Asymptotic SINR Analysis of Broadcast
MassiveMIMO Frequency Selective Channels
Goli Srikanth, Research Scholar
School of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
Shiv Nadar University
Dadri, Greater Noida, UP 201314
Email: gs499@snu.edu.in
Abstract—A linear single-cell Multi User MassiveMIMO(MU-
MaMI) system is considered. Where the Base Station(BS) makes
use of Nt antennas to communicate with Nr randomly distributed
User Terminals(UTs) each having single-antenna. In particular,
we focus on the transmit preprocessing via linear precoders
like RCI and MMSE. In this paper we study the signal-
to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs) performance of linear
precoders in frequency selective channels. And compared with
derived asymptotic SINR analysis under large system limit, where
the ratio of UTs to the BS antennas tending to zero.
Keywords— MassiveMIMO, Frequency Selective, Circulant
Blocks, SINR, RCI and MMSE
I. I NTRODUCTION
Multiple Input Multiple Output(MIMO) proposed by the
Kailath and Paulraj [1], Which is well known technology
from last 20 years and supported the wireless systems in
data throughput increase and link reliability. By well known
theory given by shanon, channel capacity(Csiso ) of Single
Input and Single Output(SISO) is given by,
Csiso = Blog2 (1 + SN R) (1)
where B is bandwidth and SNR is the Signal to Noise
ratio. From the Eq. 2,which is plainly visible , that to
increase the capacity there is to be increase either in
bandwidth B or signal power. Which is not true in practical
scenarios due to deficiency in bandwidth and enforced
energy efficient systems. MIMO with techniques like Spatial
Multiplexing(SM), Diversity and Beamforming increased
the capacity up to the minimum of number transmitting
antennas and number of receiving antennas compared to
the SISO channel capacity is given by the Telatar [2]. 4G
MIMO technology adopted in the Long term Evolution(LTE)
and LTE-Advanced and IEEE 802.11ac and other wireless
systems. Due base stations(BSs) are equipped with smaller
number of antennas in the above mentioned wireless systems,
Spatial resolution is limited and performance gain is not fully
exploited. In order to meet the future predicated data traffic
given by [3], scaling up the spatial resolution is necessary i.e
increasing the antennas at the BSs and User Terminals(UTs).
Vijay Kumar Chakka, Senior Member, IEEE
School of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
Shiv Nadar University,
Dadri, Greater Noida UP-201314
Email: vk484@snu.edu.in
MassiveMIMO(MaMI) is one of the future wireless
technology proposed by Marzetta [4], [5]. Multi User-
MaMi(MU-Massive MIMO) is the technique serving the
few UTs with BSs having the large number of antennas.
Performance of MU-MIMO for frequency flat channels is
extensively shown in literature, where as for the MU-MaMI
using frequency selective channels is limited. This motivated
to choose the frequency selective channels for downlink MU-
MaMI. Among works to address on MU-MaMI frequency
selective channels related, Mohammed et.al [6] proposed low
complexity precoder to generate the constant envelope(CE)
signals. Ziab et.al [7] proposed the low complexity channel
estimation in uplink distributed MaMI frequency selective
channels. Sum rates of the MaMI frequency selective
channels is given [8].Studer et.al [9] a proposed large scale
Multiuser simultaneous Precoder, Modulation and Peak power
reduction(PMP) in a selective fading channels. In this paper
channel properties of memory based block transmissions is
considered. In this paper, two possible downlink transmission
scenarios for frequency selective channels are considered and
studied their channels properties are analyzed using Random
Matrix Theory.
Random Matrix theory is tool which is extensivey used by
its applcations in physics,statistics and engineering. In the last
few years, lot of work is emerged out in the communications
and information theory literature on the fundamental limits
of random MIMO channels, that makes the substanial use of
results in RMT [10] [11].
The remaining parts of this paper are organized as follows.
Two scenarios of system model for MM frequency selective
channel is explained in Section II. Section III describes the
Random Matrix of the two channel properties are analyzed.
Section IV Capacity and SINR limits calculations. Section
V describes the performance analysis of the precoders using
through simulation results performed in MATLAB. Section
VI deals with conclusion.
Notation: Boldface lower-case symbols denoted as vectors,
capital boldface symbols represented by matrices, (.)T and
(.)H denote the transpose and hermitian transpose operations
respectively. The symbol E[.] is the expectation operator.In
is identity matrix of size n, |.|2 absolute power, diag(A)
corresponds to diagonal elements of matrix A, min(. . . )
gives the minimum value.
II. S YSTEM M ODEL
Consider the channel where the BSs are colocated and
UTs are distributed and not fixed at one location. When the
UTs are mobile, the fading of the receiver depends on both
transmission schemes and channel characteristics. Transmis-
sion scemes depends on the signal parameters like signal
bandwidth and symbol period. Where as wireless channels
can be characterized delay spread and doppler spread. In
this fading due to time dispersion i.e delay spread which is
known to bw freqeuncy slective channel is considered. MaMI
channels between the BSs and UTs can be modeled using
Finite Impules Response/ Finite delay line/Wire Tap model.
A. Frequency selective channels
The L-tap random channel impulse response between the
transmitting antenna j and receiving antenna i is given by
hji = [h0ji , h1ji , h2ji , . . . hL−1
ji ]. It is assumed that channel is
quasi-static rayleigh distributed iid elements over which hji
remains constant during a transmission block(N<T(coherence
time)). Nt number of Base Station(BS) antennas serving
Nr number of User Terminals(UTs) equipped with single
antenna, keeping the constraint Nt >> Nr .The baseband
signal received by the j th receiving antenna at the k th tone is
given
X Nt L−1
X
yj [k] = hlji si [k − l] + nj [k] (2)
i=1 l=0
where hlji , is the lth element of hji , l = 0, 1, . . . , L−1. denotes
the channel gain of the lth path between the ith transmitting
antenna and the j th receiving antenna. Where, si [k] is the
transmitted symbol from the ith transmitting antenna at the k th
tone, and nj [k] represents the noise component on the j th re-
ceiving antenna at the k th tone.Block based model techniques
having cyclic prefix(CP) is proposed by Vaidyanathan [?].
Transmission frame occupying N = Nd + Np OFDM tones,
where Nd is the number of OFDM tones used for the data
and Np ≥ L − 1 represents the number of OFDM tones
unused are assigned to CP/ZP. where Np consecutive or first
Np OFDM tones of Nt data element vectors as CP. Now
this frame structure is transmitted with in the coherence time
duration of channel, and received signal vector of j th user of
all OFDM tone denoted as,
Nt
X configurations are shown in Fig.(3). The empirical distribution
yj = Hji si + nj (3)
i=0
where yj = (yj [0], yj [1], yj [2], . . . , yj [N − 1])T repre-
senting the N OFDM tones of output vector at the j th
UT. sj = (sj [0], sj [1], sj [2], . . . , sj [N − 1])T and nj =
(nj [0], nj [1], nj [2], . . . , nj [N − 1])T where j = 1, . . . Nr . The
above Eq. (3) represented by substituting for j = 1, 2, . . . , Nr
and i = 1, 2, . . . , Nt . where Hji is the N × N channel matrix,
where the first column has hji element with zero appended to
make length up to N and remaining all other circular shifted
version of the previous columns. This matrix is called as
circulant matrix. si is the precoded transmitted OFDM Symbol
from ith antenna of the BS for all the UTs and nj is the N ×1
is the Additive White Gaussian Noise at UT j for N OFDM
tones. After concatenation of Nt OFDM precoded symbols for
all UTs received signal vectors is can be form the Eq. (3) is,
ȳ = Hbc .s̄ + n̄ (4)
Where s̄ = (s1 , s2 , s3 , . . . , sNt )T ∈ CN.Nt ×1 is the precoded
OFDM symbol vectors of each length N to transmit from
Nt BS antennas, ȳ = (y1 , y2 , y3 , . . . , yNr )T ∈ CK.Nr ×1 is
the received vector of Nr UTs of K = Nd + L − 1 symbol
durations and n̄ = (n1 , n2 , n3 , . . . , nNr )T ∈ CK.Nr ×1 is the
corresponding noise at the receivers for each OFDM symbol
[], [] and Hbc ∈ CK.Nr ×N.Nt is circulant block channel matrix
shown in Eq. (5).
 
H11 H12 . . . H1Nt
 H21 H22 . . . H2Nt 
Hcb =  . (5)
 
. . . .. . . 
 . . . . 
HNr 1 HNr r2 . . . HNr Nt
where each Hji ∈ C N denotes the circulant matrix of order
N.
III. C HANNEL P ROPERTIES AND A SYMPTOTIC T HEORY
write some thing here about why we are looking Channel
Properties like Singular Value Distribution and Eigen Vector
limiting cases.
A. Singular Values Distribution of Channel
When the CSI is known completely at the transmitter and
the receiver, then the capacity under power constraints depends
up on the singular values of the channel Hbc . The empirical
distribution function of the eigen values (Spectrum) of an n×n
Hermitian matrix A = Hbc HH H
bc or A = Hbc Hbc depending up
on the uplink or downlink is denoted by,
n
1X
FAn (x) = 1{λi (A) ≤ x} (6)
n i=1
Where λ1 (A), . . . , λn (A) are the eigen values of the A
and 1{.} is the indicator function. Now by using Eq.(9),
singular value distribution is computed for different antenna
of the eigenvalues converges almost surely to a marcencko
pastur law with different aspect ratios(β).
 (a) Nt = 32, β = 0.5000 (b) Nt = 64, β = 0.2500 (a) L = 4, β = 0.1250 (b) L = 8, β = 0.1250

(c) Nt = 128, β = 0.1250 (d) Nt = 256, β = 0.0625 (c) L = 16, β = 0.1250 (d) L = 32, β = 0.1250

Fig. 1: EVD of the Channel (Nr = 16, L = 8, N = 64) Fig. 3: EVD of the Channel (Nt = 128, Nr = 16, N = 64)

smaller number of UTs.

Nr
lim =0 (8)
Nt →∞ Nt

Type-II system essentially deals with MM precoding problems

in downlink. On the other hand, since the number of BS
antennas may be significantly higher than the total number
of UT antennas, a very unbalanced antenna configuration is
encountered, which results in high transmit diversity order.
(a) Nr = 8, β = 0.0625 (b) Nr = 16, β = 0.1250
The transmit diversity obtained is so high that the impact of
both the multi user interference (MUI) and noise is reduced.
The channel vectors associated to UTs becomes orthogonal for
higher dimensions, which was given by Marcenko-patur law [].
In the precoding based downlink systems it was proved that
increasing the number of BS antennas is always provides better
performance even in low SNR and poor channel estimate.
When the BS antennas tending to infinity, the effects of both
the small-scale and fast fadings are reduced. Results shown in
Fig. ?? and Fig. ?? are for the channel hardening using MF
(c) Nr = 32, β = 0.2500 (d) Nr = 64, β = 0.5000
and BER performance using MF with different configurations
Fig. 2: EVD of the Channel (Nt = 128, L = 8, N = 64) are shown respectively. In antenna configuration point of view,
there are two types of MM systems, i.e Type-I and Type-II
systems given [?], In Type-II systems, only the BS antennas
B. Asymptotic Theory are equipped with a large number of collocated antennas serves
In MM systems, precoding problems are encountered in the smaller number of UTs.
downlink scenarios or broadcast channels. In antenna config- Nr
uration point of view, there are two types of MM systems. lim =0 (9)
Nt →∞ Nt
Type-I systems, a large number of collocated antennas serves
a large number of collocated or distributed user terminals. Hence, Type-II is suitable for MM precoding problems details
are in Section V. Nt >> Nr is a very unbalanced antenna
Nr configuration is encountered, which results in high transmit
lim =c (7)
Nt
Nt ,Nr →∞ diversity order. Due to high transmit diversity, the impact
In type-II systems, only the BS antennas are equipped with of both the multi user interference (MUI) and noise are
a large number of collocated antennas serves the significantly reduced. The channel vectors associated to UTs becomes close
 Spatial Interference
to orthogonal for higher dimensions, which was given by Desired Signal z }| {
Marcenko-pastur law [?], [11] z }| { X Nt
yj [k] = hkjk pH
jk xj [k − l] + hkjk pH
il xk [k − l]
IV. SINR A SYMPTOTIC A NALYSIS i6=j
Nt
(15)
XX
Preocders are utilized at the transmitting side only, where + hljk pH
il xi [k − l] + nj [k]
there is no processing at receivers. Balanced Equalizer is l6=k i=1
| {z }
the process where pre procesing at the transmitter and post | {z } Noise
Temporal Interference
processing at the receiver is carried out at the receiver.
SINR for the j th receive antenna at the k th symbol duration
A. Basic Linear Precoders and it can be defined from the eq. (15)
1) Asymptotic Analysis: In the following, asymptotic SINR
If the channel state information(CSI) is known at the BSs
expression are derived for the RCI beamformaer in the MaMI
then the RBF precoder is shown below, where ρ is regulariza- K
systems as M, K → ∞ and with a fixed ratio β = M . Furhter
tion parameter. α
thermore, we define the parameter ρ = M . Equation can be
P̄ = α(ηHH −1 −1 H rewrutten as.
bc Hbc + cρ I) Hbc (10)
According to the random matrix theory when M and K grow
MF/ZF and MMSE Precoders are the special cases of RZF infinty with fixed ratio.
and derived. Z ∞
1
By setting the parameters for MF(η = 0, c = 1 and g(β, ρ) = fβ (x)dx (16)
0 x+ρ
ρ = 1),ZF(η = 1, c = 0 and ρ = 1) and MMSE(η = 1, c = 1
V. S IMULATION R ESULTS
and ρ = σ12 , σ is noise variance). Where α is choosen
from [?].These precoders are used to mitigate the Inter Symbol VI. C ONCLUSION
Interference(ISI) and Inter User Interference(IUI) at one shot. We studied the MM downlink performance of linear pre-
By plugging the Eq. (11) in Eq. (??) gives the received signal coder and SVD based linear balanced equalizer in single cell
vector at each user with corresponding precoder at the given with BS antennas up to 256 and UTs with single antenna up
block of time. to 64.As the channel memory length L increases, SVD based
where U ∈ CNO ×NO and V ∈ CNI ×NI are unitary matrices. balanced equalizer is performing better in both SINR and
Σ ∈ RNO ×NI is rectangular matrix, contains non-negative real BER. As the BS antennas are increasing SVD based balanced
valued singular values on its main diagonal and whose off equalizer is constant and all other precoders are degrading the
diagonal elements are zero.. i,.e diag(Σ) = {σ1 , σ2 . . . σk }, performance.Furthermore, we proved a widely used assump-
where k = min{NI , NO } and σ1 ≥ σ2 ≥ σ3 . . . σk }. SVD tion that the product of the MM frequency selective fading
pre and post code transmit and receive structure is shown in channel matrix with its conjugate transpose tends to a scaled
Fig. (??). identity matrix as Nt → − ∞. This result which are shown
Fig. (??) is quite useful, since one can determine, with which
 VH
 

Hbc = U Σk 0Nt −k k
= UΣk VH (11) reliability of the assumption is true according to the number
H k
| {z } VNt −k of antennas to be deployed at the BS per user.
Σ | {z }
VH ACKNOWLEDGMENT
When the CSI is available at the transmitter side, SVD We would like to thank the Dr.Sathyanaryana Reddy
decomposition can be performed. In which a transmitted signal and Dr.Santosh Kumar for their valuable comments and
is pre-processed with V̄Σ̄ at the transmitter, where V̄ = Vk suggestions in the discussions to improve the quality of the
and Σ̄ = Σ−1
k . Then the signal at the receiver represented as, paper.

ȳ = Hbc .V̄Σ̄x̄ + n̄ (12)

R EFERENCES
Post processing with UH at the receiver is performed and it [1] A. J. Paulraj and T. Kailath, “Increasing capacity in wireless broadcast
can be denoted as, systems using distributed transmission/directional reception (DTDR),”
Sept. 6 1994. US Patent 5,345,599.
x̂ = UH (Hbc .V̄x̄ + n̄) (13) [2] E. Telatar, “Capacity of Multi-antenna Gaussian Channels,” European
transactions on telecommunications, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 585–595, 1999.
[3] P. Cerwall, P. Jonsson, R. Möller, S. Bävertoft, S. Carson, I. Godor,
where, x̂ = UH ȳ which are the detected signal vectors. The P. Kersch, A. Kälvemark, G. Lemne, and P. Lindberg, “Ericsson
received signal for, j th receive antenna at k th symbol duration, mobility report,” Ericsson.[Online]. Available.: www. ericsson. com/r
es/docs/2015/ericsson-mobility-report-june-2015. pdf [June 2015], 2015.
is given in Eq. (16). [4] E. G. Larsson, O. Edfors, F. Tufvesson, and T. L. Marzetta, “Massive
MIMO for next generation wireless systems,” IEEE Communications
L−1
X Nt
X Magazine, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 186–195, 2014.
yj [k] = hkji pik xi [k − l] + nj [k] (14) [5] T. L. Marzetta, “Massive MIMO: an introduction,” Bell Labs Technical
Journal, vol. 20, pp. 11–22, 2015.
l=0 i=1
 [6] S. K. Mohammed and E. G. Larsson, “Constant-envelope multi-user pre-
coding for frequency-selective massive MIMO systems,” IEEE Wireless
Communications Letters, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 547–550, 2013.
[7] A. Zaib, M. Masood, M. Ghogho, and T. Y. Al-Naffouri, “Distributive
estimation of frequency selective channels for massive MIMO systems,”
in Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), 2015 23rd European,
pp. 889–893, IEEE, 2015.
[8] P.-Y. Tsai and C.-Y. Liu, “Reduced-complexity SVD with adjustable
accuracy for precoding in large-scale MIMO systems,” in Signal Pro-
cessing Systems (SiPS), 2015 IEEE Workshop on, pp. 1–6, IEEE, 2015.
[9] C. Studer and E. G. Larsson, “PAR-aware large-scale multi-user MIMO-
OFDM downlink,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,
vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 303–313, 2013.
[10] A. M. Tulino and S. Verdú, Random matrix theory and wireless
communications, vol. 1. Now Publishers Inc, 2004.
[11] Z. Bai and J. W. Silverstein, Spectral analysis of large dimensional
random matrices, vol. 20. Springer, 2010.