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Objective
 The main objective of this experiment is to enable the
students to derive the most important tensile
properties from a stress strain curve.

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Tensile Test
•One of the most common
tests
mechanical tests.

•Tensile test can be used to

determine several mechanical
properties of materials that
are important in design.

Instron Machine

Engineering Stress – Strain

F
 
Ft
Engineering
stress
A0 Area, A

li  l0 l
Engineering
strain   Ft
l0 l0

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Tensile Test
Where

F : instantaneous applied load.

lo : Original length.
li : instantaneous length.
Δl : deformation length (length
change)

Stress – Strain Curve

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Tensile Properties
 Modulus of elasticity
 Yield strength.
 Tensile strength.
 y
Ductility.
 Resilience.
 Toughness.

Elastic Deformation
bonds
stretch

return to
initial

  E Volume will change
F

Hooke’s Law
E is known as modulus of
elasticity or Young’s modulus.

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Plastic Deformation
Due to dislocations movement

bonds
stretch planes
& planes still
shear sheared

plastic
elastic + plastic

Elastic Recovery After Plastic Deformation

Plastic strain

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Yield Strength
 The stress required
to produce a very
slight yet specified
amount of plastic
strain; offset of
0.002 is commonly
used.
 Its symbol is σy.

Tensile Strength
 The tensile strength
TS (σu ,ultimate
strength) is the
maximum stress that
can be applied in the
engineering stress-
strain curve.
 At this stress,
necking starts

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Ductility
 Ductility
Duct ty iss tthee ability
ab ty o of
a material to deform
plastically without
fracture.

 Ductility can be
p
expressed y either
by
percent elongation %EL
or percent reduction in  l f  l0 
% EL    *100
area %RA.  l0 

 A0  A f 
% RA    *100
 A0 

Toughness
 Toughness is a measure of the
ability of materials to absorb
energy up to fracture.

 Toughness is the total area

under the stress-strain curve.
f
2
U T   d   u  f
0
3

 Toughness can be
characterized by the modulus
of toughness, UT .
f
 y u
U T   d  f
0
2

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Resilience
 Resilience is the capacity of a
t i l tto absorb
material b b energy when h it
is deformed elastically.
 Resilience can be characterized by
the modulus of resilience, UR .
 UR is the strain energy per unit UR 
 y2
2E
q
volume required to stress a
material from an unloaded state
up to the point of yielding
y
1
U R   d   y y OR
0
2

True Stress &True Strain

True stress,

F
t    (1   )
Ai
True strain, A

l 
 t  ln  i   ln(1   )
 l0 

Area conserved during the test up to necking point. A0 L0  Ai Li

Read text book 6.7 (page no 170).

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Report
 Determine the type of specimen used according to the ASTM Standards (refer to the 
figures in handout)  Do your specimens confine with the ASTM Standards? (2 Point)
figures in handout). Do your specimens confine with the ASTM Standards? (2 Point)
 Plot load versus displacement of each test. (2 point)
 Plot stress versus strain of each test(also give data table). (3 point)
 Determine the following parameters: (11 point, 1 point each otherwise mentioned)
a) Modulus of elasticity;
b) Yield strength;
c) Yield strain;
d) Tensile strength;
e) Tensile strain;
f) Stress at fracture;
g) True stress at fracture;
g) True stress at fracture
h) Ductility in terms of percent elongation and percent of area reduction (2 point);;
i) Modulus of resilience (area under the elastic portion of the stress‐strain curve)
j) Modulus of toughness (total area under the stress‐strain curve);

Report the above values for all tested specimens in a table format.