HUMAN BEHAVIOR

AND
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
 Reactions coming from different
stimuli around us refers to

a. human behavior
b. emotions
c. experiences
d. results

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 WHAT IS HUMAN BEHAVIOR?

 human conduct;
 the way a person behaves or acts;
 the acts, attitudes and performances of
flesh and blood individuals according to
their environment.

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 What is Behavior?
 Refers to the actions or reactions of an object or
organism, usually in relation to the environment.

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 Attributes of Behavior

1. Overt behavior – behaviors that are observable.

2. Covert behavior – those that are hidden from the view of the
observer.
3. Simple behavior – less number of neurons are consumed in the
process of behaving
4. Complex behavior – combination of simple behavior
5. Rational behavior - acting with sanity or with reasons
6. Irrational behavior – acting without reason/ unaware
7. Voluntary behavior – done with full volition of will.
8. Involuntary behavior – bodily processes that goes on even
when we are awake or asleep.

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 An aspect of behavior pertaining to our way of
reasoning, solving problems, processing of
information and coping with environment.

a. emotional
b. intellectual
c. value
d. moral

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 Aspects of Behaviors

1. Intellectual Aspect – way of thinking, reasoning, solving

problem, processing info and coping with the environment.
2. Emotional Aspect – feelings, moods, temper, strong
motivational force with in the person.
3. Social Aspect – people interaction or relationship with other
people.
4. Moral Aspect – conscience, concept on what is good or bad.
5. Psychosexual Aspect – being a man or a woman and the
expression of love.
6. Political Aspect – ideology towards society/government.
7. Values/ Attitude – interest towards something, likes and
dislikes.

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 How Behavior Takes Place
(Causation)
1. SENSATION- feeling or impression of an
stimulus

 Visual
 Olfactory
 Cutaneous
 Auditory
 Gustatory

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2. PERCEPTION- knowledge of stimulus

3. AWARENESS- psychological activities

(according to interpretation and
experience of object or stimulus)

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 HOW PEOPLE INTER ACT?
 By the three psychological positions or
behavioral patterns called ego states.

 Parent ego state

 Adult ego state
 Child ego state

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 PARENT EGO STATE- protective, idealistic,
evaluative, righteous, refer to laws, rules
and standards

 ADULT EGO STATE- more upon reason,

factual, flexible, views as co-equal,
worthy, and reasonable human being

 CHILD EGO STATE- dependent, rebellious,

selfish, demanding, impatient and
emotional
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 HOW PEOPLE TRANSACT?
 COMPLIMENTARY- if stimulus and
response patterns from one ego state to
another are parallel.

 NON-COMPLIMENTARY- if stimulus and

response patterns from one ego to
another are not parallel.

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 Three Faculties of Man

 Will - the power of conscious deliberate

actions; the faculty by which the rational
mind makes choice of its ends of action,
and directs energies in carrying out its
determinations.

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 Intellect - the faculty of power of
perception or thought; or power of
understanding.

 Soul - the rational, emotional, and

volitional faculties in man, conceived of as
forming an entity distinct from, often
existing independently of his body; the
emotional faculty of man distinguished
from intellect.
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Instinct

- innate (biological - unconscious); life

(sexual wishes)
- pleasure principle (libido) or love instinct
(Eros); death (aggressive and
embarrassment)
- thanatos (death wish or love of death)

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Libido - the instinctual craving of drive
behind all human activities, especially
sexual, the repression of which leads to
neurosis.

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 The Two Basic Factors Affecting Behavior

1. Heredity/Biological Factors (nature) - are

those that explained by heredity, the
characteristics of a person acquired from birth
transferred from one generation to another. It
explains that certain emotional aggression, our
intelligence, ability and potentials and our
physical appearance are inherited.

2. Environmental Factors (nurture) – refers to

anything around the person that influences his
actions. 17

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 Some environmental factors

1. The family

a. The influences of childhood trauma, which

affect the feeling of security of a child undergoing
development processes.

b. Pathogenic family structure – those families

associated with high frequency of problems.
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 1. The inadequate family – characterized by the
inability to cope with the ordinary problems of family
living. It lacks the resources, physical or
psychological, for meeting the demands of family
satisfaction.
2. The anti-social family – those that espouses
unacceptable values as a result of the influence of
parents to their children.
3. The discordant/disturbed family – characterized
by dissatisfaction of one or both parent from the
relationship that may express feeling of frustration.
This is usually due to value differences as common
sources of conflict and dissatisfaction.
4. The disrupted family – characterized by
incompleteness whether as a result of death, divorce,
separation or some other circumstances 19
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 2. Institutional influences such as: peer
groups, mass media, church and school,
government institutions, NGO’s, etc.

3. Socio-cultural factors such as war and

violence, group prejudice and discrimination,
economic and employment problems and other
social changes.

4. Nutrition or the quality of food that a

person intake is also a factor that influence man
to commit crime because poverty is one of the
many reasons to criminal behavior. 20
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 OTHER DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR

1. NEEDS, DRIVES AND MOTIVATIONS

a. Needs are the triggering factor that drives or moves a

person to act. It is a psychological state of tissue
deprivation.

b. Drives are aroused state that results from some

biological needs. The aroused condition motivates the
person to remedy the need.

c. Motivation on the other hand refers to the causes and

“why’s” of behavior as required by a need.
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 Drive and motivation covers all of
psychology, they energizes behavior and
give its direction to man’s action. For
example, a motivated individual is
engaged in a more active, more vigorous,
and more effective that unmotivated one,
thus a hungry person directs him to look
for food.

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  Types of Human Needs:
 Biological (biogenic) needs - needs of the body
which exist for the maintenance of health and
protection of the body against physical injuries.
These include the need for:
1. food – hunger: the body needs adequate supply of nutrients to function
efficiently. “An empty stomach sometimes drives a person to steal.”
2. air – need of oxygen
3. water - thirst
4. rest – weary bodies needs this.
5. sex – a powerful motivator but unlike food and water, sex is not vital for
survival but essential to the survival of the species.
6. avoidance of pain – the need to avoid tissue damage is essential to the
survival of the organism. Pain will activate behavior to reduce discomfort.
7. stimulus seeking curiosity – most people and animal is motivated to explore
the environment even when the activity satisfies no bodily needs.
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 psychological (psychogenic or
sociogenic) needs

 love and affection

 for security
 for growth and development and
 recognition from other human beings.

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 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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 FRUSTRATION, CONFLICT and HUMAN
VALUES

 Frustration - the unpleasant feelings that

results from the blocking of motive satisfaction.
It is a form of stress, which results in tension. It
is the feeling that is experienced when
something interferes with our hopes, wishes,
plans and expectations.

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 COMMON SOURCES OF FRUSTRATION

1. Physical Obstacles – are physical barriers or

circumstances that prevent a person from doing his plan
or fulfilling his wishes.
2. Social Circumstances – are restrictions or
circumstances imposed by other people and the customs
and laws of social living.
3. Personal shortcoming – such as being handicapped
by diseases, deafness, paralysis, etc. which serves as a
barrier to the things one ought to do.
4. Conflicts between motives

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 REACTIONS TO FRUSTRATIONS

1. by fighting the problem in a constructive and direct

way by breaking the obstacles barring him from his
goal, or by getting angry and become aggressive;
and/or

2. by running away (flight) from the problem, retreating,

becoming indifferent, and by giving up without a fight.

 These reactions to frustrations are sometimes called

fight-flight reactions.

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 FRUSTRATION-TOLERANCE

 capacity to tolerate unadjusted states.

 Most normal persons react to frustration in the following

ways:

1. direct approach
2. detour
3. substitution
4. withdrawal or retreat
5. developing feelings of inferiority
6. aggression
7. use of defense mechanism

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 They are considered as safety valves that
psychologically relieves a person when
confronted with a problem, frustration and
other related emotional difficulties.

a. excuses
b. justifications
c. insecurities
d. defense mechanism

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 What is a Defense Mechanism?

 the unconscious techniques used to

prevent a person’s self image from being
damage.

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 Kinds of Defense Mechanism
 Denial of reality – protection of one self from
unpleasant reality by refusal to perceive or face it.
Simply by avoiding something that is unpleasant. Or in
denial, the ego shuts itself off from certain realities.

 Fantasy – the gratification of frustration desires in

imaginary achievement. Paying attention not to what is
going on around him but rather to what is taking place
on his thoughts.

 Projection – placing blame for difficulties upon others

or attributing one’s own unethical desires to others in an
effort to prevent ourselves being blamed. 32
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 Rationalization – the use of excuses an individual to
him and to others. Attempting to prove that one’s
behavior is justifiable and thus worthy of self and social
approval. It is also an elaborate justification for what
were obviously illogical or immature actions.

 Reaction Formation – it occurs when someone tries to

prevent his submission to unacceptable impulses by
vigorously taking an opposite stand.

 Displacement – discharging pent-up emotion on

objects less dangerous than those that initially aroused
the emotion.

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 Defense mechanism through the
gratification of frustrated sexual
desire in substitutive men activity?
a. fantasy
b. emotion insulation
c. identification
d. sublimation

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 Regression – revert from a past behavior or retreating
to earlier developmental level involving less mature
responses and usually a lower level of aspiration.
Example is falling back to childish behavior patterns;
some respond to stress by overeating or by drinking too
much.

 Sublimation – a process by which instinctual drives,

consciously unacceptable, are diverted into personally
and socially accepted channels. Example is gratification
of frustrated sexual desires in substitutive men sexual
activities.

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The means of incorporating external values and
standards into ego structure, the acceptance of
others values even they are contrary to one’s
own assumptions?

a. introjections
b. undoing
c. sympathy
d. acting out

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 Identification – increasing feeling of worth by
identifying self with person or institution. The person can
associate himself with something or someone to elevate
position.
 Introjection – incorporating external values and
standards into ego structures so individual is not at their
mercy as external threats. The acceptance of others’
values even they are contrary to one’s own assumption.

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 Undoing – Apologizing for wrongs, repentance,
doing penance and undergoing punishment to
negate a disapproved act.

 Sympathism – striving to gain sympathy from

others. The person seeks to be praised by
relating faults or problem.

 Acting-out – reduction of the anxiety aroused

by forbidden desires by permitting their
expression. The individual deals with all his
impulses by expressing them.
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 Substitution (displacement) - a process by
which an unattainable or unacceptable goal,
emotion or object is replaced by one that is
more attainable or acceptable.

 Repression - the ego blocks off threatening

thoughts or desires and thus keeps them from
sweeping into the spotlight of consciousness.

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 Conflict

- the simultaneous arousal of two or

more incompatible motives
resulting to unpleasant emotions. It
is a source of frustration because it
is a threat to normal behavior.
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 A type of conflict which involves
motivation to engage in two activities
that cannot be pursued
simultaneously.
a. multiple approach
b. double approach conflict
c. double avoidance conflict
d. avoidance conflict

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 Types of Conflicts

1. Double Approach Conflict – a person is

motivated to engage in two desirable activities
that can not be pursued simultaneously.

2. Double Avoidance Conflict - a person faces

two undesirable situations in which the
avoidance of one is the exposure to the other
resulting to an intense emotion.

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3. Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a person faces a
situation having both a desirable and undesirable
feature. It is sometimes called “dilemma”, because some
negative and some positive features must be accepted
regardless of which course of action is chosen.

4. Multiple Approach- Avoidance Conflict – a situation

in which a choice must be made between two or more
alternatives each of which has both positive and
negative features. It is the most difficult to resolve
because the features of each portion are often difficult to
compare.

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This answer refers to who we are, what we are
and how we behave towards situations, things
and persons.

a. character
b. personality
c. values
d. individuality

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 PERSONALITY - Totality of a person.
- Sigmund Freud postulated that the mind
consists roughly of three overlapping
divisions.
 The conscious
 The pre-conscious
 The unconscious

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 The conscious is that part of the mind
which is immediately focused in
awareness.
 The pre-conscious is that part of the
mind which can be recalled and brought to
awareness at will.
 The unconscious is the reservoir of
memories, experience and emotions that
can be recalled. They are out of the
individual’s awareness.
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 Three Components of
Personality
 ID - the unconscious part of the
personality which serves as the reservoir
of the primitive and biological drives and
urges. It is that part of the personality
with which we are born. ID is the
animalistic self.
 Libido - pleasure principle; instinctual
craving especially sexually.

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 Ego - the mediator between the ID and
the superego.
 the part that interacts with the outside
world, partly conscious and partly
unconscious. As the ego develops the
reality principle supersedes or operates in
concert with the pleasure principle in
guiding the behavior
 Superego - the socialized component of
the personality.

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 The classification of behavior that is
accepted and is considered the
standard norms of the society.
a. maladaptive behavior
b. normal behavior
c. abnormal behavior
d. adaptive behavior

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 Two General Classifications of
Behaviors
1. Normal Behavior – the standard behavior, the socially
accepted behavior because they follow the standard
norms of society.

2. Abnormal behavior – behaviors that are deviant from

social expectations because they go against the norms
or standard behavior of society.

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A cause of abnormal or criminal behavior
brought about by a condition that comes
before and pave the way for a possible
later occurrence of disorder under certain
conditions?
a. primary
b. predisposing
c. precipitating
d. reinforcing

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 The Primary Cause – used to designate the
condition without which the disorder would not
have occurred. The main reason of the existence of
the disorder.
 The Predisposing Cause – a condition that comes
before and paves the way for a possible later
occurrence of disorder under certain conditions.
 The Precipitating Cause – a condition that proves
too much for the individual and triggers the
disorder.
 The Reinforcing Cause – a condition that tends to
maintain maladaptive behavior that is already
occurring.

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Classifications or Patterns of Abnormal
Behaviors

1. The Neurotic Behaviors

2. The Psychopathic Behaviors
3. The Psychotic Behaviors

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 What are Neurotic Behaviors?

 NEUROTIC BEHAVIORS - group of

mild functional personality disorders
in which there is no gross personality
disorganization and the individual is
not required for hospitalization.

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 People with neurotic behaviors are
sometimes called psychoneurotic.
These are persons who are in the twilight
zone between normality and abnormality.
They are not insane, but neither are they
normal. They are always tense, restless
and anxious. Frequently, they have
obsessions, compulsions, phobias and in
some cases, amnesia. Anxiety is the
dominant characteristics

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 Neurotic Behaviors /disorders:

1. Anxiety disorders - These are commonly known as “neurotic

fear”. When it is occasional but intense, it is called “panic”. When
it is mild but continuous, it is called “worry”. They are considered
as the central feature of all neurotic patterns. They are
characterized by:
a. mild depressions
b. fear and tensions
c. mild stresses

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 Fears which are irrational, fizzed, intense and
cannot be controlled or has no reasonable
foundation are referred to as;

a. phobias
b. imaginations
c. hallucination
d. regration

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 When the disorder is characterized by
chronic mental and physical fatigue and
by various aches and pains, it is
considered?

a. asthenia disorder
b. somatoform disorder
c. Dissociative disorder
d. amnesia

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Anxiety disorders are grouped as:

1. Obsessive-compulsive disorders
2. Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia) -
anxiety disorder characterized by chronic
mental and physical fatigue and various
aches and pains.
3. Phobic Disorders – the persistent fear
on some objects or situation that present
no actual danger to the person.
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 Example of Phobias

 Acrophobia - high places

 Agoraphobia - open places
 Algophobia - pain
 Asthraphobia - storms, thunder, lightning
 Claustrophobia - closed places
 Hematophobia - blood
 Hydrophobia - water
 Mysophobia - contamination/germs
 Monophobia - being alone
 Nyctophobia - darkness
 Ocholophobia - crowds

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2. Somatoform Disorders - Complains of bodily
symptoms that suggest the presence of physical
problem but no organic basis can be found. The
individual is pre-occupied with his state of health
or diseases.

a. Hypochondriasis – the excessive concern

about state of health or physical condition
(multiplicity about illness).A Hypochondriacally
person tend to seek medical advises, but their
fears is not lessened by their doctor’s
reassurances, and they maybe disappointed
when no physical problem is found.
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b. Psychogenic Pain Disorder – characterized
by the report of severe and lasting pain. Either
no physical basis is apparent or the reaction is
greatly in excess of what would be expected
form the physical abnormality.

c. Conversion Disorders (Hysteria) – a

neurotic pattern in which symptoms of some
physical malfunction or loss of control without
any underlying organic abnormality.

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 EXAMPLES OF HYSTERIA

1. Sensory Symptoms of Hysteria:

 Anasthesia – loss of sensitivity
 Hyperesthesia – excessive sensitivity
 Hypesthesia – partial loss of sensitivity
 Analgesia – loss of sensitivity to pain
 Paresthesia - exceptional sensations
2. Motor Symptoms of Hysteria
 Paralysis – selective loss of function
 Astasia-abasia – inability to control leg when standing
 Aphonia – partial inability to speak
 Mutism – total inability to speak
3. Visceral Symptoms of Hysteria
 Choking sensation
 Coughing spells
 Difficulty in breathing
 Cold and clammy extremities
 Nausea 63
3. Dissociative Disorders - A response to obvious stress
characterized by:

a. Amnesia – partial or total inability to recall or identify

past experiences.
a. brain pathology amnesia – total loss of memory and it can not be
retrieved by simple means. It requires long period of medication.
b. psychogenic amnesia – failure to recall stored information and still they
are beneath the level of consciousness but “forgotten material”.
b. Multiple Personality – also called “dual personalities”.
The person manifests two or more symptoms of
personality usually dramatically different.
c. Depersonalization – loss of sense of self or the so
called out of body experience.

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4. Affective Disorders - The affective
disorders are “mood disorders”, in which
extreme or inappropriate levels of mood –
extreme elation or extreme depression.

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 What are Psychopathic
Behaviors?
 The second groups of abnormal behaviors
typically stemmed from immature and distorted
personality development, resulting in persistent
maladaptive ways of perceiving and thinking.

 People with psychopathic behaviors are also

called sociopaths or psychopaths.

 These are persons who do not have any neurotic

or psychotic symptoms but are not able to
conform to prevailing customs and standards of
conduct of his social group. 66
 Types of psychopathic behavior
1. Personality Disorders – disorders of
character, the person is characterized as a
“problematic” without psychoses. This disorder
is characterized by disrupted personal
relationship, dependent or passive aggressive
behavior.

2. Criminal Behavior - The disorder used to

describe the behavior of a person who
commits serious crimes from individual to
property crimes and the disobedience of
societal rules in general.
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 Types of Personality Disorders
1. Paranoid Personality – characterized by
suspiciousness, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity,
excessive self-importance, argumentativeness and
tendency to blame others for one’s own mistakes.
2. Schizoid Personality – characterized by the inability
to form social relationship and lack interest in doing
so. The person seem to express their feelings, they
lack social skills. They are the so called “loners”.
3. Schizotypal Personality – characterized by
seclusiveness, oversensitivity, avoidance of
communication and superstitious thinking is common.
4. Histrionic Personality – characterized by
immaturity, excitability, emotional instability and self-
dramatization.
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5. Narcissistic Personality – characterized by
an exaggerated sense of self-importance and
pre-occupation with receiving attention.
6. Borderline Personality – characterized by
instability reflected in drastic mood shifts and
behavior problems. The person usually display
intense anger outburst with little provocation
and he is impulsive, unpredictable, and
periodically unstable.
7. Avoidant Personality – characterized by
hypersensitivity to rejection and apprehensive
alertness to any sign of social derogation.
Person is reluctant to enter into social
interaction.

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8. Dependent Personality – characterized by extreme
dependence on other people – there is acute
discomfort and even panic to be alone. The person
lacks confidence and feels helpless.
9. Passive-Aggressive Personality – characterized by
being hostile express in indirect and non-violent ways.
They are the so called “stubborn”.
10. Compulsive Personality – characterized by
excessive concern with rules, order, and efficiency that
everyone does things their way and an ability to
express warm feeling. The person is over
conscientious, serious, and with difficulty in doing
things for relaxation.
11. Anti-social Personality – characterized by
continuing violation of the rights of others through
aggressive, anti-social behavior with out remorse or
loyalty to anyone.

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 What are Psychotic Behaviors?
 The group of disorders involving gross structural
defects in the brain tissue, severe disorientation
of the mind thus it involves loss of contact with
reality.
 People suffering from psychotic behaviors
(psychosis) are also called psychotic. They are
regarded as the most severe type of mental
disorder.
 A psychotic has tensions that disturb thinking,
feeling and sensing; the perception of reality is
distorted. He may have delusions and
hallucinations.
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 Types of Psychotic Behaviors

1. Organic Mental Disorders - this occurs when

the normal brain has been damage resulted
from any interference of the functioning of the
brain.

2. Senile and Pre-senile Dementia

 Senile Dementia – mental disorder that
accompanied by brain degeneration due to old age.
 Pre-senile Dementia – mental disorder associated
with earlier degeneration of the brain.

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1. Mental Retardation - A mental disorder
characterized by sub-average general
functioning existing concurrently with
deficits in adaptive behavior.
2. Schizophrenia and Paranoia
 Schizophrenia – refers to the group of
psychotic disorders characterized by gross
distortions of reality, withdrawal of social
interaction, disorganization and
fragmentation of perception, thoughts and
emotion.
 Paranoia – the same as “delusions”,
“impaired contact with reality”. A psychotic
behavior characterized by delusion of
apprehension following a failure or
frustration.
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 Schizophrenia – refers to the group of
psychotic disorders characterized by gross
distortions of reality, withdrawal of social
interaction, disorganization and
fragmentation of perception, thoughts and
emotion. It also refers to terms such as
“mental deterioration”, “dementia
praecox”, or “split mind”.

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 Disorder in Volition/ Conation
 Impulsion or Compulsion- sudden and
irresistible force compelling a person to
commit an act consciously without
afterthought

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 Types of Compulsion
 Pyromania
 Kleptomania
 Mutilomania- maim animals
 Dipsomania- alcohol or drugs
 Homicidal impulse- vigilante
 Sex impulse
 Suicidal impulse

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Causes a person to be very apprehensive in his
dealings with others and makes him anticipate
things in negative manner, the source of such
feeling is even unknown to him.

a. neurosis
b. delusion
c. anxiety
d. schizophrenia

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 Groups of Psychotic Disorders
(Solis, 1980)
 Disorder of Cognition
 Illusion-false interpretation of a stimuli
 Hallucination- perception of an absent stimuli
 Delusion- false perception of one’s self

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 Disorder in Memory
 Dementia- degeneration of the brain causing
forgetting, inability to understand
 Acute Dementia- young people; malnutrition
 Dementia paralytica- cirrhosis of the brain
 Dementia Praecox- dementia of the adolescence: loss
of memory
 Senile Dementia- loss of memory and childish acts
 Toxic dementia- weakness of the mind due to
chemicals

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 Amnestic Syndrome
 Amnesia( Loss of Memory)
 AnterogradeAmnesia- recent events
 Retrograde Amnesia – past events

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 Other Groups of Human Disorders

1. Addictive Groups of Disorders

 Substance Use
 Extreme obesity
 Pathological gambling

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 Sexual Disorders
 Sexual dysfunctions affecting males
 Erectile Insufficiency (Impotency)
 Pre-mature Ejaculation.
 Retarded Ejaculation
 Sexual dysfunctions affecting females
 Arousal Insufficiency (Frigidity) – a failure to attain sexual
excitement by the female partner.
 Orgasmic Dysfunction – a sexual disorder characterized by the
difficulty in achieving orgasm
 Vaginismus – involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance
to the vagina that prevent penetration of the male sex organ.
 Dyspareunia – called painful coitus/painful sexual acts in women

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 Sexual Reversals
 Homosexuality “lesbianism or tribadism”
 Overt or Latent
 Transvestism –the achievement of sexual
excitation by dressing as a member of the
opposite sex such a man who wears female
apparel.
 Fetishism – sexual gratification is obtained by
looking at some body parts, underwear of the
opposite sex or other objects associated with
the opposite sex.

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 Heterosexuality being the only normal
sexual relationship refers to between,

a. man to man
b. woman to a woman
c. man to a woman, who is a man
d. members of the opposite sex

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 Sexual Disorder based on choice of
partner
 Pedophilia- child of either sex.
 Bestiality
 Auto-sexual
 Gerontophilia
 Necrophilia
 Incest- manceres

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 Based on sexual urge
 Satyriasis
 Nymphomania

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 As to mode of expression
 Oralism
 Fellatio
 Cunnilingus

 Anilism (anillingus) – licking the anus of the

sexual partner
 Sadism
 Masochism
 Sado-Masochism (Algolagnia)

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 As to parts of the body
 Sodomy – is a sexual act through the anus of
the sexual partner.
 Uranism – sexual gratification is attained
through fingering, holding the breast of licking
parts of the body.
 Frottage – the act of rubbing the sex organ
against body parts of another person.
 Partialism – it refers to the sexual libido on any
part of the body of a sexual partner.

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 Based on visual stimulus
 Voyeurism
 Scoptophilia/ Mixoscopia – the intentional
act of watching people undress or during
sexual intimacies.

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 Based on Number of Participants in
the Sexual Act
 Troilism – three person participate in sex
orgy such as two women versus on man
or vice versa
 Pluralism – group of persons in sexual
orgies such as couple to couple sexual
relations. It is also called “sexual festival”

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 Other sexual disorders
 Exhibitionism – it is called “indecent exposure”,
intentional exposure of genitals to members of the
opposite sex under inappropriate conditions.
 Coprolalia – the use of obscene language to achieve
sexual satisfaction.
 Coprolagnia- sight of women defecating
 Mysophilia- response to filth or excretion
 Urolgania- sight of urine
 Don Juanism – the act of seducing women as a career
with out permanency of sexual partner or companion.

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 Raping a beautiful body in his dream gives
Supotski a great sexual satisfaction. Which of
the given answers manifest his sexual
deviancy?

a. rape
b. none
c. necrophilia
d. sexual abuse

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 CRISIS MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS

A. Crisis and Emergency

Crisis from the Greek word Krises means to
separate. As defined by Funk and Wagnalis, is a
turning point in the progress of an affair or a
series of events.

Emergency comes from the Latin word

emergentia meaning a dipping or plunging. Funk
and Wagnalis define emergency as a sudden
condition or state of affairs calling for
immediate action.
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 CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Crisis Emergency
Progressive sequence of events Sudden and unforeseen
Build up of instability
Growth of Tension
Turning point Immediate response
Decision Correction
Mitigation
Remedy
Change Recovery
Continuity Restoration
Survival

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HOSTAGE CRISIS
NEGOTIATION
 HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION

 refers to the attempted agreements

that law enforcement officials make with a
hostage taker.

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 A priority in a hostage taking
situation

a. preservation of sanity
b. preservation of lives
c. preservation of peace
d. preservation of order

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 PRIORITIES IN HOSTAGE
SITUATION
 PRESERVATION OF LIFE
- hostage, hostage taker, public, all.
 APPREHEND HOSTAGE TAKER,
RECOVER AND PROTECT PROPERTY
 SUCCESSFULLY NEGOTIATE.

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 PRINCIPLES IN
NEGOTIATION
 The hostage has no value to the
hostage taker. His only worth is as a
tool to get what the hostage taker
wants, not from the hostage, but from
the authorities.
 For hostage situation not to escalate
into violence, it is to the interest of the
hostage taker, as to the authorities. In
case it goes bloody, the authorities
must always come out the victor.
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 TO SUCCESSFULLY
NEGOTIATE:
 There must be a need to live on the part
of the hostage taker.
 A threat of force by the authorities will
make the hostage taker realize that if he
does violence against the hostage, the
authorities can effectively deal with them
and win.

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 Hostage-takers who make unreasonable
demands, rebellious, immature and refuse to
listen to reason, manifest behavioral patterns
that belong to _______

a. child ego state

b. parent ego state
c. adult ego state
d. egoistic

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 WHO ARE HOSTAGE TAKERS?
 MENTALLY DERANGED- suffers from
delusion/hallucination
 He cannot be appealed on a rational basis.
 Setsthe rule
 Reacts on overwhelming stress, thus
compelled to take action to relieve stress
 May take hostage even his own family

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 SEVERE DEPRESSION- suffers from
mental aberration (Matinding hinanakit)

 Answer to life stresses and pain is suicide

 May murder his family
 Take hostage to enforce irrational desires.

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 PERSONALITY DISORDER (ANTI-SOCIAL)

- Deeply in gained maladaptive patterns of

behavior. (product of child abuse)

* If asks for member of his family-don’t

grant, family could be the cause

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 PARANOID – believes that he is
threatened or persecuted

 With deeply ingrained suspicion of people

 Acts with anti-value to relieve stress or
vindicate himself
 impulsive

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 SOCIOPATHIC PERSONALITY – traits of
character bereft of conscience

 Impulsive- unable to delay gratification so if

hostage is a woman, raping her would be a
probability
 Sociable, easy-going and spend thrift.

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 TERRORIST – political purpose
 Do violence for maximum violence and
propaganda, political and economical
purposes.
 Uses threats and harassments to create
atmosphere of fear, disregarding women and
children as victims
 Loyal only to themselves and other allied
groups and willing to give life as part of
martyrdom.

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 THREE TYPES OF HOSTAGE TAKERS

TYPES INTENT WANTS

PROFESSIONAL Crime Escape

CRIMINAL

PSYCHO CASES Attention Varies-vindication,

(DEVIANT) relief

GROUPS
Escape, better
a. Prisoners Attention treatment

b. Terrorist Attention Political leverage

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 Containment as used in hostage-
taking situation refers to control of
people and

a. media
b. area
c. their emotions
d. the police

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WHAT MUST BE DONE?
 CONTAINMENT

 Controlling situation and area by people

involved. Other people/bystanders must
be obliged to get out from the area as
they may add more problems.

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 ESTABLISH CONTACT
 Immediately after positioning at
advantage position, communicate with the
leader

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 He is in-charge of establishing
contact with the hostage-taker

a. commander
b. police
c. negotiator
d. hostage

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 TIME LENGTHENING
 Give more time to the police to organize
and coordinate plan of action.

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 Effects of time:
 Hostage taker will wear down emotionally
and psychologically.
 Hostage taker has more demand for food
and water.
 Anxiety reduce, hostage taker given
chance to organize his true self
 Hostage taker’s rationality increase

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 Hostage taker-negotiator relationship
improves
 Hostage takers’ demand may be reduced
 Stockholm syndrome may develop

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 A strange turn of events that put the hostage-
taker and the hostage to be on a
Mutual stand with a common hostile feelings
towards the authorities.

a. understanding
b. sympathy
c. Stockholm Syndrome
d. principle and conviction

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 “Stockholm Syndrome”
(reciprocal feelings)
A. Aspects of this syndrome
1. positive feeling of the hostages towards the
hostage-taker
2. negative feelings of the victims towards the
authorities
3. positive feeling of the hostage-takers
towards the victims

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 SURRENDER APPROACH
 Start with a position approach, act as if
hostage taker will surrender.
 Do no talk too much.
 Gradually ask him to surrender.
 Reassurance is the wisest thing to do.
 Talk details of surrender process and
explain why now is better than later.

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DO’S AND DON’TS
 A COMMANDER should not be designated
as negotiator because the hostage taker
will:

- have sense of importance

- make impossible demands, knowing that
he is dealing with the commander.

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 Face-to-face Negotiation
 Don’t be over anxious
 Wear body armor
 Have tactical back-up (snipers)
 Watch out for traps at doors or windows
 Entering without gun being pointed at you

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 Face-to-face, mountain distance
- persons distance- 1-3 feet
- intimate distance- about 6 inches
 Withdrawing, facing hostage taker slowly
backing out of the door.

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 Negotiator must talk to ______ only
during hostage taking situations

a. police
b. commander
c. media
d. hostage leader

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 TELEPHONE NEGOTIATION
TECHNIQUES
 Be the caller (talk with the leader only)
 Plan and prepare
 Be ready with graceful exit
 Discipline yourself to listen
 Do not tell that you are the commander,
neither your rank
 Just tell “my name is_____ I am a police
negotiator and willing to help.
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 Delay Tactic- to wear down hostage taker,
physically, psychologically and
emotionally. Will also give the police to
organize and coordinate plan course of
action.
 In case hostage taker won’t talk, continue
negotiating. Don’t lose hope.

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 HOSTAGE TAKER-NEGOTIATOR
RELATIONSHIP
 Trust and rapport
- while trust must be there, beware of it.
 Deceit
- tell lies but don’t be caught.

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 DEMANDS (money,
escapes, vehicles)

RULES-ANSWER
 This is not negotiable in a hostage
taking situation.

a. foods
b. drinks
c. Guns
d. money

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 Delay, impress hostage taker even simple
demand are hard to get; that you needed
to talk with the commander or other
people, etc.

 Get something in return for every

concession granted, like aged, sick and
young hostages.

 Don’t give concession at once, subject to

interpretation that you could be get easily.
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 IN PREPARING FOR THE
BOARD EXAM. . . .
ALWAYS REMEMBER....
 THAT EACH OF YOU ARE GIVEN A NUMBER CORRESPONDING TO YOUR PREPARATION.
 IT’S UP TO YOU IF YOU WILL ELEVATE THAT NUMBER ON TOP OF OTHERS BY INTENSIFYING
YOUR PREPARATION.
 DO IT WITH GREAT PURPOSE AND ARDENT DESIRE.
 DO NOT LET THE DAY PASS WITH THINGS UNACCOMPLISHED.
 DO NOT THINK THAT YOU CAN NOT DO IT, FOR IF YOU DO YOU ARE INSULTING YOUR
INTELLIGENCE.
 KEEP CONVINCING YOUR MIND THAT YOU ALREADY
PASSED THE EXAM AND BELIEVE IN IT...THE EXAM
IS JUST DESIGNED FOR FORMALITY!!!!!!!

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 STRATEGIES

 Comprehension
 Removal
 Leverage – power, weight, force
 Watch out for absolute terms
 Linking words
 Global Options
 “WHEN EVERYTHING ELSE FAILS THEN
PRAY”
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 “DO NOT INSULT YOUR INTELLIGENCE BY GIVING A
SECOND RATE PERFORMANCE”

END OF PRESENTATION!

THANKS FOR LENDING YOUR EARS!!!

GOODLUCK!!!!!

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