Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VIII
Division of Tacloban City
Tacloban City National High School
Bagacay, Tacloban City

Pesticidal Activity of Kerson (Muntingia calabura) Leaves Extract Against

Golden Apple Snail (Pomecea canaliculata)

A Science Investigatory Project

Presented to the Faculty of the Science Department
Tacloban City National High School

As a Partial Fulfillment of the Major Requirements

For the Subject Research II

Maxin L. Caadan
Diane C. Dianito
Jesca Mae D. Garrido
Marie Ethene Van V. Llarenas
Jessa Mae M. Maldecino
Researchers

February 2019
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It was a meticulous process in doing this research which requires financial support,

determination, time and a lot of effort. The researchers won’t accomplish this study without

the help of others. So they would like to extend their deepest gratitude to the following:

The teachers of Tacloban City National High School, Mr. Rodelito Quinte and Ms.

Maria Rose Soriano, for their useful and constructive suggestions and recommendations

during the planning and development of this research project.

The researchers also wish to thank their classmates for the help and assistance they

had given. Their moral support on this project has been very much appreciated.

They would like to acknowledge the never-ending support and assistance of their

families financially and morally to make this project possible. Their willingness to extend

their help has been very much valued.

Especially Mr. Wilfredo Maldecino, the owner of the farm, who played a big role

during the time of experimentation performed by the researchers.

Above all, they thank God for his overflowing blessings, guidance, love, and for

giving them strength, knowledge, and protection on their everyday lives.

 ABSTRACT

The main aim of this study is to test the pesticidal activity of Kerson (Muntingia

calabura) leaves extract against golden apple snail (Pomecea canaliculata). The

researchers experimented on the different levels of concentration to determine the most

effective concentration, the significant difference of the product to the commercial ones

and the safeness of the product to humans.

After making the product, the researchers had set five different set ups for each

level of concentration. Each side of the set up measures 12 inches consisting five GAS.

Then, the product was sprayed to the GAS and the researchers waited for 30 minutes to

determine the result of the experiment.

The results and conclusion were formed after the analysis of data:

1. Kerson (M. Calabura) leaves extract is effective in killing GAS;

2. 75% extract and 25% water is the most effective concentration in killing GAS;

3. There is no significant difference between commercial snail killer; and

4. The product is not harmful to the health of humans.

For future studies, the researchers recommend:

1. To test the effectivity in other pests aside from GAS.

2. The pesticide can be in different forms like pellet and etc.

3. Maintaining the natural properties of the product.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title 1

Acknowledgement 2

Abstract 3

Table of contents 4

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study 6

B. Statement of the problem 8

C. Null hypothesis 8

D. Significance of the study 9

E. Conceptual framework 10

F. Definition of terms 10

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 12

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design 20

B. Research Locale 20

C. Research Instrument 21
 D. Scope and Limitation 21

E. Procedure 21

F. Statistical Analysis 22

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27

Bibliography 28

Appendices 31

A. Appendix A: Documentation 32

B. Appendix B: Time Table of Activities 33

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The Golden Apple Snail (P. canaliculata), popularly known as “Golden Kuhol”, is

one of the major pest problems in rice production. In 1989, the Food and Agriculture

Organization of United Nations estimated that yield tosses owing to this pest ranged from

1% to 40% of the planted area in the Philippines, resulting in huge production loss. To

control this pest, many farmers resort to massive use of synthetic molluscicides that are

expensive and broad spectrum, affecting non-target organisms including human beings

(Sebastian, 2001).

Joshi (2007) reported that the Global Invasive Species Programme lists P.

canaliculata as one of the world’s 100 worst invasive alien species. It has brought about

economic losses to aquatic crops in the Philippines that are estimated to be up to USD 1200

million per annum without talking into account the non-crop damage to human health and

natural ecosystem. It is also an environmental pest since to control this mollusc, resource

–poor farmers resort to a “short-gun approach”, using toxic and non-specific agrochemicals

and thereby aggravating ecosystem pollution, risking their health, and causing loss of

aquatic biodiversity.

Hence, (Muntingia calabura), which belongs to the family Elaeocarpaceae, is a

common roadside tree in Malaysia. It is known locally in Malay as Kerukup Siam. It is

native and widely cultivated in warm areas of the Asian region, including Malaysia. This

plant is popularly known for its antiseptic and antispasmodic properties besides being a
proven hypotensive drug. Various parts of this tree have several documented medicinal

uses. Its leaves, barks and flowers are believed to possess medicinal value and is rich in

flavonoids, flavones and flavanones, rendering to its potent antitumor activities. Moreover,

flowers of M. calabura have been used as anti-septic, antispasmodic, antidyspeptic,

diaphoretic, tranquilizer, tonic and for the treatment of headache, whereas roots are

employed as emmenagogue and abortifacient . Infusion of the flower of this plant is drunk

as a tranquilliser and tonic. Scientifically, this plant has been proven antinociceptive, anti-

inflammatory and anti-pyretic properties, potentia antibmicrobial activity, potent

antityrosinase and antioxidant activities), cardioprotective effect. M. calabura also

inhibited in vitro growth of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans and

cytotoxicity to cultured P-388 cells and some human cancer cell lines (Sidding et al., 2012).

Studies have shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, analgesic,

cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, cardioprotective, antibacterial, antiulcer,

insecticidal, tyrosinase-inhibitory and antifungal properties. (Stuart Jr., 2017).

According to Haider, 2015, M. Calabura trees grows in Mexico, the Caribbean,

Asia, Indonesia, South America, Japan, Philippines, China, India, Cuba, Haiti, Dominican

Republic and many other places. It is also known in the states as Strawberry tree, Panama

berry, Jamaican cherry, Bajelly tree and Singapore cherry and in Spanish its called bolania,

memizo and yamanza.

Statement of the Problem

General Objective

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Kerson (M. calabura) leaves

extract in eliminating Golden Apple Snail (P. canaliculata).

Specific Objectives

Specifically, the researchers intend to answer the following questions:

1. What is the most effective concentration of Kerson (M. calabura) leaves extract for

killing Golden apple snails?;

2. Is there a significant difference in using Kerson (M. calabura) leaves extract and

commercial snail killer?; and

3. Is Kerson (M. calabura) leaves extract safe to use as pesticide?

Null Hypothesis

1. There is no significant difference in using Kerson (M. calabura) leaves extract as a

pesticide compared to commercial pesticides.

2. The pesticide made out of kerson (M. Calabura) leaves extract is not safe for

humans especially children.

Significance of the Study

To the Industry

It will help our industry because they can have a massive production of this product,

improve and recreate it. Since this study makes use of M. calabura leaves that is treated as

a waste to the community. And it will develop an affordable pesticidal spray for killing P.

Canaliculata.

To the Agriculturist

This study will give the agriculturist some insights about the use of M. calabura

leaves extract. It is an alternative pesticide to help eradicate P. canaliculata. This will also

motivate them to promote M. calabura leaves extract to the farmers and consumers as an

environmental friendly product.

To the Researcher

This study will serve as reference materials to other researchers which data could

be used for other related studies that will be conducted. The researchers will also benefit

from this new product for it can also be a good source of income.
Conceptual Framework

Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
 Number of Golden
 Formulation of the product Apple Snails killed
 Amount of heat  Odor
 Commercial product
 Volume of extract

Intervening Variable

 Temperature of the surroundings

The figure above shows the conceptual framework of the study where in the number

of P. Canaliculata killed and its odor depends on the formulation of the product, amount

of heat, the volume of the extract and the commercial product. The results also depend on

the temperature the surroundings which is the intervening variable based on the framework.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally:

Kerson (Muntingia Calabura) leaves- a plant species that is green in color, has a rough

surface and odorless. A variable that will be used in the study in killing GAS.

Golden apple snail (Pomecea Canaliculata)- a pest that feed on rice crops in farms. The

pest that is being eliminated in the experiment.

Pesticidal activity- the effectiveness of the variable in eliminating the pest.

Strainer- a kitchen tool used to separate the extract of from the pounded leaves.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Though pesticides have many benefits like pesticides that “kills mosquitoes”,

mosquitoes are one of the pest that can transmit dangerous sicknesses, or pesticide that

“protect animals against parasites” “kill weeds that threaten our environment” and even

terminate those that damage plants. It also has negative feed packs on humans and other

plants. It also causes problems in our surroundings like pollution and contaminated soil.

(URSKA, 2015)

Hence our environment is worsening because of the chemicals present in it so

creating an environmental-friendly pesticide will lessen these problems and everyone

won’t be poisoned by the strong stench of chemical-based pesticides.

To control this pest, many farmers resort to the massive use of synthetic

molluscicides that are expensive and broad spectrum, affecting non-target organisms

including human beings. This primer was prepared to present additional alternatives and

information on Golden Apple Snail management. It contains many new information to

reduce the misuse of molluscicides. Discussed here are details on the biology of golden

apple snail, including several management options that farmers could use to manage this

pest in their farms.

P. canaliculata is bothering more paddies and farmers. And the researchers wants

to help reduce these pest so it won’t bother other organisms and cause havoc.

According to Massaguni and Latip (2015) “Concern with the negative impact of

synthetic pesticide or environment and human health have led this study in order to
evaluate the molluscicides efficacies of azadirachtin in neem seed crude extract on GAS.

Azadirachtin was extracted by maceration technique using four different solvents and the

quantity of azadirachtin in extracts was compared to select the best solvent. Then bioassays

were performed on adult of GAS to compare the molluscicides activity of azadirachtin.”

Whatsoever, problems with synthetic pesticides are now rapidly arising due to the

damage it gives to humans. Formulating pesticides without such chemicals may help

resolve these problems.

The quick knockdown effect of the pesticides on GAS that are directly hit makes

this method popular among the farmers. The efficacy of commercial molluscicides only

lasted for 2-3 days against GAS, but unfortunately such compounds were more lethal to

non-destructive native snail species, vivipara costata. The important side effect of increased

pesticide usage is its negative impact on IPM strategy emphasizing use of cultural,

biological mechanical control measures and minimal use of pesticides.

This study is related to this research because molluscicides and pesticides are much

alike in terms of their function and they are both able to kill GAS. They only vary in some

ways but is quite similar to the other. In this case, compounds which are present in each

chemical is highly specified. Their negative effects is the mechanical control measures and

least usage of pesticides.

A research by (Schnorback et al. 2006) reported that “Currently, synthetic

molluscicides (niclocamide and metaldehyde) are widely used for the chemical control of

this pest. Synthetic molluscicides could vary from moderately hazardous to unlikely to

present acute hazard in normal use for human, moreover their negative impact on the

environment and the high costs of application are known.

 Less hazardous pesticides makes the environment healthier than making pesticides

with high contents of dangerous chemicals. Hence the researchers are aiming to solve this

problem.

Dong et al. (2012) concluded that the molluscicides was usually used to kill GAS

with a serious environmental and human health consequence and the hand-picking was

proved to be a time – consuming work (Yu et al. 2001; Chen et al. 2003). Thus local farmers

did not adopt these methods extensively for GAS control. Recently, the biological control

was applied to suppress the occurrence of GAS by releasing biological agents such as fishes

and ducks.

Studies about these pesticides and molluscicides will help the researchers in making

a more effective pesticide than previous ones and these studies act also as a guide to further

improve the mistakes in formulating previous works related to the researchers’ current

work.

According to Block, Patterson, Subar (1992), pesticides are used widely in

agriculture in the United States. When effectively applied, pesticides can kill or control

pests, including weeds, insects, fungi, bacteria, and rodents. Chemical pest control has

contributed to dramatic increases in yields for most major fruit and vegetable crops. Its use

has led to substantial improvements over the past 40 years in the quantity and variety of

the U.S. diet and thus in the health of the public.

This research study says that many pesticides are harmful to the environment and

are known or suspected to be toxic to humans.

According to Rawi et al. (2011), the effect of some natural plants (Agave filifera

whole, Ammi majus flowers and leaves and Canna indica flowers and leaves as
molluscicide agents against Biomophalaria Alexandrina Snails. This is however a need to

evaluate the effectiveness of combination of plant extracts that can be used as organic

pesticide to control a wider range of pests. The present study used a combination of some

plant extracts to control P. canaliculata and Pheretima so.

Therefore this study can help the researchers’ work in order to know if it is effective

if we will conduct this to our abstract. And this paper will represent the results of the

evaluation of the toxicity of kerson leaves extract on golden kuhol (P. canaliculata) in

support to organic rice farming.

Lamarck (1822), reported that GAS has recently been introduced to seven Asian

countries where it has unexpectedly developed into a pest of rice. Most farmers have

resorted to chemical control, with implications for human health and the environment.

Integrated snail management practices are summarized including the use of the snail as a

valuable aquatic resource.

The researchers want to terminate these said pests inhabiting rice fields to help

farmers increase their income and to improve their health. It is somewhat an important

guide to the researchers’ to set it as an inspiration to better their work and help others.

Zhao et al., 2016, stated that “Golden Apple Snail (GAS) is one of the100 worst

invasive alien species. With the application of molluscicides to kill and control the

spreading of these snails, a large amount of dead GAS shells are remained in many farms.”

This study is related to this research because this study ascertained the

characteristics and removal of cadmium (Cd) by the GAS shell (GAS’s) powders and the

associate mechanisms.
 The golden apple snail or GAS (P. canaliculata) is an important invasive pest in

irrigated rice that feeds on young rice plant. In many countries in Southeast Asia,

governments have recently decreased their support of training courses for snail

management because farmers are new considered to know how to effectively manage this

pest. Although a great number of sustainable control methods is recommended which do

not involve the use of pesticide, it is uncertain whether these are taken up by farmers.

Probably, the easiest way to control GAS is the application of synthetic ‘instant kill’

molluscicides, which can have detrimental effects of the environment, non-target species,

and health.

Hence, this study is related to the researchers’ work because it aims to develop ideas

for solutions on how to achieve a sustainable management of GAS without or at least a

decreased use of molluscicides.

A journal by Neto and Akhtar (2013, p. 83-89) indicated that the fruits and flowers

of kerson leaves are toxic. Through leaf disc immersion methodology the researchers found

out that the kerson fruits and flowers has the potential for development as commercial

insecticide for controlling P. xylostella due to its insecticidal effect.

The researchers wants to determine if the kerson leaves extract is also effective in

killing Golden Apple Snail which can also be related to larvae that is an insect.

Sibi G. (2012) stated that studies were carried out to determine the phytochemical

and antimicrobial properties of various parts of M. Calabura Aqueaous and methanol

extracts of leaf, bark and fruits were prepared and phytochemical analysis of the parts

revealed the presence of glycosides and flavonoids as the major biologically active
compounds. The broad antimicrobial activity suggests the use of M. calabura as a source

of new bioactive of the development of drugs against human and plant anthogens.

This study will enable the researchers to determine if its leaves also possess

glycosides and flavonoids that are major biological active compounds found in some

pesticides.

According to Buhian and Puzon (2016, p. 682-685), there are different levels of

antimicrobial activity that was exhibited by the leaf and stem extracts against Pseudomonas

aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus),

Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans (C. albicans), with minimal activity against

Escherichia coli. Phytochemical screening revealed that there are sterols, flavonoids,

alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and tannins in the leaf extract and no triterpenes were

present.

Muntingia calabura (M. calabura), which belongs to the family Elaeocarpaceae, is

a common roadside tree in Malaysia. It is known locally in Malaysia as kerekup siam. It is

native and widely cultivated in warm areas of the Asian region, including Malaysia.

Various parts of this tree have several documented medicinal uses. Moreover, flowers of

M. calabura have been used as anti-septic, antispasmodic, antiseptic, diaphoretic,

tranquilizer, tunic and for the treatment of headache, whereas roots are employed as

emmenagugue and abortifacient. Infusion of the flower of this plant is drunk as a

tranquilizer and tunic. Mahmood et al., (2013)

 The above study acquires to be a natural alternative cure that helps to reduce and

treat the gastric ulcer disorder.

Muntingia Calabura is an evergreen tree originally distributed in tropical America.

Literature shows that, the fruit, leave and root are used as medicine or part of food. The

fruits can be processed into jams and the leaves can be used for making tea. Earlier studies

have revealed flavones, flavanones, flavans, and birlavans to be the major constituents of

this species, some of which have displayed anti-platelet aggregation ad cytotoxic activities

(Dinesha Ramadas et al, 2015)

This research study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of the water extract

of root, leaves and fruit of were evaluated for their antioxidant activity.
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter compromises the research methodology, approach, materials used,

procedures and statistical treatment of the research.

Research Design

Burns and Grove (2003:195) define a research design as “a blueprint for conducting

a study with maximum control over factors that may interfere with the validity of the

findings”. Parahoo (1997:142) describes a research design as “a plan that describes how,

when and where data are to be collected and analyzed”. Pilot et al. (2001:167) define a

research design as “the researcher’s overall for answering the research question or testing

the research hypothesis.

The researchers used experimental research design in order to distinguish the

outcomes of each factors and subjects that will be used in the experiment.

Research Locale

The experiment will be conducted in Brgy. Dampigan, Sta. Rita, Samar. The

researchers chose Brgy. Dampigan in the reason that the Kerson leaves are abundant in this

place. The Golden Apple Snail will also be taken from the same place.
Research Instrument and Materials

The materials used for the experiment are the following:

1. Kerson leaves- a plant that will be used in the experiment.

2. Golden apple snail- a pest being eliminated in the study.

3. Mortar and pestle- used to pound the leaves to extract its juice.

4. Strainer- used to separate the extracted juice from the leaves.

5. Spray bottle- it will be used as the container for the pesticide.

Scope and Limitation

The research is mainly focused on developing natural pesticide out of kerson leaves

in killing Golden apple snails and is limited in killing other pests.

Procedure

A. Making the Product

First, gather and prepare all the needed materials for the experiment. And pound

the kerson leaves using the mortar and pestle to get its extract. Then, filter it with a strainer

to separate the juice from the leaves. After that, put the extracted juice in the spray bottle

in different levels of concentration and add water. Lastly, shake the bottle to mix it well.
 B. Expirementation

After making the pesticide, the researchers prepared five set ups for the experiment:

SET UP A- 100 % extract

SET UP B- 75 % extract + 25% water

SET UP C- 50% extract + 50% water

SET UP D- 25% extract + 75%water

SET UP E- commercial pesticide

Statistical Treatment

To interpret the data effectively, the researcher will employ the following statistical

treatment. The percentage, weighted mean and T-test are the tools used to interpret data.

1. Percentage

This will employ to determine the frequency counts and percentage

distribution of personal variables of the respondents.

FORMULA: % = F / N x 100

% is the percentage

F is the Frequency

N is the total number of respondents

 100 is a constant value

2. Average Weighted Mean

This will be used to determine the assessment of the respondents with

regard,s to their personal profiles.

FORMULA: X = Fx / N

X is the weighted mean

F is the Frequency

x is the weight of each item

N is the total number of respondents

 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

After the experiment, the following findings were observed:

I. Mortality rate at different levels of concentration

A.

Figure 1. The mortality rate of 100% extract of Kerson (M. calabura) leaves

The mortality rate of 100% extract of Kerson (M. Calabura) leaves is 0% based on

the graph above. It means that there were no golden apple snail was killed and the

concentration is not effective in killing GAS.

B.

Figure 2. The mortality rate of 75% extract and 25% water

Based on the graph above the mortality rate of 75% extract and 25 % of water is

100 %. This means that all GAS was killed and this concentration is effective in killing

GAS.
C.

Figure 3. The mortality rate of 50% extract and 50% water

The graph shows that the 50 % of water and 50 % extract of Kerson (M. Calabura)

leaves is 40 %. There were 2 GAS killed and this concentration is partially effective.
D.

Figure 4. The mortality rate of 25% extract and 75% water

The 25 % extract and 75 % of water from the product has 0 % mortality rate. This

means that there were no GAS was killed and the concentration is not effective in killing

GAS.
 II. (Insert Statistical Treatment Here)

There is no significant difference between using commercial pesticides and using

the pesticide out of Kerson (M. Calabura) leaves with 75% extract and 25% water.

III. (List down the components of the Kerson Leaves Extract here)

The pesticide made by the researchers was found safe for humans. Unlike

the commercial pesticides, the pesticide made out of kerson leaves extract has no

chemical called pyrethroid that are found on commercial pesticides that can cause

suffocation to humans who can inhale it. The pesticide made by the researchers has

molluscicidal properties which is toxic to molluscs like GAS.

 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

After the analysis of data, the following conclusions were formulated:

1. Kerson (M. Calabura) leaves extract is effective in killing GAS;

2. 75% extract and 25% water is the most effective concentration in killing

GAS;

3. There is no significant difference between commercial snail killer; and

4. The product is not harmful to the health of humans.

Recommendations

The following recommendations are the intellectual product of the researchers

deliberation.

1. Further studies be conducted to test the effectivity in other pests aside from

GAS.

2. The pesticide can be in different forms like pellet and etc.

3. Maintaining the natural properties of the product.

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APPENDICES
 APPENDIX A

Documentation

Making of the product

Experimentation process
 APPENDIX B

TIMETABLE OF ACTIVITIES

 June 13, 2018- Submission of the statement of the problem and

significance of the study

 June 25,2018- Deadline of chapter I

 July 3,2018- Proposal of chapter I

 October 01, 2018- Collecting of data for chapter II

 November 29, 2018- Deadline of chapter III

 December 8, 2018- 1st trial of the experiment

 January 16, 2019- 2nd trial of the experiment

 January 28, 2019- Presentation of results and discussion

 February 6, 2019- Checking of the final draft of the paper

 February 7, 2019- First complete draft of the paper