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PONDICHERRY

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 Harbour : is a place on the coast where ships, boats
and barges can seek shelter from a stormy weather.

 Port : is a location on the coast that can be used to

load and unload cargo.

 Docks : It is an enclosed area of water in a port for the

loading, unloading and repair of ships.

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 Tides : are periodic rise and fall of ocean waters. They
are produced by the attraction of the moon and sun.

 Waves : are formed because of the raging force exerted

by the wind on the water surface.

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 LITTORAL DRIFT
 The shore line undergoes gradual and continous
change.

 The change is erosion and deposition of sand in the

shore.

 The process of movement and deposition of sand drifts

occurring in proximity of foreshores are known as
littoral drift.
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BREAKWATER

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DRAFT OF A SHIP

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 Draft of the ship is the distance between the surface of
the water and the lowest point of the vessel.

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NATURAL ROADSTEAD

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 An Anchorage area for ships.

 A deep navigable channel with a protective natural

bank or shoal to seaward

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SINGAPORE

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SAINT-JEAN-CAP-FERRAT

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ARTIFICAL ROADSTEAD

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 These may be created suitably by constructing a
breakwater or wall parallel to the coast or curvilinear
from the coast

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NATURAL HARBOUR

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POOLE HARBOUR

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ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR

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MARINA DEL RAY HARBOUR

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 REFUGE HARBOUR

 For refuge of ships

 Readily accessible
 Safe and convenient
anchorage
 Facilities for obtaining
supplies and repairs
 E.g. Nunavut harbour

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 COMMERCIAL HARBOUR
 Spacious accommodation
 Ample quay space
 Storage sheds for cargo
 Good and quick repair
facilities
 More sheltered
conditions
 Facilities for transporting,
loading and unloading of
cargo

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 FISHING HARBOUR

 Constantly open
 Loading and unloading
facilities
 Dispatch facilities like
railway sidings and
roads
 Refrigerated stores

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 MILITARY HARBOUR
 Serve as supply
depots
 Acts as naval bases
 Defense of a
country
 E.g. Bombay,
Cochin

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 MARINA HARBOUR
 Large marina
 > 200 berths
 Small marina
 < 100 berths
 Generally located on
fresh waters or sea
waters
 Recreational visitors

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 SEA OR OCEAN HARBOUR

 Penetration of waves
 Deposition of sand
 Possible erosion of
sea coast

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 RIVER OR ESTUARY HARBOUR

 Mostly on lower reaches

of river
 Maintenance of deep
canal – dredging
 Intrusion of sea water

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 CANAL HARBOUR

 Maintenance,
dredging – generally
negligible
 Depth and width can
be easily adapted

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 LAKE HARBOUR

 Lake is large,
conditions similar
to sea
 Tidal action does
not occur
 E.g. Lake Superior

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QUAY

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Harbour Site Selection
 Availability of cheap land and construction mater ials

 Transport and communication facilities

 Natural protection from winds and waves

 Industrial development of the locality

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 Sea-bed subsoil and foundation conditions

 Traffic potentiality of harbour

 Availability of electrical energy and fresh water

 Favourable marine conditions

 Defence and strategic aspects

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 HARBOUR – SITE INVESTIGATIONS
 Speed of water
 Speed too slow – silts an area
 Speed too high – erode the harbour and channel areas

 Amount of dredging
 Amount of initial dredging should be lesser
 More important in an estuary subject to coastal changes and
littoral drift

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 Tidal range
 Tides less than 5.5 m, loading and unloading at quayside
berths or wharves
 Tides greater than 5.5m, enclosed harbours with lock
entrances to be provided
 Select a site with minimum tide range

 Waves and their characteristics

 Pattern of sites, shoaling, shallowness and beach building
depends on waves
 These determine form and design of breakwater

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 Incidence of storms
 Incidence and magnitude of storms
 Direction and velocity of prevailing winds
 They determine the form and design of breakwater to a certain
extent

 Wind characteristics
 Wind data collected for at least 10 years
 Direction, duration and intensity/velocity of prevailing wind –
velocity and height of waves – efficient economy of the ports

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 Range or seiche
 Natural standing wave in sea
 Change in atmospheric pressure or seismic difference
 Produces lateral oscillation of water
 Info useful in shape of the harbour and layout of the
breakwater
 Modify the entrance

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 Geological characteristics
 Safety and adequacy depends on geological pattern
 Nature and depth of various strata – location of good building
materials
 Geological formations – fault zones and shear zones
 Type of rocks - subsurface rock types, their altitude and
formations
 Dip of strata
 Seepage flow
 Zones prone for earthquake occurences
 Porosity and permability

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 Shoals
 Sandy rocks – hidden
dangers – destructive
 Study – positions and size
of shoals
 Whether they have
increased or decreased in
size, altered positions,
shape and tendency to silt
up

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 Tidal currents
 Caused by earthquakes on sea beds
 Direction and velocity of tidal currents at various states of
tides

 Hinterland characteristics
 Densely populated
 Heavily industrialized
 Fertile land
 Sufficient traffic – both cargo and passengers
 Food grains, raw materials, manufactured goods, minerals for
export and import

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 Hard land and Coastal line
 Hard land surface – lesser erosion of shore and will not
require many repairs
 Coast is sandy soil – intermittent repair of docks and ports –
maintenance expensive

 Anchoring grounds
 No adequate berthing facilities are available – vessels are
anchored outside the harbour
 Safety and security to vessels

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Sounding

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 DOCKS
 Wet Docks
 Dry Docks

 Berthing of vessels to facilitate loading and unloading

of passengers and cargo are known as wet docks.

 The docks which are used for repair of vessels are

known as dry docks.

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Dry Docks

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Wet Docks

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