Ep-Martin, Joseph Renzo PDF

HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

( COMPILATION )
MARTIN, JOSEPH RENZO R.
20250540
ENGR. BRYAN DALE YU
INSTRUCTOR
Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Holy
Analysis
Angel University
School of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Working Stress
Design - Flexure
Module 1 – Reinforced Concrete Design
Objective Upon completing this section, students should be able to know the
concept of Working Stress Design and apply the theories in
investigating and designing a singly reinforced beam
Content 

Cracking Moment
Flexural Investigation of Beams
 Uncracked Beam
 Cracked Beam : Classical Flexural Formula
 Cracked Beam : Transformed Area Method
 Flexural Design of Beams
 Transformed Area Method
Activities During the module, students will perform graded activities to measure
their progress during the course; Quiz, class discussion, practice
problems.
Readings Design of Reinforced Concrete 9th Edition by J.C Mccormac

Reinforced Concrete Design Lectures by Engr. I.R Bonzon
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 Edition
Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 1 of 13

Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis
The vast majority of reinforced concrete structures have been proportioned based on a straight-line theory which
is called “Working Stress Design”. Although ultimate strength design techniques are rapidly supplanting working
stress design, the designer should be proficient in both.
When using working stress design technique, members are proportioned so that the members may sustained
the anticipated real loads induced (working or design loads) without stresses in the concrete or reinforcements
exceeding the proportional limits of the individual material.
Basic assumptions in working stress design:
 a plane section before bending remains a plane section after bending.

 stress is proportional to strain. Hooke’s law applies to the non-homogenous material of concrete and
steel
 strain in proportional to the distance from the neutral axis
 the tensile strength of concrete is negligible, and tensile forces are carried completely by steel
reinforcements
 the concrete and steel bond together perfectly so that no slip occurs
 the basic assumption concerning deformations and flexure of homogenous members are valid

Notation used in Working Stress Design:
Effect of Reinforcements in Concrete:
 The tensile strength of concrete is assumed in structural design as almost nil, it necessary to strengthen
or reinforce concrete members where they are subjected to tensile stresses.
 This reinforcement is usually accomplished by the embedment of steel bars or rods which must then
resist almost 100% of the tensile forces
 Obviously, when the concrete is cracked, it is no longer capable in resisting tensile forces.
 The tensile forces in the bottom is resisted by the reinforcement and the compression forces at the top
are resisted by the concrete.

Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete:
 The maximum compressive strain occurs at the top surface of the beam, and the maximum tensile
strain occurs at the bottom surface.
 The assumption of a linear strain distribution is fundamental in analysing the behaviour of a reinforced
concrete beam as the bending moment is increased up to the ultimate strength of the beam.
 In Design, it is often assumed that concrete fails in compression when it reaches a compressive strain of
0.003.
 With the above assumptions, it is now possible to follow the progression of flexural cracking as the
bending moment on a RC beam is increased.
Three Principal Stages of behaviour of RC Beams to consider:

 The beam is uncracked
 The beam is cracked, but stresses are within the elastic range
 The beam reaches its ultimate strength
Uncracked Section
Cracked Section

WHAT CAUSES THE CONCRETE BEAM TO CRACK DUE TO FLEXURE??
Cracking Moment, 𝑴𝒄𝒓
The cracking moment is the moment required to first cause the beam to crack.
This point is important because:
 this is the point at which the steel reinforcement in the beam is exposed to the environment, a possible
cause of corrosion in the steel.
 any further increase in the moment in the beam causes drastically increases the curvature of the beam,
and may not be completely reversible when the load is removed.
The equation for getting the cracking moment is:
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

fr = modulus of rupture
𝐼𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎
𝑦𝑡 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
The modulus of rupture can be obtained by:
𝝀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝝀 = 1.00 − 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝝀 = 0.85 − 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝝀 = 0.75 − 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

If average splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete, 𝑓𝑐𝑡 , is specified;
Example 1
A rectangular beam, having dimensions as shown, is

reinforced with 8 – 20mm  bars. Determine the moment
that will cause the beam to crack.
Given:
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 30.0 Mpa
𝜆= 1.0

Example 2
Calculate the uniform load which will cause the section to

crack if they are used for an 8.0-m simple span
Given:
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 30.0 Mpa
𝜔𝑐 = 24.00 kN/m
𝜆= 1.0

Principal Stages of behaviour of RC Beams to consider:
At section 1: Uncrack stage
 Actual moment, M < Cracking moment, Mcr

 No cracking occurs
 The gross section resists bending
 The tensile stress of concrete is below rupture
At Section 2: Boundary between crack and uncrack stages

 Actual moment, M = Cracking moment, Mcr
 Crack begins to form
 The gross section resists bending
 The tensile stress of concrete reached the rupture point
At Section 3: Crack concrete stage

 Actual moment, M > Cracking moment, Mcr
 Elastic stress stage
 Cracks developed at the tension fiber of the beam and spreads quickly to the neutral axis
 The tensile stress of concrete is higher than the rupture strength
 Ultimate stress stage can occur at failure

Flexural Analysis : Uncracked Stage (𝑴𝒄𝒓 > 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒕 )
Investigation Analysis
1.) Determine the Flexural Moment
2.) Determine the area of the steel; 𝐴𝑠
3.) Determine the location of the N.A; (𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑡 )
4.) Determine the Moment of Inertia; (𝐼)
5.) Using the conventional Bending Stress Formula, compute the stresses in the upper most fiber of tension
𝑀𝑐
and compression; 𝑓 =
𝐼
Flexural Analysis : Cracked Stage (𝑴𝒄𝒓 < 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒕 ) USING CLASSICAL BENDING STRESS FORMULA
Investigation Analysis
1.) Determine the Flexural Moment
2.) Determine the area of the steel; 𝐴𝑠
3.) Determine the location of the N.A; (𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑡 )
4.) Determine the Moment of Inertia; (𝐼)
5.) Using the conventional Bending Stress Formula, compute the stresses in the upper most fiber of tension
𝑀𝑐
and compression; 𝑓 = 𝐼

Flexural Analysis : Cracked Stage (𝑴𝒄𝒓 < 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒕 ) USING TRANSFORMED AREA METHOD
Investigation Analysis: Transformed Area / Internal Couple Method

1.) Determine the value of 𝑘d & jd
𝑘=√2𝜌𝑛 + (𝜌𝑛)2 − 𝜌𝑛
2.) Using the internal forces, refer to the summation of moment Σ𝑀=0
Therefore:
𝑴=𝑪𝒋𝒅=𝑻𝒋𝒅
3.) Using the following given we can solve for the,

𝒇𝒄, 𝒇𝒔, 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒄𝒂𝒑
Design: Transformed Area / Internal Couple Method
1.) Determine the value of 𝑘d & jd

𝑓𝑐
𝑘=
𝑓𝑠
𝑛 + 𝑓𝑐
2.) Using the internal forces, refer to the summation of moment Σ𝑀=0
𝑴=𝑪𝒋𝒅=𝑻𝒋𝒅
3.) Design the beam

For the dimension of section:
get the expression of the section modulus (𝑏𝑑2 )
For the number of steel bars:
get the value of required area of steel (𝐴𝑠 )

Example 1
A rectangular beam, having dimensions as shown, is
reinforced with 8 – 20mm ∅ bars. Given:
𝑓’𝑐 = 30.0 Mpa
n = 10
Determine:
a.) The stresses caused by a bending moment of 75 kN-m
b.) The stresses caused by a bending moment of 120 kN-m

Example 2
A beam has a length of 5 meters and is fixed on both sides. It carries a uniform
load of 36 kN/m which includes its own weight. The modulus of elasticity of
concrete is 𝐸_𝑐=20,000𝑀𝑃𝑎, determine if the flexural stresses in the concrete
and steel exceeds the allowable stresses given below by: Transformed Area
Method and Classic Flexural Formula
𝑓𝑠 = 125.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑐 = 10.00 Mpa

Example 3
A beam has a length of 5 meters and is fixed on both sides. It
carries a uniform load of 36 kN/m which includes its own weight.
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is 𝐸_𝑐=20,000𝑀𝑃𝑎, if you
were asked to design the section of the beam using the allowable
stresses given below. Design the dimension of the beam if the
bars required.
𝑓𝑠 = 125 MPa 𝐶𝑐 = 50.00mm
𝑓𝑐 = 10.00 MPa

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
A beam that has compression steel as well as tension steel. Compression steel is thought generally be
uneconomical, but there are occasional situations where its use is quite advantageous. Compression steel will
permit the use of appreciably smaller beams than those that make use of tensile steel only. Reduced sizes can
be very important where space or architectural requirements limits the sizes of beams and compression steel is
also quite helpful in reducing long-term deflections.
Investigation Analysis: Stress Analysis
1.) Determine if 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 <𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡
2.) Determine the area of the steel 𝐴𝑠 & 𝐴𝑠′
3.) Determine the location of the N.A (𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝=𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑡)
4.) Determine the Moment of Inertia (𝐼)
5.) Using the conventional Bending Stress Formula, compute the stresses in the upper most fiber of
compression, compression steel bars and tension steel bars
𝑀𝑐
𝑓=
𝐼
Investigation Analysis: Moment Capacity
1.) Determine the value of "𝑘" 𝑎𝑛𝑑 "𝑗“

𝒇𝒄
𝒌=
𝒇𝒔
𝒏 + 𝒇𝒄

2.) Determine the “balanced” moment capacity

𝟏
𝑴𝒃𝒂𝒍 = 𝒇𝒄 𝒌𝒋𝒃𝒅𝟐 & 𝑴𝒃𝒂𝒍 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔 𝒋𝒅 (choose lower value)
𝟐
3.) Determine the value of 𝑓𝑠 ′

(see if it will exceed the value of the given 𝑓𝑠 )
4.) Determine the “excess” moment

𝑴𝒆𝒙𝒄 = 𝑨′𝒔 𝒇′𝒔 (𝐝 − 𝐝′ )
5.) Determine the moment capacity

𝑴𝒄𝒂𝒑 = 𝑴𝒃𝒂𝒍 + 𝑴𝒆𝒙𝒄
Design: Reinforcing Steel Bars
1.) Determine the value of "𝑘" 𝑎𝑛𝑑 "𝑗“

𝒇𝒄
𝒌=
𝒇𝒔
𝒏 + 𝒇𝒄
2.) Determine the “balanced” moment capacity

𝟏
𝑴𝒃𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐 𝒇𝒄 𝒌𝒋𝒃𝒅𝟐
3.) Determine the value of 𝑓𝑠 ′ (see if it will exceed the value of the given 𝑓𝑠 )
4.) Determine the “excess” moment

𝑴𝒆𝒙𝒄 = 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒕 − 𝑴𝒃𝒂𝒍
5.) Determine the area of reinforcements

𝑨𝒔 & 𝑨𝒔 ′
6.) Investigate if the beam is adequate

Example 1
A doubly reinforced rectangular concrete beam, 250-mm
x 450-mm, has centers of steel reinforcements, 50 mm
above the bottom and 50 mm below the top of the
section. The steel reinforcements consist of 4 25-mm ϕ
bars for tension and 2 20-mm ϕ bars for compression. Is
the beam adequate?
𝑓𝑠(𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 140.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑐(𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 10.00 Mpa
𝑛 = 10
𝜔𝑐 = 24 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

Example 2
Calculate the strength moment capacity of the doubly
reinforced section shown. Assume that the concrete
covering is 50 𝑚𝑚.
𝑛 = 9

Example 3
A rectangular concrete beam, 350-mm x 500-mm simply
supported with a span length of 8 meters , is to carry a
uniform load of 25 kN/m, including its own weight.
Assuming concrete cover is 50 mm, design the beam.
𝑛 = 8

Module 2 – Working Stress Design – Shear Analysis
Holy Angel University
Working Stress
Design - Shear
concept of Working Stress Design and apply the theories in designing
shear reinforcements for rectangular beams
Content 

Shear in Beams
Nominal Shear Strength of Concrete
 Simplified Method
 Detailed Analysis Method
 Shear Reinforcements
 Spacing Limits
 Design of Shear Reinforcement
 Minimum Area of Shear Reinforcements
 Bond Stress
problems.


Shear in Beams:
 At a vertical section of a horizontal beam, shear is the internal force required to produce vertical
equilibrium.
 Loads acting on a beam produce bending moments and shear forces.
 Beams are usually designed for bending moments because the stresses produced by shear forces
are much smaller than those due to moment.
 However, once the beam size is established, shearing stress is checked to determine if shear
reinforcement, in the form of stirrups or inclined bars, is necessary.
For a beam of constant cross section made of homogenous elastic material, the shear stress is given
by the expression:
𝑣 = unit horizontal shear stress at a section

𝑉 = total shear at section
𝑄 = statical moment of inertia
𝐼 = moment of inertia of the beam
𝑏 = width of the member
However, the above stated equation cannot be applied to reinforced concrete beams due to the
following reasons;
 reinforced concrete is not a homogenous material because it is formed by two distinct materials
– concrete and steel.
 concrete is not elastic.

 because of the possible cracks in a concrete beam, the actual cross section on which to base
the calculations of the gross area, moment of inertia and other factors cannot be precisely
determined.
Therefore, considering all of these conditions, the actual shear stress on a section can be determined
by using an empirical equation stated below;
Where:
𝑣 = actual shear stress at a section

𝑉 = design shear at section considered
𝑏 = width of the beam
𝑑 = effective depth of the beam
Nominal Shear Strength of Concrete; 𝑣𝑐
Simplified Method; NSCP, 424.8.4
- For members subjected to shear and flexure only;
- For members subject to axial compression;
- For members subject to significant axial tension;

Detailed Analysis Method; NSCP, 424.8.4
Shear Reinforcements;
 when the concrete cross section has insufficient area to maintain shear stress
below the permissible values, additional resistance to shear may be provided.
 One form of shear reinforcement consists of hoops or stirrups, which may be

placed vertically or at some angle with the horizontal.
 Another form of web reinforcement may consist of flexural reinforcement, which can
be bent diagonally upward to reinforce the web
 Design yield strength of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 415 MPa.

Design of Shear Reinforcements;
 the design of web reinforcement, under the provisions of the Code, is based from the
computed strength of the two materials.
 In design, it is usually convenient to select a trial web-steel area based on standard stirrups
(usually in the range from No. 12 for stirrups and according to the longitudinal rebar size
for bent-up bars), for which the required spacing can be found.
 It should be emphasized that when conventional U stirrups are used, the web area provided
by each stirrup is twice the cross-sectional are of the bar.
Spacing Limit of Shear Reinforcements;
√𝑓′ 𝑐
When 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑐 ≤ 6
; (NSCP, 424.8.5.4.1)
𝑑
𝑆 ≤ 2
𝑆 ≤ 600 𝑚𝑚
√𝑓′ 𝑐
When 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑐 ≥ ; (NSCP, 424.8.5.4.3)
6
𝑑
𝑆 ≤ 3
𝑆 ≤ 300 𝑚𝑚
Minimum Area of Shear Reinforcements;
Where design shear stress v exceed shear stress carried by concrete vc, shear reinforcements shall be provided
in accordance with the NSCP code.

𝑆 = spacing of shear reinforcement parallel to longitudinal reinforcement

𝐴𝑣 = area of shear reinforcement
Minimum Area of Shear Reinforcements;
A minimum area of shear reinforcement shall be provided in all reinforced concrete flexural members
where the factored shear force exceed one half the shear strength provided by concrete, except for;
- slabs and footings

- concrete joist construction
- beams with total depth not greater than 250 mm, two and a half times the thickness of the
flange or one half the width of the web, whichever is greater.
Critical Section for Shear Stress;
For non-prestressed members, sections located less than a distance “d” from the face of support shall be
permitted to designed for the same ultimate shear as that computed at a distance of “d”.
Bond Stress;
In flexural members in which the tension reinforcement is parallel to the compression face, the flexural bond
stress at any cross section shall be computed by;
𝜇 = bond stress
Σ𝑜 = sum of perimeters of all effective bars crossing the section on the tension side
V = design shear
𝑑𝑏 = bar diameter

Example 1:
A simply supported beam has a rectangular section with 300 mm wide and 600 mm high, effective depth of
550 mm, and is reinforced with 12-20mm diameter bars. Design the shear reinforcements at the most critical
section. The 6.0 meters beam carries a 15 kN/m superimposed dead load and 25 kN/m live load. Also check
for the bond stress of the beam. Use 10 mm ϕ bars for web reinforcements.
Given:
𝑓𝑐 = 12.00 MPa
𝑓𝑦 = 275.00 MPa
𝑓𝑠 = 120.00 MPa
𝑛 = 10
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Example 2:
A rectangular concrete beam as shown has a span of 6.0 meters and is fixed on both ends. It is to carry a super
imposed dead load of 30 kN/m and a live load of 50 kN/m. Determine the appropriate corresponding steel
shear reinforcements. Use 10 mm ϕ bars for web reinforcements.
Given:
𝑓𝑐 = 25.00 MPa
𝑓𝑦 = 300.00 MPa
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Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis
Ultimate Stress
Design - Flexure
concept of Ultimate and apply the theories in investigating and
designing a reinforced beams.
Content 

Advantages and Disadvantages of USD Method
Assumptions in RC Beams in USD
 Types of RC Beam Failures
 Derivation of Beam Expressions
 Load Factors
 Strength Reduction Factors in RC Beams
 Investigation and Design of Beams
 Singly Reinforced Beams
 Doubly Reinforced Beams
 T – Beams and Miscellaneous shaped beams
problems.

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 1

since 1963, the ultimate strength design method has rapidly gained popularity because;
 it makes use of a more rational approach than does working stress design
 a more realistic consideration of safety is used
 it provides more economical designs,
Advantages of USD Method:
 More rational approach than WSD

 It takes into consideration the nonlinear shape of the stress-strain diagram.
 More realistic consideration of safety is used

 Load factors are present in strength design
 More consistent theory all through out the design
 Provides more economical designs

 Flexible designs
 Percentage of steel varies
Assumptions in using USD Method:

 plane sections before bending remains plane after bending.
 at ultimate capacity, strain and stress are not proportional.
 strain in the concrete is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.
 tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural computations.
 the ultimate strain of concrete is 0.003.
 the modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel is 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
 the maximum compressive stress in the concrete is 0.85f’𝑐 .
 the ultimate tensile stress in the reinforcement must not exceed the specified tensile stress of steel,
𝑓𝑦
Types of Reinforced Concrete Beam Failures:

1. Balanced Section - Reinforced concrete beam sections in which the tension steel also reaches
yield strain simultaneously as the concrete reaches the failure strain in bending are called balanced
sections.
2. Under-Reinforced Reinforced Concrete Beams - Area of the tension reinforcement used in the
beam is less than that required for the balanced strain condition.

3. Over-Reinforced Concrete Beams - Concrete crushes before steel yields and concrete failure is
sudden since it is a brittle material.
Derivation of Beam Expression
The ultimate strength design takes into consideration of the non-linear shape of the stress-diagram.
Whitney replaced the curved stress block with an equivalent rectangular block of intensity 0.85𝑓’𝑐
and depth 𝛼 = 𝛽1 𝑐 as shown. The area of this rectangular block should equal that of the curved
stress block, and the centroids of the two blocks should coincide.
Where:
c = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis at ultimate strength
a = depth of the compression block
𝛽1 = numerical coefficient used for the relationship of “c” and “a”

When: (NSCP, Sec.410.3.7.3)
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≤ 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 > 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05 ( )
7
𝑏𝑢𝑡
𝛽1 < 0.65

via Ratio and Proportion, we can;
Since C = T;
By multiplying “d” in both numerator and denominator
But the steel percentage can be calculated as;
Since 𝛼 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 ;
The balanced steel ratio is now;

Maximum Steel Percentage, 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥

The NSCP Code limits the percentage of steel used in singly reinforced concrete beams to 0.75 times the
percentage that would produce balanced strain condition.
When;
𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥  Tension Steel Yields; (𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 )

𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥  Tension Steel does not Yield; (𝑓𝑠 ≠ 𝑓𝑦 )
Minimum Steel Percentage, 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛

Sometimes because of architectural or functional requirements, beam dimensions are selected that are
much larger than are required for bending alone. Such members theoretically require very small amount
of reinforcing. There is actually another possible mode of failure that can occur in very lightly reinforced
beams. If the ultimate resisting moment of the section is less than its cracking moments, the section will
fall immediately when a crack occurs without any warning.
Load Factors
In the ASCE-ACI report, all of the factors of safety in ultimate strength design was provided for extensibility
in the load factor. That is, the service loads were increased by some multiple and the idealized capacity, or
ultimate strength, of the member had to be equal to or greater than this assumed loading.

Idealized capacity (ϕU) = ultimate load (c1ω1 + c2ω2)
U = 1.4(D+F) (1)
U = 1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.50(LI or R) (2)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(L1 or R) + (1.0L or 0.80W) (3)

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.50 (L1 or R) (4)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E+ 1.0L (5)
U = 0.90D + 1.6W + 1.6H (6)
U = 0.90D + 1.0E + 1.6H (7)

where;
D = dead load
L = live load
LI = impact loads
F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures

W = wind load
L = rain load on the deflected roof
E = earthquake load
H = earth pressure
T = structural effects brought about by settlement, creep,
shrinkage,expansion or temperature change.
Strength Reduction Factors

The purpose of the strength reduction factors are as follows;
 Uncertainties of materials strength
 Approximations in analysis
 Possible variations in dimensions
 Placement of Reinforcement
 Workmanship

- Tension Controlled when: 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005
- Compression Controlled when: 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 0.002
- Transition Zone when: 0.005 ≥ 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.002
USD – SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

The present design of reinforced concrete structures is based on the concept of providing sufficient
strength to resist hypothetical overloads. The nominal strength of a proposed member is calculated, based
on the knowledge of the member and material behavior. The nominal strength is modified by a strength
reduction factor, ϕ, less than unity, to obtain the strength.

Steps in determining the Moment Capacity of a Singly Reinforced Beam
1.) Identify if the tension steel will yield or not (𝜌,𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,𝛽1 )
2.) Determine the height of the compression block (a, c)
3.) Compute for the value of 𝑓𝑠
4.) Compute for the reduction factor needed (𝜀𝑡 ∅)
5.) Get the nominal moment (𝑀𝑛 )
6.) Get the ultimate moment (𝑀𝑢 )

Example 1: Investigation
Calculate the design moment strength of a

rectangular section that has a width of 250 mm and
an effective depth of 550 mm and it is reinforced
with 4 20-mm ϕ bars.
Given:
𝑓′𝑐 = 21.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
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A 5.0 m span cantilever beam has an effective

cross-section of 300 mm x 450 mm and is
reinforced with 6-28mm ϕ bars. If the super
imposed dead load is equal to 47.6 kN / m,
determine the allowable uniform live load on the
beam. Assume concrete cover to be 50 mm.
Given:
𝑓′𝑐 = 28.00 Mpa

𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
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The cross-section of 6.0 meters simply supported

span is 300 mm x 500 mm and is reinforced with 6-
25mm ϕ bars position in two rows, as shown.
Determine the allowable uniform live load that the
beam can accommodate considering the total acting
dead load is equal to 20kN/m.
𝑓′𝑐 = 30.00 Mpa

𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa
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Example 4: Design
A rectangular reinforced concrete beam have a

simple span of 6.0 meters. It carries a dead load
moment of 120 kN-m, a live load 160 kN-m, and a
moment due to effect of earthquake of 280kN-m.
Design the beam.
𝑓′𝑐 = 35.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa
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USD – DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
- The steel that is occasionally used on the compressive side of beams is called compression steel and beams
with both tensile and compressive steel are referred to as doubly-reinforced beams.
- Compression steel is not normally required in sections designed by the strength method because the use
of the full compressive strength of the concrete decidedly decrease the need for such reinforcement.
- Occasionally, however, beams are limited to such small sizes by space or aesthetic requirements that
compression steel is needed in addition to tensile steel.
- To get the Nominal Moment Capacity (𝑀𝑛 ) of the beam, simply take a moment on the point where the
tension bars are located.
- The maximum area of tension steel bar is equivalent to;
Steps in determining the Moment Capacity of a Doubly Reinforced Beam
1. Assume that the compression and tension steel yields
2. Determine the height of the compression block (a, c)

3. Identify if the compression and the tension steel will yield or not (𝜀𝑠 ′, 𝜀𝑠 )
4. Compute for the value of (𝑓𝑠 and 𝑓𝑠 ′)
5. Compute for the reduction factor needed (𝜀𝑠 , ∅)
6. Get the nominal moment (𝑀𝑛 )
7. Get the ultimate moment (𝑀𝑢 )

A doubly reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm

and an effective depth of 600 mm. The steel covering both
of the top and bottom reinforcements is 50 mm. It is
reinforced for tension with 4000 mm2 and for compression
with 1200 mm2. Determine the permissible ultimate moment
capacity of the beam
Given:
𝑓′𝑐 = 25.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
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Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the

beam shown. Use concrete cover of the center of the steel
bar equivalent to 50 mm.
Given:
𝑓′𝑐 = 30.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
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A rectangular beam is limited to a width of 300 mm, an

effective depth of 400 mm and a total depth of 450 mm.
The beam carries a live load of 40 kN/m and a total dead
load of 20 kN/m on a simple span of 6.0 meter.
Determine the necessary reinforcement assuming a steel
cover of 50 mm.
Given:
𝑓′𝑐 = 30.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa
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Module 4 – Ultimate Strength Design – ShearHoly
Analysis
Angel University
Ultimate Strength
Design - Shear
concept of Ultimate Strength Design and apply the theories in
designing shear reinforcements for rectangular beams
Content 

Shear in Beams
Nominal Shear Strength of Concrete
 Simplified Method
 Detailed Analysis Method
 Shear Reinforcements
 Spacing Limits
 Design of Shear Reinforcement
 Minimum Area of Shear Reinforcements
problems.


Module 4 – Ultimate Strength Design – Shear Analysis
Shear in Beams:
 At a vertical section of a horizontal beam, shear is the internal force required to produce vertical
equilibrium.
 Loads acting on a beam produce bending moments and shear forces.
 Beams are usually designed for bending moments because the stresses produced by shear forces
are much smaller than those due to moment.
 However, once the beam size is established, shearing stress is checked to determine if shear
reinforcement, in the form of stirrups or inclined bars, is necessary.
For a beam of constant cross section made of homogenous elastic material, the shear stress is given
by the expression:
𝑣 = unit horizontal shear stress at a section

𝑉 = total shear at section
𝑄 = statical moment of inertia
𝐼 = moment of inertia of the beam
𝑏 = width of the member
However, the above stated equation cannot be applied to reinforced concrete beams due to the
following reasons;
 reinforced concrete is not a homogenous material because it is formed by two distinct materials
– concrete and steel.
 concrete is not elastic.

 because of the possible cracks in a concrete beam, the actual cross section on which to base
the calculations of the gross area, moment of inertia and other factors cannot be precisely
determined.
Therefore, considering all of these conditions, the actual shear stress on a section can be determined
by using an empirical equation stated below;
Where:
𝑣 = actual shear stress at a section

𝑉u = design shear at section considered
𝑏 = width of the beam
𝑑 = effective depth of the beam
Nominal Shear Strength of Concrete; 𝑉𝑢
Nominal Shear Strength of Concrete; 𝑣𝑐
Simplified Method; NSCP, 424.8.4

Detailed Analysis Method; NSCP, 424.8.4
- For members subject to significant axial tension;

Shear Reinforcements;
 when the concrete cross section has insufficient area to maintain shear stress
below the permissible values, additional resistance to shear may be provided.
 One form of shear reinforcement consists of hoops or stirrups, which may be

placed vertically or at some angle with the horizontal.
 Another form of web reinforcement may consist of flexural reinforcement, which can
be bent diagonally upward to reinforce the web
 Design yield strength of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 415 MPa.
Design of Shear Reinforcements;
 the design of web reinforcement, under the provisions of the Code, is based from the
computed strength of the two materials.

 In design, it is usually convenient to select a trial web-steel area based on standard stirrups
(usually in the range from No. 12 for stirrups and according to the longitudinal rebar size
for bent-up bars), for which the required spacing can be found.
 It should be emphasized that when conventional U stirrups are used, the web area provided
by each stirrup is twice the cross-sectional are of the bar.
- When shear reinforcement perpendicular to axis of member is used;
- When inclined stirrups is used;
- SECTION IS INADEQUATE IF THE SHEAR IN WEB REINFORCEMENTS EXCEEDS;
Spacing Limit of Shear Reinforcements;
When 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.33√𝑓′𝑐𝑏𝑑 ; (NSCP, 411.6.4.1)
𝑑
𝑆 ≤ 2
𝑆 ≤ 600 𝑚𝑚
When 𝑉𝑠 > 0.33√𝑓′𝑐𝑏𝑑 ; (NSCP, 411.6.4.3)
𝑑
𝑆 ≤
4
𝑆 ≤ 300 𝑚𝑚

Minimum Spacing of Shear Reinforcements;
A minimum area of shear reinforcement shall be provided in all reinforced concrete flexural members
where the factored shear force exceed one half the shear strength provided by concrete, except for;
- slabs and footings

- concrete joist construction
- beams with total depth not greater than 250 mm, two and a half times the thickness of the
flange or one half the width of the web, whichever is greater.
- Where shear reinforcements is required, the minimum area of shear reinforcements shall be computed by;
Critical Section for Shear Stress;
For non-prestressed members, sections located less than a distance “d” from the face of support shall be
permitted to designed for the same ultimate shear as that computed at a distance of “d”.

Example 1:
A simply supported beam has a rectangular section with 400 mm wide and 600 mm high and an effective depth
of 550 mm and is reinforced with 4-25 mm diameter bars. Check if the section is adequate for each of the
following ultimate shear forces, also design the spacing of the shear reinforcements if the web reinforcement
has a diameter of 10 mm.
a.) 60 kN
b.) 120 kN
c.) 400 kN
d.) 1,000 kN
Given:
𝑓′𝑐 = 30.00 MPa

𝑓𝑦 = 414.00 MPa
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Example 2:
A beam is to be designed for factored loads a causing a maximum shear of 180 kN. Proceeding on the basis
that the concrete dimemsions will be determined by diagonal tension, select the appropriate width and the
effective depth;
Follow the Code requirements and assume effective depth as twice the width of the design beam.
a.) For a beam in which no web reinforcements is required.

b.) For a beam in which only the minimum web reinforcement is provided
c.) For a beam in which web reinforcements provides twice the strength of the concrete shear strength.
Given:
𝑓𝑐 = 21.00 MPa
𝑓𝑦 = 275.00 MPa
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Example 3:
An eight meter simply supported beam has a width of 400 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm. It carries a
service dead load of 60 kN/m, which includes the weight of the beam, and a service live load of 80 kN/m. The
beam is reinforced with a constant flexural tension steel of 8-25 mm diameter bars. Check the section for shear
and design the shear reinforcements if 10-mm diameter bars are used.
a.) Design the spacing of the web reinforcements at the critical section of the beam.
b.) Design the spacing of the web reinforcements two meters from the support of the beam.
Given:
𝑓𝑐 = 30.00 MPa
𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa
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Module 5 – Ultimate Strength Design – Torsion
Ultimate Strength
Design - Torsion
concept of Torsion in the Ultimate Strength Design, and apply the
theories in investigating and designing reinforced concrete beams.
Content 

Introduction
Types of Torsional Moments
 Torsional Capacity of a Member
 Threshold Torsion
 Reduction of Torsional Moment
 Torsional Moment Strength
 Design of Torsional Reinforcements
problems.

Reinforced Concrete Design Lectures by Engr. MN.V Adizas, MSCE

- Until recent years, the safety factors required by the code for the design of reinforced concrete members for
moments, shear and so forth were so large that the effects of torsion could be safely neglected in all but the most
extreme cases. Today, however, overall safety factors are less than they used to be and moments are smaller, with
the result that torsion is a more common problem.
- Appreciable torsion does occur in many structures, such as in main girders of bridges, which are twisted by
transverse beams or slabs. It occurs in buildings where the edge of a floor slab and its beams are supported by a
spandrel beam running between exterior columns.
- It should be realized that if the supporting member will be able to rotate, the resulting torsional stresses would
be fairly small. If, however, the member is restrained, the torsional stresses can be quite large.
- Reinforced concrete members subjected to large torsional forces may fail quite suddenly if they are not specially
provided with torsional reinforcement. The addition of torsional reinforcement does not change the magnitude of
the torsion that will cause diagonal tension cracks, but it does prevent the members from tearing apart. As a result,
they will be able to resist substantial torsional moments without failure.
“When appreciable torsion is present, it may be more economical to select a larger beam than would normally be
selected so that torsion reinforcement does not have to be used.”
Types of Torsional Moments
Equilibrium Torsion
For a statically determinate structure, there is only one path along which a torsional moment can be transmitted to
the support. This type of torsional moment, which is referred to as equilibrium torsion or statically determinate torsion,
cannot be reduced by a redistribution of internal forces or by a rotation of the member. The member, therefore,
must be designed to resist the full-calculated torsional moment.
Compatibility Torsion
The torsional moment in a particular part of a statically indeterminate structure may be substantially reduced if that
part of the structure cracks under the torsion and “gives” or rotates. The result will be a redistribution of forces in the
structure. This type of torsion is referred to as statically indeterminate torsion or compatibility torsion, in the sense that
the part of the structure in question twist in order to keep the deformations of the structure are compatible.
Torsional Capacity of a Member
𝑇𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑇𝑛 Where, ∅ = 0.75

Where: 𝑇𝑢 – Required torsional strength at factored loads.
𝑇𝑛 – Nominal torsional strength of a member

Threshold Torsion
It shall be permitted to neglect torsional forces when the factored torsional moment is less than;
- For non-prestressed members:
∅𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴2𝑐𝑝
𝑇𝑎 ≤ (𝑃 )
12 𝑐𝑝
- For non-prestressed members subjected to an axial tensile or compressive force:
∅𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴2𝑐𝑝 𝑁𝑢
𝑇𝑎 ≤ ( 𝑃 ) √1 +
12 𝑐𝑝 0.33𝐴𝑔 𝜆√𝑓𝑐′
Where: 𝐴𝑐𝑝 – Area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross section
𝑃𝑐𝑝 – Outside perimeter of the concrete cross section
Reduction of Torsional Moment Strength
In a statically indeterminate structure where the reduction of the torsional moment in a moment can occur due to
redistribution of internal forces upon cracking, the maximum factored torsional moment can be reduced to:
- For non-prestressed members:
∅𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴2𝑐𝑝
𝑇𝑐𝑟 ≤ (𝑃 )
3 𝑐𝑝
- For non-prestressed members subjected to an axial tensile or compressive force:
∅𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴2𝑐𝑝 𝑁𝑢
𝑇𝑐𝑟 ≤ ( 𝑃 ) √1 +
3 𝑐𝑝 0.33𝐴𝑔 𝜆√𝑓𝑐′
In non-prestressed members, section located less than a distance “d” from the face of the support shall be designed
for not less than the torsion computed at a distance “d”. If a concentrated torque occurs within this distance, the
critical section for design shall be at the face of the support.
Torsional Moment Strength
The sizes of members subject to shear and torsion are limited by the code so that unsightly cracking is reduced
and to prevent crushing of the surface concrete caused by inclined compression stresses. This is accomplished by
the equations below, in which the left-hand portions represent the shear stress due to shear and torsion.

- For solid sections:
2
𝑉 2 𝑇𝑃 𝑉 2√𝑓𝑐′
√( 𝑢 ) + ( 𝑢 ℎ2 ) ≤ ∅ ( 𝑐 + )
𝑏𝑑 1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ 𝑏𝑑 3
- For hollow sections:
𝑉𝑢 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 𝑉𝑐 2√𝑓𝑐′
+ ≤ ∅( + )
𝑏𝑑 1.7𝐴2𝑜ℎ 𝑏𝑑 3
Where: 𝑉𝑢 – Factored shear force at section

𝑉𝑐 – Nominal shear strength provided by concrete
𝑃ℎ – Perimeter of centerline of outermost closed transverse torsional reinforcement
𝐴𝑜ℎ – Area enclosed by centerline of outermost closed transverse torsional reinforcement
If the wall thickness varies around the perimeter of a hollow section, the equation will be evaluated at the point
where the left side of the equation is a maximum.
If the wall thickness is less 𝐴𝑜ℎ ⁄𝑃ℎ , the second term shall be taken as:
𝑉𝑢 𝑇𝑢 𝑉𝑐 2√𝑓𝑐′
+ ≤ ∅( + )
𝑏𝑑 1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ 𝑡 𝑏𝑑 3
Design of Torsional Reinforcements
Nominal Torsional Strength of a Member

2𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 or =
𝑆 𝑆 2𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
Where: 𝐴𝑜 = 0.85𝐴𝑜ℎ and, 30𝑜 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 60𝑜
Where: 𝐴𝑜 – Gross area enclosed by shear flow
𝐴𝑡 – Area of non-prestressed reinforcement in tension zone
𝑓𝑦𝑣 – Yield strength of transverse torsional reinforcement
S – Spacing of reinforcement parallel to longitudinal reinforcement

- For non-prestressed member or members with prestressed less than 40% of tensile strength of longitudinal
reinforcement
𝜃 = 45°
- For prestressed member or members with an effective prestressed force of not less than 40% of tensile
strength of longitudinal reinforcement
𝜃 = 37.50°
Torsional Requirements for Additional Longitudinal Reinforcements
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑣
𝐴𝐿 = 𝑃ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
𝑆 𝑓𝑦𝑙
Where: 𝐴𝐿 – Total area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion
𝑓𝑦𝑣 – Yield strength of transverse torsional reinforcement
𝑓𝑦𝑙 – Yield strength of longitudinal torsional reinforcement
Minimum Area of Transverse Closed Stirrups
𝑏𝑆
𝐴𝑣 + 2𝐴𝑡 = 0.062√𝑓𝑐′
𝑓𝑦𝑣
Where: 𝐴𝑣 – Area of shear reinforcement
Minimum Total Area of Longitudinal Torsional Reinforcement
5√𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑣

𝐴𝐿(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = − 𝑃
12𝑓𝑦𝑙 𝑆 𝑓𝑦𝑙 ℎ
𝐴𝑡 𝑏
Where: ≥ 0.175
𝑆 𝑓𝑦𝑣
𝐴𝑡 𝑏 𝐴𝑡 𝑏
If < 0.175 use = 0.175
𝑆 𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑆 𝑓𝑦𝑣

Spacing of Torsional Reinforcement

𝑃ℎ
𝑆≤
8
𝑆 ≤ 300 𝑚𝑚
Code Provisions
 Sections located less than a distance “d” from the face of the support shall be designed for not less than the
torsion computed at a distance of “d”. If a concentrated torque occurs within this distance, the critical section
for design shall be at the face of the support.
 Design yield strength of non-prestressed torsion reinforcement shall not exceed 420 MPa.
 The longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion shall be distributed around the perimeter of the closed
stirrups with a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
 The longitudinal bars or tendons shall be inside the stirrups.
 There shall be at least one longitudinal bar or tendon in each corner of the stirrups.
 Bars shall have a diameter of not less than 1/24 of the stirrup spacing but not less than 10-mm bar.

Example 1:
Determine the necessary web reinforcement for a singly-reinforced rectangular beam having a gross section of
500 mm x 800 mm and tensile reinforcement of 8-25 mm bars. The section is subjected to a factored shear of
400 kN and a factored equilibrium torsion of 80 kN-m at a section located at a distance “d” from the face of
the support. Use a concrete covering of 100 mm. f’c = 30 MPa; fy = 420 MPa.
1) Check for Shear Reinforcement: 𝑉𝑢 ⋛ 𝜙𝑉𝑐
(500)(700)
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 = 0.17(1.0)√30 = 325.895 𝑘𝑁
1000
𝜙𝑉𝑐 = (0.75)(325.895) = 244.422 𝑘𝑁
Since 𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉𝑐 ; 400 > 244.422 ∴ Provide stirrups.
∅𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴2
2) Check for Torsional Reinforcement: 𝑇𝑎 ≤ 12
𝑐𝑝
(𝑃 )
𝑐𝑝
𝐴𝑐𝑝 = (500)(800) = 400,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑐𝑝 = 2(500 + 800) = 2,600 𝑚𝑚
∅𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴2𝑐𝑝 (0.75)(1.0)√30 400,0002

𝑇𝑎 = ( )= ( ) = 21.066 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
12 𝑃𝑐𝑝 12(10)6 2,600
Since 𝑇𝑢 > 𝑇𝑎 ; 80 > 21.066 ∴ Provide torsional stirrups.
3) Analyze Torsional Moment Strength:

2
√( 𝑢 ) + ( 𝑢 ℎ2 ) ≤ ∅ ( 𝑐 + )
𝐴𝑜ℎ = (300)(600) = 180,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝑃ℎ = 2(300 + 600) = 1,800 𝑚𝑚
2 2
400(10)3 80(10)6 (1800) 325.895(10)3 2√30
√( ) +( ) ≤ 0.75 ( + )
(500)(700) 1.7(180000)2 (500)(700) 3
2.853 ≤ 3.437 ∴ Section is sufficiently large.

4) Identify the required area of Torsional Reinforcements
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 Or 𝑆
= 2𝐴
𝑜 𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑇𝑢 80
𝑇𝑢 = ∅𝑇𝑛 ; 𝑇𝑛 = ∅
= 0.75 = 106.667 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝐴𝑜 = 0.85𝐴𝑜ℎ = 0.85(180000) = 153000 𝑚𝑚2
Assume 𝜃 = 45𝜊
𝐴𝑡 106.667(10)6 𝑚𝑚2
= = 0.830
𝑆 2(153000)(420)cot(45∘ ) 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑡 𝑏 500
Check: ≥ 0.175 = 0.175 = 0.208
𝑆 𝑓𝑦𝑣 420
0.830 ≥ 0.208 ∴ Ok
5) Identify the required area of Shear Reinforcements

𝑉𝑢 400
𝑉𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑐 ); 𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐 = − 325.895 = 207.438 𝑘𝑁
∅ 0.75
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑠 207.438(10)3 𝑚𝑚2
= = = 0.706
𝑆 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 (420)(700) 𝑚𝑚
2𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑣 𝑚𝑚2
+ = 2(0.830) + 0.706 = 2.365
𝑆 𝑆 𝑚𝑚
6) Design of Torsional and Shear Reinforcements
Using 12-mm bars; 𝐴𝑏 = 113.10 𝑚𝑚2
2(113.10) (2)(113.10)
2.365 = + ; 𝑆 = 191.25 𝑚𝑚
𝑆 𝑆
𝑃ℎ 1800
𝑆= = = 225 𝑚𝑚
8 8
𝑆 = 300 𝑚𝑚
∴ Use S = 190 mm.

7) Checking the adequacy of Transverse Closed Stirrups

𝑏𝑆 (500)(190)
𝐴𝑣(min) = 0.062√𝑓𝑐′ = .062√30 = 76.812 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑣 (420)
𝐴𝑣(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = 2(113.10) = 226.20 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑣(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) > 𝐴𝑣(min) ∴ Stirrups are adequate.
Example 2:
A continuous beam has a width of 400 mm and an effective depth of 700 mm from a height of 750 mm. The
existing design of tensile reinforcement is 6-25mm bars and for compressive reinforcement is 2-20mm bars. It is
subjected to an ultimate factored shear of 350 kN and an ultimate factored compatibility torque of 70 kN-m.
Design the beam for shear and torsional web reinforcement. Design also the additional flexural reinforcement.
Given: f’c = 35 MPa; fy = 420 MPa
1) Check for Shear Reinforcement: 𝑉𝑢 ⋛ 𝜙𝑉𝑐
(400)(700)
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 = 0.17(1.0)√35 = 281.605 𝑘𝑁
1000
𝜙𝑉𝑐 = (0.75)(281.605) = 211.204 𝑘𝑁
Since 𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉𝑐 ; 350 > 211.204 ∴ Provide stirrups.
2) Determine the Torsional Moment Strength
Due to the presence of compatibility torque on the design beam, there will be a reduction of torsional
moment strength using the formula below:
∅𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴2𝑐𝑝 (0.75)(1.0)√35 𝐴2𝑐𝑝

𝑇𝑐𝑟 ≤ ( )= ( )
3 𝑃𝑐𝑝 3 𝑃𝑐𝑝
𝐴𝑐𝑝 = (400)(750) = 300,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑐𝑝 = 2(400 + 750) = 2,300 𝑚𝑚
(0.75)(1.0)√35 3000002
𝑇𝑐𝑟 = ( ) = 57.875 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
3(10)6 2300

Since 𝑇𝑢 > 𝑇𝑐𝑟 ; 70 > 57.875 ∴ Use 𝑇𝑢 = 57.875 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
∅𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴2
3) Check for Torsional Reinforcements: 𝑇𝑎 ≤
𝑐𝑝
12
(𝑃 )
𝑐𝑝
∅𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴2𝑐𝑝 (0.75)(1.0)√35 300,0002

𝑇𝑎 = ( )= ( ) = 14.469 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
12 𝑃𝑐𝑝 12(10)6 2,300
Since 𝑇𝑢 > 𝑇𝑎 ; 57.875 > 14.469 ∴ Provide torsional stirrups.
4) Analyze Torsional Moment Strength:

2
√( 𝑢 ) + ( 𝑢 ℎ2 ) ≤ ∅ ( 𝑐 + )
𝐴𝑜ℎ = (300)(650) = 195,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝑃ℎ = 2(300 + 650) = 1,900 𝑚𝑚
2 2
350(10)3 57.875(10)6 (1900) 281.605(10)3 2√35
√( ) +( ) ≤ 0.75 ( + )
(400)(700) 1.7(195000)2 (400)(700) 3
2.111 ≤ 3.712 ∴ Section is sufficiently large
5) Identify the required area of Torsional Reinforcements

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 Or =
𝑆 𝑆 2𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑇𝑢 57.875
𝑇𝑢 = ∅𝑇𝑛 ; 𝑇𝑛 = ∅
= 0.75
= 77.166 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝐴𝑜 = 0.85𝐴𝑜ℎ = 0.85(195000) = 165750 𝑚𝑚2
Assume 𝜃 = 45𝜊
𝐴𝑡 77.166(10)6 𝑚𝑚2
= = 0.554
𝑆 2(165750)(420)cot(45∘ ) 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑡 𝑏 400
Check: ≥ 0.175 = 0.175 = 0.167
𝑆 𝑓𝑦𝑣 420

0.554 ≥ 0.167 ∴ Ok
6) Identify the required area of Shear Reinforcements

𝑉𝑢 350
𝑉𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑐 ); 𝑉𝑠 = ∅
− 𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 − 281.605 = 185.061 𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑠 185.061(10)3 𝑚𝑚2
= = = 0.629
𝑆 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 (420)(700) 𝑚𝑚
2𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑣 𝑚𝑚2
+ = 2(0.554) + 0.629 = 1.738
𝑆 𝑆 𝑚𝑚
7) Design of Torsional and Shear Reinforcements
Using 10-mm bars; 𝐴𝑏 = 78.54 𝑚𝑚2
2(78.54) (2)(78.54)
1.738 = + ; 𝑆 = 180.766 𝑚𝑚
𝑆 𝑆
𝑃ℎ 1900
𝑆= = = 237.50 𝑚𝑚
8 8
𝑆 = 300 𝑚𝑚
∴ Use S = 180 mm.
8) Checking the adequacy of Transverse Closed Stirrups

𝑏𝑆 (400)(180)
𝐴𝑣(min) = 0.062√𝑓𝑐′ = .062√35 = 62.879 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑣 (420)
𝐴𝑣(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = 2(78.54) = 157.08 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑣(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) > 𝐴𝑣(min) ∴ Stirrups are adequate.
9) Compute for Additional Longitudinal Reinforcements

𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑣 420
𝐴𝐿 = 𝑃ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = (1900)(0.554) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 (45∘ ) = 1053.05 𝑚𝑚2
𝑆 𝑓𝑦𝑙 420
10) Check for Minimum Total Area of Longitudinal Torsional Reinforcement

5√𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑣 5√35(300000) 420
𝐴𝐿(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = − 𝑃ℎ = − (0.554) (1900) = 707.69 𝑚𝑚2
12𝑓𝑦𝑙 𝑆 𝑓𝑦𝑙 12(420) 420
Since 𝐴𝐿(𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑) > 𝐴𝐿(𝑚𝑖𝑛) ∴ 𝐴𝐿 = 1053.05 𝑚𝑚2

11) Redesign the Steel Reinforcements.
Assume that the total reinforcement will be distributed evenly.

1053.05
𝐴𝑠 = = 351.02 𝑚𝑚2
3
At the supports,
(2)𝜋(20)2
𝐴𝑠(𝑡𝑜𝑝) = + 351.02 = 979.33 𝑚𝑚2
4
Using 20-mm bars, 𝐴𝑏 = 314.16 𝑚𝑚2
979.33
𝑛= = 3.12 ≈ 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
314.16
𝐴𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒) = 351.02 𝑚𝑚2
351.02
𝑛= = 1.75 ≈ 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
201.06
(6)𝜋(25)2
𝐴𝑠(𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) = + 351.02 = 3296.26 𝑚𝑚2
4

3296.26
𝑛= = 6.72 ≈ 7 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
490.87

B ond stress, cut-off,
development length of
beams
Reference:
Design of Reinforced Concrete 9th Edition by J.C Mccormac
Reinforced Concrete Design Lectures by Engr. M.V Adizas, MSCE
Introduction: Bond Stress
• A basic assumption made for reinforced concrete design is that there
must be absolutely no slippage of the bars in relation to the
surrounding concrete.
• In other words, the steel and concrete should stick together or bond
so they will act as a unit. If there is no bonding between the two
materials and if the bars are not anchored at their ends, they will pull
out of the concrete.
• As a result, the concrete beam will act as an unreinforced member

and will be subjected to sudden collapse as soon as the concrete
cracks.
The bonding of the reinforcing bars to the concrete is due to several
factors, including;
• chemical adhesion between the two materials,
• the friction due to the natural roughness of the bars
• the bending of the bearing of the closely spaced rib-shaped

deformations on the bar surfaces against the concrete.
Length of Flexural Tensile Reinforcement
Flexural tensile reinforcements should be extended beyond the theoretical cut-off

point because of the increased tension forces brought about by shear and other
effects and applies to members that are not subjected to significant tension or
torsion. The extended distance should be the greater between
Flexural Bond Stress
Flexural bond stresses are the bond stresses developed between tension and
concrete in flexural members. The tensile stress in the reinforcing steel varies as the
moment. Therefore, the change in the total tensile force must be resisted by bond
between the concrete and the reinforcing steel if there is to be no slippage.
Example 1:
A concrete beam has an effective depth of 300 mm and a total height of 500 mm. It is reinforced
with 4 25-mm bars. Find the bond stress in the bars. Given: fs = 140.0 MPa.
Introduction: Bar Cutoff
The beams that have been designed so far have been selected on the
basis of maximum moments. These moments have occurred at or near
span centerlines for positive moments and at the faces of the supports
for negative moments.
Although it is possible to vary beam depths in some proportions to the

bending moments, it is normally economical to use prismatic sections
and reduce or cut off some bars when the bending moments are
sufficiently small.
Introduction: Bar Cutoff
• When some of the tensile bars are cut off at a point in a beam, a
sudden increase in the tensile stress will occur in the remaining bars.
• For this increase to occur there must be a rather large increase in

strain in the beam. Such a strain increase quite possible may cause
large tensile cracks to develop in the concrete.
• If large cracks occur, there will be a reduced beam cross section left to
provide shear resistance and thus a greater possibility of shear failure.
Example 2:
For the uniformly loaded simple beam with effective depth of 450 mm, width of 300 mm and
tensile reinforcement of 5-20mm bars, determine the theoretical points on each end of the beam
where two bars can be cut off. The length of the beam is 6.0 meters with uniform factored load of
40 kN/m. Given: f’c = 28 MPa & fy = 420 MPa.
Example 3:
A 4.0-meter cantilever beam having an effective depth of 550 mm, width of 300 mm and tensile
reinforcement of 4-20mm bars is supporting a uniform dead load of 15kN/m, and two
concentrated live loads of 20kN at 3.0 meters from the fixed end, and 15kN located at the free end,
respectively. Indicate where one-half of the total reinforcing bars can be theoretically cut off based
on given beam data. Given: f’c = 30 MPa & fy = 400 MPa
Example 3:
For the uniformly loaded simple beam with effective depth of 450 mm, width of 300 mm and
tensile reinforcement of 5-20mm bars, determine the theoretical points on each end of the beam
where two bars can be cut off. The length of the beam is 6.0 meters with uniform factored load of
40 kN/m. Given: f’c = 28 MPa & fy = 420 MPa.
Introduction: Development Length
• In a regular reinforced concrete beam, both the maximum moment
and the maximum stresses in the tensile bars occur at the face of the
support.
• Theoretically, a small distance back into the support, the moment is

zero, and thus it would seem that reinforcing bars would no longer be
required.
• Obviously, if the bars were stopped at the face of the supports, the
beam would fail. The bar stresses must be transferred to the concrete
by bond between the steel and the concrete before the bars can be
cut off.
Introduction: Development Length
In a regular reinforced concrete beam, both the maximum moment and
the maximum stresses in the tensile bars occur at the face of the
support. Theoretically, a small distance back into the support, the
moment is zero, and thus it would seem that reinforcing bars would no
longer be required. Obviously, if the bars were stopped at the face of
the supports, the beam would fail. The bar stresses must be transferred
to the concrete by bond between the steel and the concrete before the
bars can be cut off.
Factors affecting development length
Locations of Reinforcement
Horizontal bars that have at least 300 mm of fresh concrete placed beneath them
do not bond as well to concrete as do bars placed nearer the bottom of the
concrete. These bars are referred to as top bars. During the placing and vibration
of the concrete, some air and excess water tend to rise toward the top of the
concrete and some portion may be caught under the bars.
Coating of Bars
Epoxy-coated reinforcing bars are frequently used today for protection of the steel
from severe corrosive situations, such as where de-icing chemicals are used. Bridge
decks and parking garage slabs in colder places fit into this class. When coatings
are used, bonding is reduced and development lengths must be increased, to
account for this fact, a coating factor, 𝜓𝑒, is used in the equation.
Sizes of Reinforcements
If small bars are use in a member to obtain a certain total cross-sectional area, the
total surface area of the bars will be appreciably larger than if fewer but larger bars
are used to obtain the same amount of total area. As a result, the required
development length for smaller bars with their larger surface bonding areas (in
proportion to their cross-sectional areas) are less than those required for larger
diameter bars. This factor is accounted for with the reinforcement size factor, 𝜓𝑠.
Lightweight Aggregates
The dead weight of concrete can be substantially reduced by substituting
lightweight aggregate for the regular stone aggregate. The use of such aggregates
(expanded clay or shale, slag, etc.) generally results in lower strength concrete.
Such concrete has a lower splitting strength and so development lengths will have
to be larger. In the equation, 𝜆 (lambda), is the lightweight aggregate factor.
Spacing of Bars or Cover Dimensions
Should the concrete cover or the clear spacing between the bars be too small, the
concrete may very well split. This situation us accounted for with the transverse
reinforcement factor, given by the equation:
Development Length for Tension Reinforcements
The tensile strength of the concrete is important because the most common type
of bond failure in beams is the type of splitting of concrete along the
reinforcements. Although tensile strength does not appear explicitly in
experimentally derived equations for development length, the compressive
strength of concrete reflected in the equations shows the influence of the concrete
tensile strength.
Development Length
Development Length with transverse reinforcement index
Development length
value of “c”
𝑐 = center of bar to nearest concrete surface
𝑐 = ½ center-to-center spacing of bars
* Choose lower value
Development Length
Development Length for Compression Reinforcements
Reinforcement may be required to develop its compressive strength by
embedment under various circumstances, e.g., where bars transfer their share of
column loads to a supporting footing or where lap splices are made of
compression bars in columns.
Development Length
Modification Factors
Excess Reinforcement
Reinforcement in excess of that is required by analysis can be modified by the equation:
𝑨𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒅
𝝓𝟏 =
𝑨𝒔(𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗)
Spiral and Ties
Reinforcement enclosed within spiral reinforcement not less than 10-mm bars and not
more than 100 mm pitch or within 12-mm ties in conformance with the Code and spaced
not more than 100 mm on center:
𝜙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
Development Length for Bundled Bars
Development length of individual bars within a bundle, in tension or in compression, shall
be that for the individual bar, increased by 20% for 3-bundle and 33% for 4-bar bundle.
Example 1
A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 250 mm and an effective depth of 450 mm. It is reinforced with 3 25-mm bars
and provided with 10-mm stirrups at 150 mm. Steel covering was 50 mm and the ends of the longitudinal bars terminates at
50 mm from the ends of the beam which spans 4.80 m and resting on simple supports.
a) Compute the transverse reinforcement index.
b) Find the required development length.
Given: f’c = 25 MPa, fy = 400 MPa, 𝜓𝑡 = 1.0, 𝜓𝑠 = 1.0, 𝜓𝑒 = 1.0, 𝜆 = 1.0
Example 1
A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 250 mm and an effective depth of 450 mm. It is reinforced with 3 25-mm
bars and provided with 10-mm stirrups at 150 mm. Steel covering was 50 mm and the ends of the longitudinal bars
terminates at 50 mm from the ends of the beam which spans 4.80 m and resting on simple supports.
a) Compute the transverse reinforcement index.
b) Find the required development length.
Given: f’c = 25 MPa, fy = 400 MPa, 𝜓𝑡 = 1.0, 𝜓𝑠 = 1.0, 𝜓𝑒 = 1.0, 𝜆 = 1.0
Example 2
A rectangular doubly-reinforced beam has a width of 400 mm, height of 600 mm and 4 25-mm top bars. The
required reinforcing steel area for the lightweight concrete beam is 1800 m2. Determine the development
length required for 25-mm coated top bars. Use 10-mm stirrups space at 200 mm and assume concrete cover
is 50 mm. Given: f’c = 30 MPa, fy = 420 MPa, 𝜓𝑡 = 1.3, 𝜓𝑠 = 1.0, 𝜆 = 0.75
a) Using the simplified equation.
b) Assume transverse reinforcement index to be zero.
c) Use the computed value of the transverse reinforcement index.
Example 2
Example 2
Example 2
Example 2
U ltimate Strength Design
Reinforced Concrete Columns
Reference:
Design of Reinforced Concrete 9th Edition by J.C Mccormac
Reinforced Concrete Design Lectures of Engr I.R Bonzon & Engr MN.V Adizas, MSCE
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 edition

Introduction
What are Columns?
• Defined as members that carry loads chiefly in compression.
• Usually, columns carry bending moments as well, about one or both

axes of the cross section and the bending action may produce tensile
forces over a part of the cross section.
• Even in such cases, columns are generally referred to as compression

members, because the compression forces dominate their behavior.
Introduction
Failure of Compression Members
Introduction
Categories of Columns;
Short Compression Blocks or Pedestals
• If the height of an upright compression member is less than three times its least
lateral dimensions, it may be considered to be pedestal.
• The Code states that a pedestal may be designed with unreinforced or plain
concrete with a maximum permissible compressive stress.
• Should the compressive stress be greater than this value, the pedestal will have
to be designed as a reinforced concrete column.
Introduction
Short Reinforced Concrete Columns
• Should a reinforced concrete column fail due to initial material failure, it is

classified as a short column.
• The dimensions of the cross section and the strength of the materials of which it
is constructed control the load that it can support.
• A short column can be likened to be a rather stocky member with little flexibility.
Introduction
Long Reinforced Concrete Columns
• Should the length of a column be increased, the chances that it will fail by
buckling will be increased.
• A long column can be likened to a column with considerable flexibility.

Types of Reinforced Concrete Compression Members
Tied Columns
• If the column has a series of closed ties, it is referred to as a tied column. These
ties are effective in increasing the column strength.
• They prevent the longitudinal bars from being displaced under construction and
they resist the tendency of the same bars to buckle outwards under load, which
could cause the outer concrete to cover to break or spall off.
• Tied columns are ordinarily square or rectangular, but they can be octagonal, L-
shaped and so forth.
Tied Columns
Spiral Columns
• If a continuous helical spring made from bars or heavy wire is wrapped around
the longitudinal bars, the column is referred to as a spiral column.
• Spirals are even more effective than ties in increasing a column’s strength. The
closely spaced spirals do a better job of holding the longitudinal bars in place
and they also confine the concrete inside and greatly increase its resistance to
axial compression.
• As the concrete inside the spiral tends to spread out laterally under the
compression load , the spiral that restrains it is put into hoop tension and the
column will not fail until the spiral yields or breaks, permitting the bursting of the
concrete inside.
Spiral Columns
• Spiral columns are normally round, but they can also be made into rectangular,
octagonal or other shapes. For such columns, circular arrangements of the bars
are still used.
• Spirals, though adding to the resilience of columns, appreciably increase costs. As
a result, they are usually used only for large heavily loaded columns and for
columns in seismic areas due to their considerable resistance to earthquake
loadings.
• Spirals very effectively increase the ductility and toughness of columns, but they
are more expensive than tied columns.
Spiral Columns
Composite Columns
There are concrete columns that are reinforced longitudinally by

structural steel shapes, which may or may not be surrounded by
structural steel bars, or they may consist of structural steel tubing filled
with concrete (commonly called lally columns)
Composite Columns
Composite Columns
Axially Loaded Columns
In members that sustain chiefly or exclusively axial compression loads, it is

economical to make concrete carry most of the loads.
- Still, some steel reinforcement is always provided for various reasons.
 For one, very few members are truly axially loaded; steel is essential for resisting
any bending that may exist.
For another, if part of the total load is carried by steel with its much greater
strength, the cross-sectional dimensions of the member can be reduced – the
more so, the larger the amount of reinforcement.

- Still, some steel reinforcement is always provided for various reasons.
 For one, very few members are truly axially loaded; steel is essential for resisting
any bending that may exist.
For another, if part of the total load is carried by steel with its much greater
strength, the cross-sectional dimensions of the member can be reduced – the
more so, the larger the amount of reinforcement.

The axial load capacity of columns can be derived using the equations indicated
below;
The axial load capacity of columns can be derived using the equations indicated
below;
- Spiral Columns;
𝑷𝒏 = 0.85 [0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]
- Tied Columns;
𝑷𝒏 = 0.80 [0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]

- Composite Columns;
𝑷𝒏 = 0.85 [0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑆𝑆 ]
Where, 𝑃𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑃𝑛 ∅ = 0.75 → 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙

∅ = 0.65 → 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑
- Minimum and Maximum Longitudinal Steel Reinforcements
0.01𝐴𝑔 ≤ 𝜌 < 0.08𝐴𝑔
- Minimum number of longitudinal bars

- Ratio of spiral reinforcements shall not be less than the volume given by;
4𝑎𝑠 (𝐷𝑐 −𝑑𝑏 )

- Where 𝜌𝑠 =
𝑠𝐷𝑐2
s - spiral pitch
𝑑𝑏 - diameter of the spiral bar
𝜌𝑠 - ratio of spiral reinforcement
𝑎𝑠 - cross-sectional area of the spiral bar
𝐷𝑐 - diameter of the core out to out of the spiral
𝐴𝑐 - area of core of spirally reinforced compression member measured to outside of spiral
Tie Reinforcement around Structural Steel Core;
 longitudinal bars located within the ties shall be permitted to be used in computing 𝐴𝑡 for
strength but not in computing for 𝐼𝑡 for evaluation of slenderness ratio.
 specified compressive strength of concrete shall not be less than 17 Mpa
 design yield strength of structural steel core shall be the specified minimum yield strength for
grade of structural steel but not to exceed 345 MPa.
 Lateral ties shall have a diameter not less than 0.02 times the greatest side dimension of
composite member, except that ties shall not be smaller than 10-mm ϕ and are not required to
be larger than 16-mm ϕ. Welded wire fabric of equivalent area shall be permitted.
Tie Reinforcement around Structural Steel Core;
 Lateral ties shall extend completely around the structural steel core
 Vertical spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie bar diameters
or one-half times the least side dimension of the composite member.
 Longitudinal bar located within the ties shall not be less than 0.01 or more than 0.08 times net
area of concrete section.
 A longitudinal bar shall be located at every corner of a rectangular cross section, with other
longitudinal bars spaced not farther apart than one-half the least side dimension of the
composite member.
Spiral Reinforcement around Structural Steel Core;
 longitudinal bars located within the spiral shall be permitted to be used in computing 𝐴𝑡 and 𝐼𝑡 .
 Specified compressive strength of concrete shall not be less than 17 MPa.
 Design yield strength of structural steel core shall be the specified minimum yield strength for
grade of structural steel but not to exceed 345 MPa.
 Longitudinal bars located within the spiral shall not be less than 0.01 or more than 0.08 times net
area of concrete section.
Example 1: TIED COLUMNS
Design a square tied column to support an axial load of 500 kN and an axial live load of 400 kN. Assume
2.5% of longitudinal steel.
𝑓𝑐 = 28.0 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa
𝑓𝑐 = 28.0 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa
𝑓𝑐 = 28.0 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa
𝑓𝑐 = 28.0 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa
Provide a 275-mm x 275-mm square tied column with 4-22 mm 𝜙 longitudinal bars with 10 mm 𝜙
column ties with 120 mm spacing O.C
Example 2: SPIRAL COLUMNS
Design a round spiral column to support an axial dead load of 800 kN and an axial live load of 1000 kN.
Assume the longitudinal steel to be 2.0 % of the column gross section.
𝑓𝑐 = 30.0 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 350 MPa
𝑓𝑐 = 30.0 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 350 MPa
𝑓𝑐 = 30.0 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 350 MPa
𝑓𝑐 = 30.0 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 350 MPa
Provide a 400-mm 𝜙 spiral column with 8-20 mm 𝜙 longitudinal bars with 10 mm 𝜙 for the spiral with
30 mm spacing O.C
Eccentrically Loaded Columns
P-M interaction curve can be constructedby plotting (Mn,Pn) for various s1 or c.
INTERACTION DIAGRAM OF A
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
Example 3: INTERACTION DIAGRAM
Draw the interaction diagram of the reinforced concrete
column shown in the figure
𝑓𝑐 = 27.6 MPa
𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa
a.) Draw the strain diagram
f s  0.001475 200000
 295 MPa
Since 𝜀𝑠′ > 𝜀𝑦

f ’ s  𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐 = 27.6 MPa
𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa
b.) Equlibrium Diagram

𝑓𝑐 = 27.6 MPa
𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa
b.) Equlibrium Diagram

𝑓𝑐 = 27.6 MPa
𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa
c.) Compute the Value of 𝑷𝒏 & 𝑴𝒏 of

different value of “c”
Strain Diagram of a “Tension Failure”

𝑓𝑐 = 27.6 MPa
𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa
c.) Compute the Values of 𝑷𝒏 & 𝑴𝒏 of

different value of “c”
Strain Diagram of a “Tension Failure”

𝑓𝑐 = 27.6 MPa
𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa
c.) Plot the Values of 𝑷𝒏 & 𝑴𝒏 in

the interaction diagram
P-M Interaction Depending on Steel

P-M Curve with Strength Reduction Factor ϕ

P-M Curve for Design

Modification of Strength Reduction Factor 
Column Design Using P-M Interaction Diagrams
• Column design charts are nothing but P-M interaction curves arranged in one
of various ways
• The primary purpose of design charts is to make column design quick and easy
without constructing the P-M curve for every specific column
• It is important to keep the bar arrangement as close as possible between the

chart and reality
Column Design Using P-M Interaction Diagrams
• Column design charts are nothing but P-M interaction curves arranged in one
of various ways
• The primary purpose of design charts is to make column design quick and easy
without constructing the P-M curve for every specific column
• It is important to keep the bar arrangement as close as possible between the

chart and reality
Estimation of Column Size
• Least dimension of rectangular section  200 mm
• Minimum diameter of circular section  300 mm
For Spiral Column
For Axial Column

DESIGN OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS USING INTERACTION DIAGRAM
The short 1420 in (356508 mm) tied column is to be used to
support PD=125 k (556 kN), PL=140 k (623 kN), MD=75 k-ft (102
kN-m) and ML=90 k-ft (122 kN-m). If f’c=4 ksi (27.6 MPa) and
fy=60 ksi (414 MPa), select reinforcing bars to be placed in its end
faces only using appropriate ACI column interaction diagrams.
☞ Since column design charts in SI units are not available, US customary units are used.
DESIGN OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS USING INTERACTION DIAGRAM
The short 1420 in (356508 mm) tied column is to be used to
support PD=125 k (556 kN), PL=140 k (623 kN), MD=75 k-ft (102
kN-m) and ML=90 k-ft (122 kN-m). If f’c=4 ksi (27.6 MPa) and
fy=60 ksi (414 MPa), select reinforcing bars to be placed in its end
faces only using appropriate ACI column interaction diagrams.
THANK YOU!
QUIZZES
MIDTERM
EXAM

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HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

MARTIN, JOSEPH RENZO R.

ENGR. BRYAN DALE YU

Readings Design of Reinforced Concrete 9th Edition by J.C Mccormac

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 1 of 13

Basic assumptions in working stress design:

 a plane section before bending remains a plane section after bending.

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 2 of 13

Notation used in Working Stress Design:

Effect of Reinforcements in Concrete:

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 3 of 13

Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete:

Three Principal Stages of behaviour of RC Beams to consider:

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 4 of 13

WHAT CAUSES THE CONCRETE BEAM TO CRACK DUE TO FLEXURE??

Cracking Moment, 𝑴𝒄𝒓

This point is important because:

The equation for getting the cracking moment is:

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

The modulus of rupture can be obtained by:

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 5 of 13

If average splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete, 𝑓𝑐𝑡 , is specified;

A rectangular beam, having dimensions as shown, is

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 6 of 13

Calculate the uniform load which will cause the section to

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 7 of 13

Principal Stages of behaviour of RC Beams to consider:

At section 1: Uncrack stage

 Actual moment, M < Cracking moment, Mcr

At Section 2: Boundary between crack and uncrack stages

At Section 3: Crack concrete stage

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 8 of 13

Flexural Analysis : Uncracked Stage (𝑴𝒄𝒓 > 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒕 )

1.) Determine the Flexural Moment

2.) Determine the area of the steel; 𝐴𝑠

3.) Determine the location of the N.A; (𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑡 )

4.) Determine the Moment of Inertia; (𝐼)

2.) Determine the area of the steel; 𝐴𝑠

3.) Determine the location of the N.A; (𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑡 )

4.) Determine the Moment of Inertia; (𝐼)

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 9 of 13

Investigation Analysis: Transformed Area / Internal Couple Method

3.) Using the following given we can solve for the,

Design: Transformed Area / Internal Couple Method

1.) Determine the value of 𝑘d & jd

3.) Design the beam

get the expression of the section modulus (𝑏𝑑2 )

For the number of steel bars:

get the value of required area of steel (𝐴𝑠 )

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 10 of 13

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 11 of 13

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 12 of 13

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 13 of 13

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Investigation Analysis: Stress Analysis

1.) Determine if 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 <𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡

2.) Determine the area of the steel 𝐴𝑠 & 𝐴𝑠′

3.) Determine the location of the N.A (𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝=𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑡)

4.) Determine the Moment of Inertia (𝐼)

Investigation Analysis: Moment Capacity

1.) Determine the value of "𝑘" 𝑎𝑛𝑑 "𝑗“