CAPACITOR:

A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores potential energy in

an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance
exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a
component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as
a condenser. Capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores potential
energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some
capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is
a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as a
condenser

Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often in the form of metallic plates or
surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin film, sintered bead
of metal, or an electrolyte. The non-conducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge
capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper,
mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many
common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing
alternating current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output of power
supplies. In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric power
transmission systems, they stabilize voltage and power flow. The property of energy storage in
capacitors was exploited as dynamic memory in early digital computers

Capacitance:

Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. The unit of capacitance in the International System of Units (SI) is the
farad (F), defined as one coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Capacitance values of typical capacitors for
use in general electronics range from about 1 Pico farad (pF) (10−12 F) to about 1 milli farad
(mF) (10−3 F).

Ideal Capacitor:

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a constant capacitance C, in farads in the SI system of

units, defined as the ratio of the positive or negative charge Q on conductor to the voltage.
Energy stored in a capacitor:

The total energy stored in a capacitor is equal to the total work done in establishing the electric
field from an uncharged state.

Uses:

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing
alternating current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output of power
supplies. In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric power
transmission systems, they stabilize voltage and power flow. The property of energy storage in
capacitors was exploited as dynamic memory in early digital computer.
BATTERY:
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric
cars.[1] When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its
negative terminal is the anode.[2] The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that
when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device

There are two types of batteries

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode
materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline battery
used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices.

Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using an
applied electric current. The original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse
current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used
for portable electronics such as laptops and smartphones.

Shapes and sizes:

Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and
wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to large lead acid batteries used in cars
and trucks, and at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide
standby or emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

Specific energy:

Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than common fuels such as
gasoline. In automobiles, this is somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of electric motors in
producing mechanical work, compared to combustion engines

Capacity and discharge:

A battery's capacity is the amount of electric charge it can deliver at the rated voltage. The
more electrode material contained in the cell the greater its capacity. A small cell has less
capacity than a larger cell with the same chemistry, although they develop the same open-
circuit voltage.[30] Capacity is measured in units such as amp-hour.
The higher the discharge rate, the lower the capacity.[31] The relationship between current,
discharge time and capacity for a lead acid battery is approximated (over a typical range of
current values) by Peukert's law:

Uses:

 Around the House

 Medical Environments
 Firefighting and Emergency Response
 Health Devices
 Construction and Logistics
 COMPARISON:

BATTERIES:
Pros Cons
Power density Limited cycle life
Storage capacity Voltage and current limitations
Better leakage current than capacitors Long charging times
Constant voltage More temperature sensitive

CAPACITORS:
Pros: Cons
Long cycle life Low specific energy
High load currents Linear discharge voltage
Short charging times High self-discharge
Excellent temperature performance High cost per watt