BAB 1.

BACKGROUND
1.1 Situation Analysis
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URI) is an upper or lower respiratory
tract disease, usually contagious, which can cause a variety of diseases
ranging from asymptomatic or mild infections to severe and deadly diseases,
depending on the causative pathogen, environmental factors, and factors host.
URIs are defined as acute respiratory diseases caused by infectious agents that
are transmitted from human to human. The onset of symptoms is usually
rapid, which is within a few hours to several days. Symptoms include fever,
coughing, and often sore throat, coryza (runny nose), shortness of breath,
wheezing, or difficulty breathing (WHO, 2007). Meanwhile, according to the
Indonesian Ministry of Health (2006), URI is interpreted as an acute infectious
disease that attacks one or more parts of the respiratory tract starting from the
nose (upper channel0 to alveoli (lower channel) including adnexia tissue such
as sinuses, middle ear cavities and pleura. that URI or acute respiratory
infection is a disease that attacks the respiratory tract which is caused by viral
pathogens and environmental factors, as well as host.
Regarding the host factor, toddlers are the most common URI sufferers in
the world or in Indonesia itself. WHA (2007) notes that the highest number of
URI cases is in toddlers, followed by children, and parents or adults.
According to Najmah (2016), Indonesia always ranks first in the cause of URI
deaths in infants and toddlers. In Indonesia, the highest URI incidence
occurred in East Nusa Tenggara with 41.7%, Papua 31.1%, Aceh 30.0%, West
Nusa Tenggara and East Java with the same percentage of 28.3% (Riskesdas,
2013) . In line with the study, Sundari et al (2014) explained that of the 24
infants and toddlers as respondents, toddlers aged 1-5 years dominated as
positive respondents URIs with a number of 16 (66.67%) and the rest were
babies with the number 8. Besides the age factor , education or knowledge of
parents, especially mothers, is very influential in the occurrence of URIs
among toddlers. It was stated in the study that mothers with junior-high school
education ranks first with 20 or 83.34%. The same study from Trimurti (2016)
explained that of 40 respondents, 17 infants aged 36-50 months were positive
experiencing URI. Also in the same case, mother's knowledge is very
influential, where there is a significant relationship between parental
knowledge and the incidence of URIs in infants (p value = 000.1 <0.05). Of
the 40 parents (mothers), 31 people have poor knowledge about URIs and the
remaining 9 people in the good category. Research from Mahardika (2015)
explains that there is a significant relationship with URI in infants with the
presence of smokers in the home, use of mosquito repellent, and the presence
of family members who also experience URI. In 2015, Jember Regency
through the Jember District Health Profile explained that out of 229 cases of
infant and under-five deaths, 19 cases were deaths in children under five with
the main causes being URI, diarrhea, typhus, and neurological diseases..
Poor knowledge from parents related to the danger of URI in infants is
very necessary to be anticipated. This lack of knowledge includes mothers not
covering their nose and mouth when coughing, mothers not keeping their
children away from sick URIs, not immediately bringing toddlers to health
services when symptoms appear, not understanding related to effective hand
washing, not usually opening house windows, or habits meoko from house
occupants (Sundari et al, 2014).
URI cases that are very high in infants are certainly not in line with one of
the targets of MGDs or Millennium Development Goals which targets that
there must be a decrease in under-five mortality by 2/3 of the total under-five
mortality. Toddlers are the successor to the nation so that high infant mortality
cases must be addressed immediately in various ways. This of course can be
the basis that URI in infants must be treated immediately by all groups. Early
detection should be done as a promotive and preventive step in the occurrence
of URIs in infants.
In a study conducted by students of the Faculty of Nursing at Jember
University in Kranjingan Sub-district RT / RW 02/15 a case was found where
a toddler named Nn. R has been suffering from URI since 5 days ago. The
study was conducted on the family with the head of the family on behalf of
 Mr. L and wife are Mrs. K. After the assessment, students indicate that the
cause of URI in these infants is due to low parental knowledge related to URI
risk factors. Students observe that Father, namely Mr. L as a heavy smoker
and used to smoke near Nn. R. Mother is also in a cough condition and does
not pay attention to the ethics of coughing like closing her mouth or wearing a
mask. The condition of the house also looks damp, with the window that
seems to be closed during the assessment. This right encourages students to
consider that it is important to do counseling and practice using masks,
washing hands, and managing the situation at home.
1.2 Problem Formulation
From the data collection that we did, we found a problem formulation that
is the ineffectiveness of Mr. L b.d complexity of the therapeutic regimen d.d
failure Mr. L and Mrs. K in taking action to reduce risk factors for URI in
infants Nn. R and the lack of attention Mr. L and Mrs. K in Nn's disease. R.
 BAB 2. OBJECTIVES AND BENEFITS
2.1 Purpose
2.1.1 General purpose
This health education aims to help improve the effectiveness of
family health management. L b.d complexity of the therapeutic regimen d.d
failure Mr. L and Mrs. K in taking action to reduce risk factors for URI in
infants Nn. R and the lack of attention Mr. L and Mrs. K in Nn's disease. R.
2.1.2 Special purpose
1. Family of Mr. L was able to understand about URI's disease that An
had.
2. Family of Mr. L is able to understand the cause of URIs that occur in
An. R
3. Family of Mr. L understands how to prevent URI disease
4. Family of Mr. L is able to take actions that are taught by students to
prevent URI disease
2.2 The benefits
2.2.1 For families
This health education is beneficial for the family of Mr. L to provide
an understanding of the URI experienced by her child, namely An. R and
family are able to prevent URI from their home environment so that it is
expected to reduce URI risk factors
2.2.2 For Health Workers
The benefits of providing health education for health workers are
increasing insight and becoming additional references for other health
workers in conducting nursing care to families with URI problems in
toddlers aged 4 years and can be a reference for health workers to
intervene in the form of health education.