An Overview of Groundnut Oil Extraction PDF

Proceedings of Second International Interdisciplinary Conference On Global Initiatives for Integrated Development
(IICGIID 2015 Chukwuemeka Odumegwu University, Igbariam Campus Nigeria) Sept. 2 – 5, 2015
An Overview of Groundnut Oil Extraction Technologies
Lawan I. Ali M. A. Abubakar M. S. Muhammad A.I.

Agricultural Engineering Agricultural Engineering Agricultural Engineering Agricultural Engineering
Department, Department, Department, Department,
Bayero University Kano. Bayero University Kano. Bayero University Kano. Bayero University Kano.
ilawan.age@buk.edu.ng dralimohd@yahoo.co.uk abubakarms@gmail.com aliko079@gmail.com
Abstract
Groundnut oil extraction involves removing oil content of the groundnut seed. Study conducted in Northern Nigeria
revealed that 75% of the rural women engaged in groundnut oil extraction used the traditional method despite the
drudgery and inefficiency involved. In view of this, different technological interventions were made by different
researchers inform of; shelling, roasting, de-skinning and winnowing, kneading and screw press machines to avert the
problems involved with the traditional method. Therefore, this study presented the findings of this technological
interventions made by different researchers and also the limitations of this technologies were also identified which
can be used as basis for further researches towards getting optimum performance on these various technologies.
Keywords: Groundnut, Extraction, Traditional, Researches, and Technologies.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Groundnut seed ( Arachis hypogea), also known as peanut and earthnut, is the most common oil nut grown as an
annual crop on about 19 million hectares of land in tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperature regions of the world.
It is grown principally for its edible oil and protein rich seeds. The oil content of the seeds is between 45% and 55%
depending on the variety (Woodroof, 1983; Young, 1982). To remove the oil content from the groundnut seed, the
process known as oil extraction, expelling or expressing is carried out. Traditionally, groundnut oil extraction involves
shelling the groundnut pods, roasting the shelled groundnut seeds, de-skinning/winnowing the roasted groundnut
seeds, milling the cleaned groundnut seeds and kneading the paste produced. Among the different method of oil
extraction (traditional, mechanical, chemical and mechano-chemical methods (Ewaoda et al, 2008)), Study revealed
that 75% of the rural women engaged in groundnut processing used the traditional technologies which are labour
intensive and time consuming (Dunmade, 1991). Also, it was found that amongst 436 processors of groundnut oil in
three Northern States (Niger, Kaduna and Kano), 74% claimed that they were processing for income generation
(Nalumansi and Kaul, 1992). Thus, groundnut seed processing represents an important economic activity for the
women. In recognition of the importance of the activity, as outlined above, many studies were carried out with a view
to improving the process. Aliyu (2008) conducted a study to evaluate the traditional groundnut oil extraction process.
Results revealed that apart from the drudgery involved, a lot of time is wasted in the activity. A similar study by
Ibrahim (2010) in a different location arrived at same findings and recommended improved equipment for small scale
groundnut oil extraction. This recommendation prompted different technogical interventions, in the form of
developing simple devices for roasting, deskinning / winnowing and kneading. Hydraulic press and screw expelling
machines were also developed to avert the drudgery and inefficiency involved with the traditional method.
Therefore, this study reviewed the various technological interventions with the view of recommending ways
of making improvement for better capacity and efficiency.
2.0 GROUNDNUT OIL EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES

Groundnut oil extraction technologies involves machines that are developed to carryout sub-processing operations
involved in traditional groundnut oil extraction. These machines are; shelling, roasting, de-skinning/winnowing,
milling and kneading machines. Also, there are machines that are developed to extract groundnut oil from the just
shelled groundnut seeds, such as hydraulic press and screw press. This section therefore, discussed the various
developments that were carried out for betterment of the activity.
2.1 Groundnut Shelling Machine
Groundnut shelling machine is a machine used to remove the shell of groundnut so as to obtain the groundnut
seeds. Various types of groundnut shellers of different sophistication have been reported in literatures. Gitau et al.
(2013) modified and tested two manually operated groundnut decorticators (Wooden Beater Sheller; WBS and Rod
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Beater Sheller; RBS) to optimized their technical performance using three groundnut varieties (ICGV-99568, ICGV-
90704 and ICGV-12991). Result obtained for the WBS at a feed rate of 30 kg/hr and 22.6 mm clearance, was highest
shelling efficiency of 55.3 % for ICGV-99568, 39.2 % for ICGV-90704, and 29 % for ICGV-12991 groundnut
varieties at a moisture content of 5.92 % wb, respectively. However, for RBS decorticator, at a feed rate of 30 kg/hr
and clearance of 22.6 mm, highest efficiency obtained was 58.3 % for ICGV-99568, 42.7 % for ICGV-90704, and 35
% for ICGV-12991 groundnut varieties at a moisture content of 7 % wb, respectively. Plate 1 shows the machine.
Plate 1: Groundnut shelling machine

Source: Gitau et al. (2013)
A groundnut processing machine popularly called ‘Dan yamel’in Dawanau groundnut processing cluster in
Kano was reported to have no cleaning system. Performance evaluation result revealed that the machine is
characterized with 238.13 kg/hr output, 89.23 % shelling efficiency, high kernel breakage and scatter loss of 17.81 %
and 13.73 %, respectively before modification. The machine was modified to incorporate cleaning system and enhance
shelling unit. The results obtained gave mean values of output capacity, shelling efficiency, cleaning efficiency,
mechanical damage and scatter loss of 239.02 kg/hr, 98.35%, 50.90%, 5.85% and 4.09% respectively (Muhammad,
2015).
Another intervention was made where a groundnut sheller powered by 1 hp electric motor was developed
by Ikechukwu et al. (2014). The machine has an output capacity of 400 kg/hr shelling efficiency of 95.25 %, cleaning
efficiency of 91.67% and mechanical damage of 17.25 %. The machine was fabricated from locally sourced materials,
which makes it cheaper and easily affordable and also easy to maintain. Figure 1 shows the machine.
Figure 1: Developed Shelling machine

Source: Ikechukwu et al. (2014)
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2.1.1 Limitations of the existing groundnut shelling machine
i. Most shellers have no adjustable concave clearance to accommodate different groundnut varieties which
relatively affect the shelling and cleaning efficiency.
ii. Due to epileptic electricity supply, shellers design to use electricity as power source is not optimally utilized.
iii. Most of the shellers are beyond the reach of processors as cost of fabrication is very high.
iv. Majority of the fabricators have no technical knowledge on the detailed design aspect which renders their
fabrication substandard.
2.2 Groundnut Seeds Roasting Machine

Abdullahi (2008) developed a manually operated groundnut roaster. The performance evaluation test
conducted revealed that the machine takes 1.03, 1.63 and 2.35 minutes to roast 1.5, 2 and 3 kg of shelled groundnut
respectively. Abdulrahman (2011) modified the existing roaster. The machine when tested with 6.6 kg sample of
groundnut seeds achieved 32.5 kg/hr, 95.5% and 5.1 kg/hr for throughput capacity, roasting efficiency and fuel
consumption respectively. The machine is shown in Plate 2.
Also, Okaiyeto (2012) developed a manually operated groundnut roaster, roasting capacity of 0.92 kg/min,
and roasting efficiency of 98.9% were obtained. This was later followed up by another effort by Abdulsalam (2013)
where he carried out modification of this existing roaster at the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bayero
University Kano. The modification was done with the aim of achieving better efficiency in groundnut roasting,
improving its appearance and reduce drudgery during the operation by adopting a new source of heat (charcoal) and
by taking anthropometric dimensions of sampled population to determine the dimensions of the machine. The machine
(Plate 3) was tested using 6.6 kg sample of groundnut i.e. the same as used for the existing machine. The parameters
evaluated shows that the modified device has a roasting efficiency of 96.70 %, fuel consumption rate of 3.84 kg/hr,
and throughput capacity of 33.0 kg/hr.
Plate 2: Groundnut seed roaster

Source: Abdulrahman (2011)
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Plate 3: Modified groundnut seed roaster

Source: Abdulsalam (2013)
2.2.1 Limitations of the existing groundnut roasting machine
The following limitations were identified on the existing roasting machine by Abdulsalam (2013);
i. The horizontal orientation of the roasting chamber results to difficulty in feeding and removing of
groundnut seeds into and out of the roasting chamber respectively.
ii. There is excessive transfer of heat from the charcoal tray to other part of the machine not desired.
iii. The performance of the charcoal tray blower (axial fan) is not adequate for an efficient blower.
2.3 Groundnut De-skinning and Winnowing Machine

Bashir (2011) developed a manually operated de-sinning and winnowing machine. The main unit of the machine
is the polishing chamber which comprises of the rough surface plate and the scrubber. The groundnut seed passes
through a distance called polishing clearance which is between the rough surface plate and the scrubber. The machine
required power of 0.34 kW and has 27.47 kg/hr and 53% throughput capacity and efficiency respectively. There was
an intervention by Umar (2012) were he improved on the machine and achieved de-skinning efficiency 77%, cleaning
efficiency 71.9% and a decrease in scatter loss from 2.21% to 1.77%. These showed a remarkable improvement on
the machine.
In 2013, another researcher modified the existing de-skinning and winnowing machine. The machine (Plate
4) is also manually operated and de-skinning efficiency of 83.52%, cleaning efficiency of 79.67% and scatter loss of
1.77% were recorded (Umar, 2013). In spite of this effort, there were still limitations existing on the machine. That
prompted Abdulaziz (2014) to modify the existing machine. Machine test running analysis revealed that the modified
machine has a de-skinning efficiency of 92.51%, cleaning efficiency of 81.01% and seed losses reduced to 1.36%.
Figure 2 showed the modified de-skinning and winnowing machine.
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Plate 4: De-skinning and winnowing machine

Source: Umar (2013)
Figure 2: Modified de-skinning and winnowing machine

Source: Abdulaziz (2014)
2.3.1 Limitations of the existing groundnut de-skinning/ winnowing machine

The following limitations were identified on the existing de-skinning/winnowing machine by Abdulaziz (2014);
i. The efficiencies of the machine is low (83.52 and 79.67% for de-skinning and cleaning efficiency
respectively).
ii. The level of scatter losses is high (17.77%)
iii. The machine performance varied with varieties of groundnut seeds and
iv. The general outlook of the machine is poor.
2.4 Groundnut Milling Machine

From the various studies conducted in different locations, results revealed that there was no available milling
machines specifically meant for milling groundnut seeds. But rather the operation usually takes place at the local mill
(Plate 5), where grains, pepper, and tomatoes are milled. The functional parts of the mill are two cast iron plates, one
of which is driven by either an electric motor or internal combustion engine through a belt transmission. At the mill a
handful of groundnut was continuously fed into hopper during the operation. The milled groundnut was collected in
a suitable container as a thick paste.
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Plate 5: Milling machine

Source: Ibrahim (2010)
2.4.1 Challenges Faced in Milling Groundnut Seeds

The challenges faced in carrying out the milling operation results from the use of a local mill where grains,
pepper and tomatoes are milled. Too much time is utilized in order to carry out the milling due to lack of enough
milling machines around and also there is loss or/and contamination of paste in the mill. More so, the groundnut is
often rejected at the mills because of the sticky nature of paste that usually requires cleaning after milling, which is
considered as a cumbersome by the operators (Aliyu, 2008 and Ibrahim, 2010).
2.5 Groundnut Paste Kneading Machine
Study conducted revealed that irrespective of the weight of groundnut processed, kneading process required
more time ranging from 54.6% to 61.1% of the total time (Ibrahim, 2010). Therefore, this revealed that kneading sub-
process required the first attention. This prompted Idris (2011) to develop a manually operated kneading machine
(Plate 6) which when tested with 6.5 kg of groundnut paste, 34.7% and 71..3% as against 26.4% and 52.8% was
obtained for percent oil extracted and kneading efficiency respectively (Idris,2011). Results obtained by Idris (2011)
showed the need for further improvement on the existing machine. It was observed that there is still oil on the paste
after the kneading process with the machine. Therefore, there was introduction of pressure plate to carry out the
secondary extraction, and that results to some modifications on the kneading chamber (Abubakar, 2012). Performance
evaluation conducted after the improvement revealed that 9.00 and 1.22 minutes were spent for primary and secondary
kneading respectively. More so, 66.38% and 37.54% were obtained for kneading efficiency and percentage of oil
extracted respectively (Abubakar, 2012).
Shu’aibu (2013) observed that the existing manually operated machine is physically exhausting and time
demanding. This observation was in line with recommendation raised by Abubakar (2012) where he said the exisiting
machine should be motorized to reduced drudgery involved. Therefore, Shu’aibu (2013) motorized the machine with
0.5 hp electric motor, thus that resulted to re-design and construction of other components of the existing machine.
The modified machine (Plate 7) when evaluated with 6.5 kg of groundnut paste, results showed that kneading time
was reduced from 9.00 to 5.00 minutes and from 1.22 to 0.32 minutes for primary and secondary kneading
respectively. Also, 55.65% and 71.40% were obtained for percentage of oil extracted kneading efficiency respectively
(Shu’aibu, 2013). In a similar effort a motorized groundnut kneading machine was designed and developed by
Maduako et al, (2004). In addition to eliminating the drudgery involved in the manual operation, test results revealed
substantial savings in kneading time. Kneading time was reduced by 80% and the throughput capacity of the machine
was found to be 46.3 kg/hr.
Bashir (2014) carried out preliminary study on the existing machine and results revealed that there was
problem of misalignment on the transmission system (gears). The system also required frequent lubrication, and the
position of the transmission system is at the top of the kneading chamber, therefore lubricating the system can results
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to contamination of the groundnut paste inside the chamber. More so, the prime mover used does not have the capacity
to stir the paste when the machine is loaded at full capacity efficiently, as such it requires higher capacity prime mover.
These observations were found to be in line with recommendations earlier made by shu’aibu (2013). Bashir (2014)
modified the existing machine by replacing the gear transmission system with belt and pulley system. The stirrer shaft
blades were also increased to six (6) for effective stirring of the paste. Electric motor with 746 kW (1.0 hp) to replace
the 0.5 hp used earlier, and the motor is now bolted to the upper part of the frame in a vertically downward position
for effective power delivery. Performance evaluation of the machine (Plate 8) revealed that 37.2% and 74.1% were
achieved for percentage of oil extracted and kneading efficiency respectively (Bashir, 2014).
Plate 6: Manually operated kneading machine

Source: Idris (2011)
Plate 7: Motorized kneading machine

Source: Shu’aibu (2013)
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Plate 8 : Modified kneading machine

Source: Bashir (2014)
2.5.1 Limitations of the existing groundnut paste kneading machine
The following limitations were identified on the existing kneading machine by Bashir (2014);
i. Viscosity of the paste and movement of the stirrer shaft resulted in the vibrations in the
kneading chamber and to other part of the machine.
ii. There is wobbling and wearing away of the bevel gears during operation.
iii. There is splashing away of groundnut paste from the kneading chamber during operation.
iv. The machine is powered by electrical power sources as such the machine is no longer reliable as
electricity supply is not usually available in rural areas where the activity is usually carried out.
2.6 Hydraulic Press Expelling Machine
Hydraulic press operates by applying pressure to seeds inside a cylinder and cage by means of a piston and
a system of leavers. As a result of the pressure built in the cage, the seeds release oil which flows out through the slots
available in the cage. Udeh et al., (2010) designed, fabricated and evaluated a manually operated hydraulic oil extractor
for groundnut. It is made up of a piston, cylinder, collector, hydraulic jack and frame. The pressing was done by a 3
ton hydraulic jack and the extractor unit was tested using press cage with pore sizes of 3, 4 and 5 mm and cage diameter
of 5.2, 7.9 and 10 cm. Maximum extraction efficiency of 79.02 and 84.22% were recorded for diameter of 5.2 mm at
pore size of 4 mm for whole and ground seed respectively. Also, machine capacity of 1.084 kg/hr for ground seeds
was obtained. Uziak and Loukanove (2007) also reported the capacity of a ram press to be 14 litres of oil for an eight-
hour shift (i.e. 1.75 liters per hour) which approximately amounts to pressing 55 kg of seeds.
2.6.1 Limitations of the existing hydraulic press expelling machine
The existing hydraulic press is relatively more expensive, needs more maintenance and risk contaminating
the oil with poisonous hydraulic fluid.
2.7 Screw Press Expelling Machine
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Screw presses are reported to be more efficient than all other mechanical methods of oil extraction (Ward et
al., 1985). The oil seeds fed through the hopper are crushed and transported by a rotating screw in a press barrel.
Continuous transport of material by the screw shaft causes pressure to increase to a level needed, which increases
friction inside the screw press and generates heat which lowers viscosity of the oil in the crushed seeds thereby
increasing the oil flow rate. The oil and cake are usually collected at the oil outlet and press cake exit /choke gap
(Khan and Hanna, 1983). Xuyi machinery (2008) claimed to have developed a screw press for extraction of oil from
oil seeds such as peanut, soya beans, olives, sesame and sunflower. The throughput of the machine, extraction
efficiency, power required, and the volume of the machine was 500 kg/hr, 32-35%, 15-18 kW, 1850x500x1000 mm
respectively. Also, Harmanto et al. (2009) developed a screw press expeller for processing jatropha curcas seed into
crude oil. Rotational speed of shaft and clearance of the screw from the barrel were two important parameters
optimized. Testing was done with rotational speed of screw shaft at 45, 50 and 55 rpm, while the clearance was varied
from 6, 7 and 8 mm with three replications, respectively. Average capacity and crude oil to seed ratio of 65 kg/hr and
28% respectively were recorded. Statistically, the adjusting of the rotational speed affected both the capacity and the
ratio of oil to seed, while the clearance just affected the ratio of oil to seed. The best performance was at the speed of
50 rpm and clearance of 6 mm. From durability test, the machine was perfectly operated within 8 hours continuously.
Processing capacity of 0.5 ton/day was reported on the basis that the machine should be operated with diesel engine
of 15.5 hp/2200 rpm. Study also revealed that screw press developed for extraction of oil from jatropha seeds with
seven drain holes at equal interval gives oil yield in ascending order along the barrel (i.e. from seed hopper to press
cake outlet) (Kabutey et al., 2010).
Ajao et al., (2010) developed an expelling machine (Figure 3 and Plate 9) for extracting oil from groundnut
seeds was designed and fabricated for market oriented production. The procedures employed the design stage,
construction and testing. The machine components are: the speed reduction gear, expellant unit, drains collector,
driving and driven pulleys, and the hopper. The expelling unit consists of a screw expellant shaft with expellant barrel.
The groundnut seeds were pre-heated by roasting before extraction of the oil in it. The machine gave a better
performance at the speed of 60 revolutions per minute and improvement in the design can be achieved by incorporation
a heating chamber along the expeller barrel.
Figure 3: Isometric view of the machine Plate 9: Developed screw expelling machine
Source: Ajao et al., (2010)
Ojomo et al., (2011) evaluated an oil screw expelling machine ( Plate 10) previously developed at the
Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo. The economic analysis and
effect of machine speed on the performance parameters namely: machine feed rate, output capacity, mass of cake
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produced, efficiency and oil yield were investigated. The test results revealed that increase in machine speed resulted
in increase in the feed rate, output capacity and the mass of cake produced. At machine speed of 800 rpm, the feed
rate was 88 kg/h, the output capacity was N72 kg/h and the mass of cake produced was 2.5 kg. At machine speed of
650 rpm, the machine efficiency was 68% and mass of oil yield was 1.9 kg. Further increase in the machine speed
resulted in the decline of the machine parameters. The economic analysis of the machine suggested that the startup
capital is minimal and return over investment very high.
Plate 10: Developed screw expelling machine

Source: Ojomo et al., (2011)
Adesoji et al.,(2013) developed an oil expeller which when tested, results showed a high oil yield and
extraction efficiency with low extraction loss. Powered by a 15 hp three-phase electric motor, the expeller has a
production cost of $1200. The average oil yield, extraction efficiency and extraction loss were 13.48, 22.79 and 7.41
% respectively for palm kernel while those of soybean were 9.47, 36.55 and 7.95 % respectively. Figure 3 shows the
isometric view of the machine.
Figure 3: Isometric view of the screw press oil expeller

1-Electric motor; 2-Transmission belt, 3-Pulley; 4-Gear box; 5-Coupling; 6-Central shaft;
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7-Feeding hopper; 8-Cylindrical barrel, 11-Cake outlet; 12-Frame; 13-Cake tray; 14-Oil tray
Source: Adesoji et al., (2013)
2.7.1 Limitations of the existing screw press machine
The existing screw press is mostly powered by electric power source which makes it unreliable in countries
like Nigeria where electricity supply is not steady. It is also reported to be relatively slower compared to other methods,
which results to relatively lower output capacity.
3.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Conclusions
The problems experienced by groundnut oil processors by the use of traditional methods have resulted to different
technological interventions. These interventions were in form of machines that carryout the sub-processing activities,
such as; shelling, roasting, de-skinning/winnowing, milling and kneading machines. More so, there were also efforts
to developed hydraulic press and screw press machines that can extract oil from the just shelled groundnut seeds.
These developed machines notwithstanding, still have areas desiring modifications. In case of the groundnut milling
operation, it was established that there is no any effort that targeted the groundnut oil extraction activity.
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3.2 Recommendations
In other to improve on the existing machines, the following recommendations were made;
For the existing shelling machine, the limitations can be addressed by considering the following;
(a) Extensive study should be conducted on aerodynamic properties of groundnut to improve the cleaning
system.
(b) To improve on the cleaning efficiency, additional cleaning system in form of a shaker should be provided
or a suction mechanism should be incorporated to remove larger shells from the shelled groundnut kernels.
(c) The use of locally available raw materials is essential as this will bring down the cost of fabrication of the
machines.
(d) Engineers should work hand in hand with machine fabricators so as to enable them understand the importance
designing machines before fabrication.
For the existing roasting machine, the limitations can be addressed by considering the following;
(a) The roasting chamber can be made cylindrical and positioned vertically with the top left open as an inlet
opening on the roasting chamber to enhance easy admission of groundnut in to the chamber.
(b) The capacity of the roasting machine, batch wise, can be made to accommodate the maximum quantity of
groundnut seeds usually processed by the small scale processors.
(c) The charcoal tray can be cased with mild steel sheet lined with insulating material (fiber material) to prevent
excessive heat transfer to other parts not desired, and
(d) A centrifugal fan can be designed for efficient blowing of the charcoal tray.
For the existing de-skinning and winnowing machine, the limitations can be addressed by considering the following;
(a) The engineering properties of the groundnut seed.
(b) The de-skinning chamber can be made to be adjustable so as to suit different varieties of groundnut seeds for
better de-skinning and cleaning efficiencies.
(c) A centrifugal blower can be designed considering the terminal velocity of groundnut seed for efficient
cleaning of the de-skinned groundnut seeds.
(d) Belt and drums can be used to replace the reciprocating shafts to prevent scatter losses and improve on the
outlook of the machine and make it easy for operation.
For the existing kneading machine, the limitations can be addressed by considering the following;
(a) A groove and holder (belt) can be provided on the frame for the kneading chamber to prevent vibration.
(b) Cased 900 bevel gears can be used to prevent wobbling and wearing away of the gear teeth of the ordinary
bevel gears.
(c) A means of providing cover to the kneading chamber can be provided to prevent splashing away of groundnut
paste during kneading.
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An Overview of Groundnut Oil Extraction PDF

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Proceedings of Second International Interdisciplinary Conference On Global Initiatives for Integrated Development

An Overview of Groundnut Oil Extraction Technologies

Lawan I. Ali M. A. Abubakar M. S. Muhammad A.I.

2.0 GROUNDNUT OIL EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES

2.1 Groundnut Shelling Machine

Plate 1: Groundnut shelling machine

Figure 1: Developed Shelling machine

2.1.1 Limitations of the existing groundnut shelling machine

2.2 Groundnut Seeds Roasting Machine

Plate 2: Groundnut seed roaster

Plate 3: Modified groundnut seed roaster

2.3 Groundnut De-skinning and Winnowing Machine

Plate 4: De-skinning and winnowing machine

Figure 2: Modified de-skinning and winnowing machine

2.3.1 Limitations of the existing groundnut de-skinning/ winnowing machine

2.4 Groundnut Milling Machine

Plate 5: Milling machine

2.4.1 Challenges Faced in Milling Groundnut Seeds

Plate 6: Manually operated kneading machine

Plate 7: Motorized kneading machine

Plate 8 : Modified kneading machine

2.5.1 Limitations of the existing groundnut paste kneading machine

2.6.1 Limitations of the existing hydraulic press expelling machine

2.7 Screw Press Expelling Machine

Plate 10: Developed screw expelling machine

Figure 3: Isometric view of the screw press oil expeller

2.7.1 Limitations of the existing screw press machine

3.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Abdullahi,U.S.(2008). Modification of a Manually Operated Groundnut Roaster. Unpublished B.Eng Project

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