electronic components and their functions - a low-resistance connection between 2

points
electronic circuit
- flows on a newly formed path instead of
- directs and controls electric current
its intended path
- perform: signal amplification,
4. printed circuit boards (pcbs)
computation, and data transfer
- complex electronic circuit
- components: resistors, capacitors, diodes,
transistors, inductors 5. integrated circuits (ics)

conductive wires - used to connect - tiny electronic component that can fir in a
components to each other silicon cip

complete circuits - starts and ends at the - jack kilby: texas instruments (1958)
same point forming a loop
- to increase efficiency of e.c.
elements of ec
electronic components
1. conducting path
component 1: capacitor
- where electric current flows
- widely used to buld diff types
2. voltage source
- two terminal electrical component that
- primary function of an e.c. is to allow can store energy
electric current pass through it safely
- works as a small chargeable battery
- a two terminal device such as: battery,
- unlike a battery it can charge and
generators or power systems
discharge in a split second
- provide a potential difference between
composition:
two points in a circuit so current can flow
capacitance
3. load
- amount of energy stored ina capacitor
- consumes power to perform a function
- higher capacitance : higher energy
facts
- you can increase the capacitance by
1. open circuit
moving the plates closer to each other or
- doesn't form a loop increasing their size

2. closed circuit - increase insulation qualities : increase

capacitance
- forms a loop without any interruptions
function and significance
3. short circuit
power factor correction (pfc) component 3: diodes

- utilizing capacitors to offset usually - a two terminal device that allows electric
inductive loads current to flow in only one direction

- the ratio of real power absorbed by the - convert ac to dc

load to the apparent power flowing in the
vacuum diode
circuit
- two electrodes (cathode-anode)
types and applications
- in a sealed vacuum glass tube
1. filters capacitor applications
semi conductor diode
2. hold-up capacitor applications
- p type: positive
3. timer capacitor applications
- n type: negative
component 2: resistors
- usually made of silicon
- passive two terminal components that
resists the flow of current doping

- simplest element in and e.c. - process of adding impurities to intrinsic

semiconductors
- one of the most common component
function:
- color coded
1. foward bias direction
resistance
- current starts to flow
- inherent element in nearly all electronic
circuits 2. reverse bias direction

composition: spiral pattern of a carbon film - no current flow

function and significance 3. no applied bias

1. dividing voltage - no battery conected

2. managing current flow function & significance

3. resistor-capacitor networks rectifier - used to convers ac:dc , common in

household devices
- helps in filtering unwanted frequencies in
a circuit and used power supplies bypass diodes

- help turn ac to dc - often used to protect solar panels

- build ic array in a single chip modulation

- AKA RC filters
- is the varying of one or more properties of
a carrier signal, with a modulating signal
that typically
periodic waveform : carrier signal
types:
1. analogue modulation
- to transfer analog bandpass or lowpass
signal
2. digital modulation
- digital stream over an analogue
communication
3. digital baseband communication
- line coding
4. pulse modulation
- narrowband analog signal
modulator - performs modulation
demodulator - performs demodulation
modem - performs both electronic
components and their functions
am – the amplitude of the carrier signal is
varied in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal
fm – the frequency of the carrier signal is
varied in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal
Capacitor
-A capacitor stores energy in the form of an
electric field that is established by the
opposite
charges on the two plates
Capacitance
-ratio of charge on each conductor’s
potential difference between conductors is
a constant
Q=CV
(paper=3,glass=5,air=1)
C=Q/V
C= K𝜀A/d
C= 𝜀A/d
E=Q/ 𝜀A
Resistors
 Is a circuit component that
dissipates the energy.
 The greater the resistance (R) of the
resistor, the more it restricts the flow
of current.
Resistance
 Is a measure of a resistors ability to
resist the flow of current in a circuit.
 Resistance is the ratio of voltage to
current.
 Current flowing through a resistor
depend on the voltage drop across
it and the resistance of the resistor.
Series and Parallel Circuits
Resistors in SERIES
 Current going through each resistor
is the same and equal to I total.
Itotal= I1 = I2 = In
  The potential difference across the 3. Find the Voltage drop across each
entire combination is the sum of the resistors in the network. Ohm’s Law(V = I x
individual potential differences. R)

Veq = V1 + V2 + Vn  Vn = V x Ωn = Volts

 The equivalent resistance of any Parallel Network

number of resistor is equal to the
Find the following:
sum of their individual resistances.
 Simply the sum of all the resistances Equivalent Resistance (Req )
of all the resistors no matter how
 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/Rn Or Req =[1/R1 +
may there are.
1/R2 + 1/Rn ]-1
Req = R1 + R2 + Rn
Find the total Current (Itotal)
Resistors in PARALLEL
 Itotal = V/ Req
 The potential difference between
Find the current across each resistor in the
the terminals of each resistor is the
network.
same.
 In= V/ Rn
Veq = V1 = V2 = Vn

 The reciprocals of the equivalent

resistance equals the sum of the
reciprocals of their individual
resistances.

1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/Rn

 The total current is equal the sum of

the currents in the resistors.

Itotal= I1 + I2 + In

Series Network

Equivalent Resistance (Req )

 Req = Ω + Ω + Ω

Find the total Current (Itotal), Ohm’s Law(V

= I x R)

 Itotal = V/ R