth different
theories to explain the disappearance of the Harappans, including
Aryan Invasion and climate change marked by overwhelming
monsoons. Evidence also indicates that trade with Mesopotamia,
located largely in modern Iraq, seemed to have ended.