Spectral Signature of Vegetation and Water

12/8/2019 Spectral Signature of Vegetation and Water | Infrared | Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Spectral Signature of Vegetation
and Water 
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Spectral signature of vegetation and

water Full description John C. Curlander, DigiWare Products Density Ref5
Robert N.… Information Table
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John C. Curlander,Spectra ofProducts

DigiWare surfacesDensity Ref5 Active Ir Motion Duty Cycle of Intelligent System
Robert N.…  Effective
Information Table utilization of remotely
Detector sensed data requires
Induction Motorsgood
for understand
the…
characteristics of ground features and factors that affect these spectra
 We have to understand the fundamental energy-matter interactions th
influence the spectral responses and find out the temporal and spatial
 to
Thethese interactions
spectral reflectance characteristics of four main types of environm
will be discussed further:
o Vegetation
o Water and Snow
o Soil
Spectral reflectance curve

The graph of spectral reflectance of an object as a function of wavelen

spectral reflectance curve.
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John C. Curlander, DigiWare Products Density Ref5 Active Ir Motion Duty Cycle of Intelligent System

Robert N.… Information Table Detector Induction Motors for the…
 Spectral reflectance curves are generally collected in advance of a rem

survey to help in both the identification of different surfaces and to de
remote sensor should be used to observe them.
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Spectral reflectance curves (Swain and Davis, 1978)

Spectra of vegetation
Reflection from vegetation canopies is a function of complex sun-sen

interaction phenomenon. Most canopies do not reflect the incident rad

all directions. This is because, in radiometric terms, vegetation canop
assemblages of different components, including leaves, other plant str
background, and shadow.
shadow.

Furthermore, these components exhibit different spatial locations, ori
extent as well as different optical properties. In the natural environme
characteristics of leaf reflectance play a dominant role in controlling t

reflectance from vegetation canopies.
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Interaction
Interaction of EMR with vegetation in visible, near infrared (NIR) and m
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(MIR) region
To understand interaction of EMR with vegetation, first we have to un

interaction of EMR with a typical leaf.

Generally, a leaf is built up of layers of structural fibrous organic mat

are pigmented, water filled cells and air

ai r spaces. Each of the following
an effect on the reflectance, absorbance and transmittance properties
Pigmentation
o
Physiological Structure
o
o Water Content

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Spectral characteristics for green vegetation (Swain and Davis, 1

Important observations from the above figure:
Small peak at green wavelengths (0.55 µ m)

Absorption band at red wavelengths (0.65 µ m)


Near-infrared edge around 0.70 µ m


Near-infrared plateau

Water absorption bands (1.4 and 1.9 µ m)


Black-body behaviour above 2. 5µ m


The figure hasSearch 

shown typical spectral properties  from which
of green leaves, 
main observations emerge (Dikshit, 1992)
Spectral Range Properties
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John C. Curlander,
DigiWare Products Density Ref5 Active Ir Motion Duty Cycle of Intelligent System
Low reflectance, low transmittance, high absorption mainly du

to chlorophyll centred in the blue (0.45 µm) and the red (0.67
Visible µm) wavelength zone, although other leaf pigments like
(0.4 µm - 0.7 µm) xanthophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins also affect
absorption, and small peak centred at 0.55 µm in the yellow-
green region.
Low absorption, high reflectance, high transmittance as leaf
Near-infrared pigments and cellulose of cell walls are transparent. Near-
(0.7 µ m - 1.3 µm) infrared plateau between 0.7 and 1.3 µm and near-infrared edg
around 0.7 µm
Middle-infrared Strong water absorption bands at 1.4, 1.9 and 2.7 µm

(1.3 µm - 2.5 µm)
 The uppermost leaves of vegetation reflect considerable part in NIR (up to 1.3 µ
remainder is transmitted impinging the underlying leaves. The reflectance in NI
more leaves occur in the layers.
 The reflectance in NIR region gives information about the leaf
le af area of vegetatio
as the leaf area index (total one-sided area of leaves per unit ground cover).

In comparison to a single leaf, multiple leaf layers show even higher reflectance
NIR spectrum. As shown by the sketch, this is due to additive reflectance: energ
through the first (uppermost) layer of leaves and reflected
reflect ed from the second laye
transmitted back through the first layer.
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Reflectance from combination of cotton leaves stacked on one another, up to six
si x leave
Davis, 1978)
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(c) Water absorption in the near and middle infrared
There are three major water absorption bands that affect the reflectance spectra of heal
and Davis, 1978):
 Fundamental vibrational water absorption band at 2.7 µm

 Weaker absorption bands than fundamental vibrational water absorption band a
and dominate reflectance in MIR wavelengths
Two minor absorption bands at 0.96 and 1.1µm have significant impact, particularly fo
leaves.
leaves.
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12/8/2019 Spectral Signature of Vegetation and Water | Infrared | Electromagnetic Spectrum

Spectral signature of vegetation and

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John C. Curlander,Spectra ofProducts

Spectral reflectance curve

spectral reflectance curve.

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 Spectral reflectance curves are generally collected in advance of a rem

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Spectral reflectance curves (Swain and Davis, 1978)

interaction phenomenon. Most canopies do not reflect the incident rad

characteristics of leaf reflectance play a dominant role in controlling t

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interaction of EMR with a typical leaf.

are pigmented, water filled cells and air

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Spectral characteristics for green vegetation (Swain and Davis, 1

Absorption band at red wavelengths (0.65 µ m)

Near-infrared edge around 0.70 µ m

Water absorption bands (1.4 and 1.9 µ m)

Black-body behaviour above 2. 5µ m

The figure hasSearch 

Low reflectance, low transmittance, high absorption mainly du

Middle-infrared Strong water absorption bands at 1.4, 1.9 and 2.7 µm

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 Fundamental vibrational water absorption band at 2.7 µm

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