Polymers from Renewable Resources

Effect of NaOH treatment on Mechanical strength of

Banana/Epoxy Laminates.

Journal: Polymers from Renewable Resources

Manuscript ID PRR-18-0005.R1

Manuscript Type: Original Manuscript

Date Submitted by the

11-Oct-2018
Author:
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Complete List of Authors: Khan, Mukahid
Sayyadh, Rahamathbaba
Mohammed, Abdul Mateen
Dasari Venkata, Ravi Shankar
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Mohammed, Manzoor Hussain

Banana fiber composites, Alkaline treatment, NaOH, mechanical

Keywords:
Properties, Natural Fibers
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The present study is focused on studying the effect of alkali treatment on

the mechanical properties of banana fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
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Four batches of samples were prepared with respect to the percentage of

NaOH in the treatment solution (0%, 2.5%, 4.5%, and 6.5%). Later
mechanical tests such as tensile, compressive and inter-laminar shear
tests were conducted on the prepared composite specimens in order to
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determine the influence of alkali treatment on the mechanical

characteristics. The test results indicate an overall improvement in all
Abstract: the mechanical properties due to the fiber treatment. Moreover, the
samples made from the fiber treated with 4.5% of NaOH solution
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indicated a highest tensile and compressive strength with an overall

increment of 24.2% and 34.8% in tensile and compressive strength
respectively when compared with the untreated sample. A linear
increment in Inter laminar strength is observed with a maximum value of
25.4N/mm2 for the sample made from the fiber treated with 6.5% of
NaOH solution. This increase is due to fiber flattening process which
increases the bonding surface at the interface.

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Page 1 of 17 Polymers from Renewable Resources

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27 Figure 1: Variation of Tensile strength.

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106x81mm (96 x 96 DPI)
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26 Figure 3: Variation of Inter-Laminar Shear Strength.
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Figure 4: SEM results for (a & b) untreated (c & d) Treated with 4.5% of NaOH.
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32 197x146mm (96 x 96 DPI)
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Page 5 of 17 Polymers from Renewable Resources

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3 Effect of NaOH treatment on Mechanical strength of Banana/Epoxy
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5 Laminates.
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8 Mujahid Khan1*, Sayyadh Rahamathbaba1, M.A. Mateen2, Dr. D.V. Ravi Shankar3,
9 Dr. M. Manzoor Hussain4
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1 Assistant professor, Nizam Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deshmukhi, Telangana.
13 2 Associate professor, Nizam Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deshmukhi, Telangana.
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15 3Professor and Principal, TKR college of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, T.S, India.
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17 4Professor and Director of Admissions, JNTU Hyderabad, Kukatpally, T.S India.
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19 mujahidkhan40@gmail.com rahamath6092@gmail.com, abdulmateen7@gmail.com,
shankardasari@rediffmail.com, manzoorjntu@gmail.com.
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22 Abstract:
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24 The present study is focused on studying the effect of alkali treatment on

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26 the mechanical properties of banana fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Four
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28 batches of samples were prepared with respect to the percentage of NaOH in
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the treatment solution (0%, 2.5%, 4.5%, and 6.5%). Later mechanical tests
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31 such as tensile, compressive and inter-laminar shear tests were conducted on
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33 the prepared composite specimens in order to determine the influence of alkali

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35 treatment on the mechanical characteristics. The test results indicate an
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37 overall improvement in all the mechanical properties due to the fiber treatment.
38 Moreover, the samples made from the fiber treated with 4.5% of NaOH solution
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40 indicated a highest tensile and compressive strength with an overall increment
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42 of 24.2% and 34.8% in tensile and compressive strength respectively when
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44 compared with the untreated sample. A linear increment in Inter laminar
45 strength is observed with a maximum value of 25.4N/mm2 for the sample
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47 made from the fiber treated with 6.5% of NaOH solution. This increase is due to
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49 fiber flattening process which increases the bonding surface at the interface.
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Keywords: Alkaline treatment, Banana fiber composites, NaOH, mechanical
53 Properties.
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56 1. Introduction
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 Polymers from Renewable Resources Page 6 of 17

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3 Natural fiber as reinforcement in composites can provide various
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5 advantages such as recyclability, renewability, abundant availability, low cost,
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7 low density, high strength to weight ratio, high toughness, high specific
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9 strength and less hazardous (any allergenic effect) when compared to man-
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made synthetic fibers [1-3]. In the current composite industry, various
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12 emerging factors such as: (i) mounting prices of petroleum based synthetic
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14 fibers, (ii) tough government policies to trim down petroleum based products,
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16 (iii) growing ecological awareness and call for bio-degradable or recyclable
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composites have led to the adoption of natural fibers as an alternative
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19 reinforcement to synthetic fibers. Because of their excellent properties,
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21 composites made from natural fibers/fabrics such as banana, hemp, sisal,
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23 kenaf, coir, bamboo, pine apple leaf and jute have drawn the attention of many
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researchers to use them in structural applications. Due to their continuous
26 developmental efforts, currently most of the components used in various fields
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28 of applications such as automobile, aviation, packaging, construction,
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30 furniture and so on are found to be made from natural fiber composites [4, 5].
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32 Though the natural fiber have specific advantages over the synthetic
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34 fibers such as (i) High acceptance among buyers, (ii) recyclability, (iii) reduced
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36 problems of waste disposal, (iv) global warming and environmental pollution
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38 some disadvantages stops the designer in direct replacement of the synthetic
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fibers. The most striking disadvantages of these natural fiber reinforced
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41 composites are: (i) Poor interfacial surface adhesion between reinforcing
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43 natural fiber and resin matrix due to hydrophilic nature of fibers and
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45 hydrophobic nature of matrix. (ii) High moisture absorption ability of natural
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fibers due to their hydrophilic nature. These two drawbacks can have huge
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48 impact on mechanical properties of such natural fiber reinforced composites.
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50 The poor coupling between natural fibers and matrix can result in ineffective
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52 stress transfer between fibers and matrix which leads to unsatisfactory
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mechanical properties [6, 7]. On the other hand, the binding ability of natural
55 fibers with matrix material can be greatly affected by the moisture absorbed by
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3 the fibers. Because, the water absorbed by the fibers can guide to swelling and
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5 dimensional variation in the composites. Moreover, as the water absorption of
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7 fibers increases, it not only responsible for weaker bonding between the fibers
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9 and matrix causing reduction in mechanical properties but also increases the
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weight of the composites [8]. Hence, these disadvantages have limited the
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12 application of natural fiber composites to completely replace the conventional
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14 glass fiber reinforced composites in most of the industrial applications [9]. But
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16 from ecological aspects point of view, the use of natural fiber reinforced
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composites needs to be amplified.
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20 Therefore, studies have been conducted by many researchers to
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22 overcome these bottlenecks associated with natural fibers and to enlarge the
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usage of natural fiber based composites in high load application areas. In this
25 connection, it was reported that, the fiber/matrix adhesion and moisture
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27 resistance properties could be improved by modifying fiber surface either by

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29 means of physical methods (such as thermo treatment, calendaring, stretching,
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31 electric discharge etc.) [10] or by chemical means (alkaline treatment, silane
32 treatment, acetylation and benzoylation etc.) [11,12]. Most of the research
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34 studies have found and reported that, surface modification of natural fibers by
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36 alkaline treatment method was proven effective in increasing adhesion between
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38 fiber surface and matrix thereby enhancing overall performance of the natural
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fiber reinforced composites. In addition, alkalization process is cheap and easy
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41 to operate. Alkaline treatment involves immersion of natural fibers in
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43 concentrated alkaline solution (often sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution) for
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45 some period of time. Alkalization removes certain portion of the unwanted
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elements (lignin, cellulose, hemi-cellulose, pectin, wax and natural oils) from
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48 the external surface of the natural fibers. Therefore, alkali treatment results in
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50 clean and rough fiber surface with increased surface area, reduction in fiber
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52 diameter, increase in aspect ratio thereby improving bonding between
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hydrophilic fibers and hydrophobic matrix [13, 14].
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3 Among the easily available natural fibers, banana fibers offer low cost,
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5 exceptional tensile strength, low density and high tensile modulus, when used
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7 as reinforcement in composite industry [15, 16]. However, similar to other
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9 natural fibers, banana fibers also have certain limitations (tendency to absorb
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more moisture, poor interfacial adhesion between hydrophilic hemp fibers and
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12 hydrophobic resin matrix) to use them as reinforcement in composites. To
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14 overcome these shortcomings and to utilize these banana fibers for wider range
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16 of applications (composite, automobile, textile and so on), surface morphology
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of the fibers is needed. Several researchers have adopted alkaline treatment for
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19 surface modification of the banana fibers and reported this process was an
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21 efficient process to achieve enhancement in mechanical properties of banana
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23 fiber reinforced composites by improvement in fiber-matrix interfacial bonding.
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Hetal Shah et al [17] have carried out chemical modification of woven banana
26 fabrics by treating them with 6% aqueous solution of NaOH. They found that,
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28 tensile and flexural properties of such chemically treated specimens were
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30 enhanced when compared to untreated specimens. M.A. Sawpan et al [18]

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conducted a work to investigate the influence of various chemical treatments
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33 on fiber structure and tensile properties of industrial hemp fibers. It was found
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35 that average Young’s modulus and average tensile strength of NaOH treated
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37 fibers slightly improved when compared to that of untreated fibers. In one more
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39 study [19], the authors have treated the hemp fibers with different
40 concentrations (2%, 4% and 6%) of sodium hydroxide solution. Later it was
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42 reported that tensile and flexural strengths of such hemp fiber reinforced PP
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44 composites was improved after alkaline treatment. They also stated that 4%
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46 NaOH treated sample has showed better tensile and flexural strengths in
47 comparison to 2% and 6% NaOH treated test samples. However, the 6% NaOH
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49 treated sample has lower tensile and flexural strength than 2% and 4% NaOH
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51 treated test samples. In one more similar study [20], hemp fiber reinforced
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53 polyester composites were prepared after treating hemp fibers with different
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concentrations (1%, 5% and 10%) of NaOH solution. They found that 1% and
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56 5% alkaline treated hemp fiber reinforced polyester composites have shown
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3 40% and 30% improvement in tensile strength respectively when compared to
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5 untreated composites. Similarly, fatigue strength of 1% and 5% NaOH treated
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7 composites was improved when compared to untreated composites. Whereas,
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9 for 10% alkalized fiber composites, it was reported that there is no overall
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improvement in tensile and flexural strength. Furthermore, no improvement in
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12 impact properties reported for all those three alkalized composites. However, it
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14 was observed that less attention was paid towards studying the effect on
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16 mechanical properties of banana fiber reinforced composites when subjected to
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different concentrations of alkaline treatment.
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22 alkali treatment (0%, 2.5%, 4.5%, and 6.5% NaOH solution) on the mechanical
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properties (tensile strength, compression strength and inter-lamina shear
25 strength) of banana fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
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28 2. Materials and Methods:
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In the present study, epoxy resin of supplied by atul polymers (L12
32 grade) was selected as binding agent (matrix) and the banana fabric in the form
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34 of mat locally available was chosen as the reinforcement. Initially, the banana
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36 fabric mat was washed with hot water to remove any contaminants or adhering
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dirt (impurities) present on the surface. Later, the mat was washed with
39 distilled water and dried at room temperature for 48 hours. The dried fabrics
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41 were then cut into the required size that is 300 x 300 mm and were subjected
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43 to alkali treatment in different batches. These batches were made based on the
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45 alkaline percentage in the treatment solutions. Various concentrations of the
46 alkaline solution was prepared by adding different percentage of NaOH, 0%,
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48 2.5%, 4.5% and 6.5% to a known quantity of water. The fabrics were kept
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50 immersed and soaked in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution for 4 hours at
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52 room temperature. After 4 hours of alkaline treatment of banana fabrics, they
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were taken out of the solution and washed with distilled water several times so
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55 as to remove residual NaOH content sticking to the fabrics surface. Afterwards,
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3 they are dried at room temperature for 24 hours and were made ready for
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5 fabricating composite laminates required for conducting study. Later, the
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7 laminates were prepared using compression molding technique where the wet
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9 fabric mat were stacked in between the mould plates and a load of 100kgs was
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applied. The arrangement was allowed to cure for about 8 hours; later the
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12 specimens required for mechanical characterization were cut according to the
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14 standards.
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3. Mechanical Testing
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19 The tensile test was performed on the samples according to ASTM D-
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21 3039 standard using a universal testing machine where the constant strain
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23 rate was maintained as 10 mm/min. The tensile stress was applied till the
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24 failure of the sample and load versus deformation curve was obtained. The
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26 compression test was performed as per ISO-604 standard on universal testing
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28 machine where the cross head speed was maintained as 10 mm/min. Inter
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30 laminar shear test was conducted on universal testing machine according to

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ASTM D-2344 standard to analyze inter laminar shear strength of banana fiber
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33 reinforced epoxy composites prepared with different percentage of alkaline

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35 treatment. In order to analyze effect of chemical treatment on the fibre surface
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37 morphology, extent of fibre matrix interface bonding and micro structural

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modes of failure of the fractured test specimens, SEM analysis was conducted.
40 The SEM images required for analysis were taken out by subjecting a high
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42 voltage of 10 kV on to the failed samples. The results obtained for the tests
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44 described above are presented in section 4.
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46 4. Results:
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49 Three different tests, (i) Tensile, (ii) compression and (iii) inter laminar tensile
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51 tests were conducted according to the standards described above and the
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results obtained are presented in this section. The fig 1 and 2 represents the
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54 variation of tensile strength and compressive strength of the banana/epoxy
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56 laminates with respect to percentage variation in alkalinity treatment of the
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3 fiber. It is clear that the fibers up to a 4.5% of the NaOH concentration the
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5 tensile as well as the compressive strength is increasing later by a increase in
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7 NaOH concentration in the treating solution the tensile strength and the
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9 compressive strength is reduced. However, the inter laminar shear strength
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indicated a linear increment with an increase in NaOH concentration in the
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12 solution, as represented in fig 3.
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48 Fig 3: Variation of Inter-Laminar Shear Strength.
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5 Inter laminar
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(a) (c)
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18 Fiber Flatting
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Fiber Pull out (b)
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31 Fig 4: SEM results for untreated (a & b) treated (c & d) with 4.5% of NaOH.
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Fig 4 represents the SEM results of the failed samples both treated and
35 untreated. It is clear from fig 4(a) that due to hydrophilic nature of the
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37 untreated fibers the amount of wet-ability is less. Thus the fiber matrix inter
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39 face is weak causing an easy fiber pull-out to occur during failure as
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41 represented in fig 4(b). However, due to the alkaline treatment of the fiber, the
42 fiber geometry is changed and a flatting of fibers occurs. Fig 4(c) and 4(d)
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44 represents the SEM results pertaining to failed samples made from fiber
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46 treated with 4.5% NaOH. A inter laminar crack is observed in fig 4(c) i.e, in the
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48 treated sample rather than a pull out as in the case of untreated sample.
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51 indicating the effect of treatment of fiber.
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3 Conclusions:
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6 In-view of determining the effect of fiber treatment, experiments was
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8 conducted on banana/epoxy composites laminates prepared fibers exposed to
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different alkaline concentration. Samples were prepared from fibers treated
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11 with three concentrations of NaOH, 2.5%, 4.5% and 6.5% and later were
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13 compared with the samples made from untreated fibers. A clear effect of fiber
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15 treatment was observed in the mechanical behavior of the samples. The tensile
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strength and compressive strength was increased upto 24.2% and 34.8%
18 respectively due to fiber treatment with 4.5% of NaOH treatment. Later as the
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22 strength of the sample is improved up-to 38% with a treatment of 6.5% of
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NaOH. Due to the alkaline treatment the fiber geometry is changed and a
25 flattening of the fiber is observed. Thus increase of percentage NaOH causes
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29 and hence reducing the strength of the laminate.
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References:
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