STOICHIOMETRY

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 1

 Stoichiometry
• The study in chemistry dealing with
calculations based on balanced chemical
equations.
• The branch of chemistry dealing with mass
relationships

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 2

Interrelationship between Mole,Molar
Mass and Number of Particles

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 3

 Flowchart
Atoms or
Molecules Divide by 6.023 X 1023

Multiply by 6.023X 1023 Multiply by

Moles atomic/molar mass
from periodic table
Divide by
atomic/molar mass
from periodic table Mass
(grams)
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 Calculations

molar mass Avogadro’s number

Grams Moles particles

Everything must go through

Moles!!!

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 Calculations in Stoichiometry
• Mole to mole
• Mole to mass
• Mass to mole
• Mass to mass
• Mass to volume

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 6

 Chocolate Chip Cookies!!
1 cup butter
1/2 cup white sugar
1 cup packed brown sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 eggs
2 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 teaspoon salt
2 cups semisweet chocolate chips
Makes 3 dozen

How many eggs are needed to make 3 dozen cookies?

How much butter is needed for the amount of chocolate chips used?
How many eggs would we need to make 9 dozen cookies?
How much brown sugar would I need if I had 1 ½ cups white sugar?
DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 7
 Cookies and Chemistry…Huh!?!?

• Just like chocolate chip cookies

have recipes, chemists have
recipes as well
• Instead of calling them recipes,
we call them reaction equations
• Furthermore, instead of using
cups and teaspoons, we use
moles
• Lastly, instead of eggs, butter,
sugar, etc. we use chemical
compounds as ingredients

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 8

 Chemistry Recipes
• Looking at a reaction tells us how much of something
you need to react with something else to get a product
(like the cookie recipe)
• Be sure you have a balanced reaction before you
start!

Example: 2 Na + Cl2 à 2 NaCl

• This reaction tells us that by mixing 2 moles of sodium with 1
mole of chlorine we will get 2 moles of sodium chlorine
• What if we wanted 4 moles of NaCl? 10 moles?
50 moles?

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 9

 Practice
• For the balanced reaction for hydrogen gas reacting with
oxygen gas.
2 H 2 + O 2 à 2 H 2O
– How many moles of reactants are needed?
– What if we wanted 4 moles of water?
– What if we had 3 moles of oxygen, how much hydrogen would
we need to react and how much water would we get?
– What if we had 50 moles of hydrogen, how much oxygen
would we need and how much water produced?

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 10

Mole – Mole Calculations

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 Mole Ratios

• These mole ratios can be used to calculate

the moles of one chemical from the given
amount of a different chemical

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 Example 1

• How many moles of chlorine is needed to react with 5 moles

of sodium (without any sodium left over)?
2 Na + Cl2 à 2 NaCl

5 moles Na 1 mol Cl2

= 2.5 moles Cl2
2 mol Na

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 13

 Example 2
• 20 moles of CO2 is the average amount exhaled by day. How
many moles of LiOH will there have to be to complete this
reaction?

CO2(g) + 2LiOH(s) ® Li2CO3(s) + H2O(l)

20 moles CO2 2 mol LiOH

= 40 moles LiOH
1 mol CO2

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 14

 Practice Exercise

• How many moles of sodium chloride will be

produced if you react 2.6 moles of chlorine gas
with an excess (more than you need) of sodium
metal?

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 15

Mole-Mass Calculation

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 Mole-Mass Conversions

• Most of the time in chemistry, the amounts are

given in grams instead of moles
• We still go through moles and use the mole
ratio, but now we also use molar mass to get to
grams

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 17

 Mole-Mass Conversions

• How many grams of chlorine are required to

react completely with 5.00 moles of sodium to
produce sodium chloride?
2 Na + Cl2 à 2 NaCl

5.00 moles Na 1 mol Cl2 70.90g Cl2

2 mol Na 1 mol Cl2 = 177g Cl2

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 18

 Practice Exercise

• Calculate the mass in grams of Iodine required

to react completely with 0.50 moles of
aluminum.

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Mass-Mole Calculation

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 Mass-Mole
• We can also start with mass and convert to
moles of product or another reactant
• We use molar mass and the mole ratio to get to
moles of the compound of interest

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 Example 1
Calculate the number of moles of ethane (C2H6) needed to
produce 10.0 g of water
– 2 C2H6 + 7 O2 à 4 CO2 + 6 H20
10.0 g H2O 1 mol H2O 2 mol C2H6 = 0.185
18.0 g H2O 6 mol H20 mol C2H6

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 22

 Example 2

If 8.00 g of SO2 reacts,

a. How many moles of CS2 are formed?
b. How many moles of CO2 are formed?
3C (s) + 2SO2 (g) à CS2 (l) + 2CO2 (g)

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 Solution (a)

3C (s) + 2SO2 (g) à CS2 (l) + 2CO2 (g)

8.00 g SO2 1 mol SO2 1 mol CS2 = 0.06 mol

64.1 g SO2 2 mol SO2 CS2

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 24

 Solution (b)

3C (s) + 2SO2 (g) à CS2 (l) + 2CO2 (g)

8.00 g SO2 1 mol SO2 2 mol CO2 = 0.125

64.1 g SO2 2 mol SO2 mol CO2

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 25

 Practice

• Calculate how many moles of oxygen are

required to make 10.0 g of aluminum oxide

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 26

Mass-Mass Calculation

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 Mass-Mass Conversions
• Most often we are given a starting mass and
want to find out the mass of a product we will
get (called theoretical yield) or how much of
another reactant we need to completely react
with it (no leftover ingredients!)
• Now we must go from grams to moles, mole
ratio, and back to grams of compound we are
interested in

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 Example 1
Calculate how many grams of ammonia are produced
when you react 2.00g of nitrogen with excess
hydrogen.
N2 + 3 H2 à 2 NH3

2.00g N2 1 mol N2 2 mol NH3 17.06g NH3

28.02g N2 1 mol N2 1 mol NH3
= 2.4 g NH3
DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 29
 Example 2

How many grams of Tin (II) fluoride are

produced when 30.0 grams of HF react?
Sn (s) + 2HF (g) à SnF2 (s) + H2 (g)

30.0g HF 1 mol HF 1 mol SnF2 157g SnF2

20.10g HF 2mol HF 1 mol SnF2
= 117.5 g SnF2
DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 30
 Practice

• How many grams of calcium nitride are

produced when 2.00 g of calcium reacts with
an excess of nitrogen?

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Mass ÛVolume Calculation

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 Avogadro’s Hypothesis

It states that one mole of a gas occupies 22.4

liters volume at standard condition

At Standard Condition:
P = 760 mm Hg
= 1 atm
T = 273.15 K

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 33

 Example 1

How many grams of zinc must react with sulfuric acid

to produce 1000 ml of hydrogen at STP?
Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ® ZnSO4 (s) + H2 (g)

1.0 L H2 1 mol H2 1 mol Zn 65.4 g Zn

22.4 L H2 1 mol H2 1 mol Zn
= 3.0 g Zn
DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 34
 Example 2

How many liters of oxygen is needed to react with 10.0

g of carbon to form carbon monoxide at STP?
2C (s) + O2 (aq) ® 2CO (g)

10.0 g C 1 mol C 1 mol O2 22.4 L O2

12.0 g C 2 mol C 1 mol O2
= 9.33 L O2
DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 35
 Practice

1. What is the volume of oxygen that will react

with 30.0 grams of magnesium to form
magnesium oxide?
2. How many grams of calcium is needed to
react with hydrochloric acid to form calcium
chloride and 2.6 liters of hydrogen?

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 36

Limiting and Excess Reactant

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 Limiting Reactant: The Sandwich Equation

2 pieces of bread + 3 slices meat + 1 slice cheese

® sandwich

• Now assume you have the following quantities of

ingredients:
a. 20 slices of bread
b. 24 slices of meat
c. 12 slices of cheese
• How many sandwiches can you make?

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 2 pieces of bread + 3 slices meat + 1 slice cheese ® sandwich

Number of Sandwich can be made:

a. For 20 slices of bread = can make 10 sandwiches
b. For 24 slices of meat = can make 8 sandwiches
c. For 12 slices of cheese = can make 12 sandwiches

• How many sandwiches can you make?

There 8 sandwiches that can be made out of the available
ingredients because the number of meat limits the number of
product or sandwich.

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Limiting and Excess Reactant

• Most of the time in chemistry we have more of one

reactant than we need to completely use up other
reactant.
• That reactant is said to be in excess (there is too
much).
• The other reactant limits how much product we get.
Once it runs out, the reaction s. This is called
the limiting reactant.

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 Limiting and Excess Reactant

• Limiting Reactant – the reactant that controls

the amount of product formed in chemical
reaction
• Excess Reactant – the substance that is not
used up completely in a reaction

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 Limiting Reactant

• To find the correct answer, we have to try all

of the reactants. We have to calculate how
much of a product we can get from each of the
reactants to determine which reactant is the
limiting one.
• The lower amount of a product is the correct
answer.

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 Limiting Reactant

• The reactant that makes the least amount of

product is the limiting reactant. Once you
determine the limiting reactant, you should
ALWAYS start with it!
• Be sure to pick a product! You can’t compare
to see which is greater and which is lower
unless the product is the same!

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 Limiting Reactant: Example
• 10.0g of aluminum reacts with 35.0 grams of chlorine gas to
produce aluminum chloride. Which reactant is limiting, which is in
excess, and how much product is produced?
2 Al + 3 Cl2 à 2 AlCl3
• Start with Al:

10.0 g Al 1 mol Al 2 mol AlCl3 133.5 g AlCl3

= 49.4g AlCl3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol AlCl3
• Now Cl2:
35.0g Cl2 1 mol Cl2 2 mol AlCl3 133.5 g AlCl3
= 43.9g AlCl3
71.0 g Cl2 3 mol Cl2 1 mol AlCl3
DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 44
 LR Example Continued

• We get 49.4g of aluminum chloride from the given

amount of aluminum, but only 43.9g of aluminum
chloride from the given amount of chlorine. Therefore,
chlorine is the limiting reactant. Once the 35.0g of
chlorine is used up, the reaction comes to a complete
.

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 Limiting Reactant Practice

• 15.0 g of potassium reacts with 15.0 g of

iodine. Calculate which reactant is limiting
and how much product is made.

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 Finding the Amount of Excess

• By calculating the amount of the excess

reactant needed to completely react with the
limiting reactant, we can subtract that amount
from the given amount to find the amount of
excess.
• Can we find the amount of excess potassium
in the previous problem?

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 47

 Finding Excess Practice

• 15.0 g of potassium reacts with 15.0 g of iodine.

2 K + I2 à 2 KI
• We found that Iodine is the limiting reactant, and 19.6 g of potassium
iodide are produced.

15.0 g I2 1 mol I2 2 mol K 39.1 g K

= 4.62 g K
254 g I2 1 mol I2 1 mol K USED!

15.0 g K – 4.62 g K = 10.38 g K EXCESS

Given amount Note that we started with the
of excess Amount of limiting reactant! Once you
excess
reactant determine the LR, you should
reactant
only start with it!
actually used
DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 48
 Limiting Reactant: Recap

1. You can recognize a limiting reactant problem because there

is MORE THAN ONE GIVEN AMOUNT.
2. Convert ALL of the reactants to the SAME product (pick any
product you choose.)
3. The lowest answer is the correct answer.
4. The reactant that gave you the lowest answer is the
LIMITING REACTANT.
5. The other reactant(s) are in EXCESS.
6. To find the amount of excess, subtract the amount used from
the given amount.
7. If you have to find more than one product, be sure to start
with the limiting reactant. You don’t have to determine
which is the LR over and over again!

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Theoretical and Percent Yield

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Theoretical yield – the predicted amount of product

Percentage Yield = ____Actual Yield___ x100

Theoretical Yield

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 Sample Problem

• Barium sulfide,BaS, which is used as a white pigment

in paints, is prepared through the following reaction:

BaSO4 + 4C ® BaS + 4CO

Suppose you have 38 grams of BaSO4 and 5 grams of

carbon. What is the theoretical yield? If the reaction
actually produced 15.32 grams of BaS, what is the
percentage yield?

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 Practice

Aluminum and chlorine react with each other to

form aluminum chloride according to the following
equation:

2Al + 3Cl2 ® 2AlCl3

Suppose you had 20.0 grams Al and 30.0 grams Cl2.

What would be the theoretical yield? If the actual
yield is 31.8 grams AlCl3, what is the percentage
yield?

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Thanks for Listening

DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 54